U.S. patent number 3,692,382 [Application Number 05/035,469] was granted by the patent office on 1972-09-19 for picture device and method of making pictures utilizing the same.
Invention is credited to Roy L. Cloutier.
United States Patent |
3,692,382 |
Cloutier |
September 19, 1972 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
PICTURE DEVICE AND METHOD OF MAKING PICTURES UTILIZING THE SAME
Abstract
A device for creating and displaying artistic flow patterns in
picture-like form utilizing different colored classes of particles
carried in a picture-like container, with the different classes of
particles having different physical properties causing the
particles to form semi-random accumulations and concentrations to
provide the artistically pleasing flow pattern effect. Two
rectangular glass or plastic plates are held in closely spaced
parallel relation by a surrounding frame and the particulate
material is carried in the space between the two plates. In
different forms of the invention, the artistic effect is enchanced
by making at least some of the particles translucent and shining
light through them, by making at least some of the particles
fluorescent and reflecting from them, making the different classes
of particles in various colors, etc. The method form of the
invention involves selection of particle classes, each class having
unique visual appearance and having sufficient differentiation
between physical characteristics, such as size, shape, density, or
any other properties affecting relative physical movement in such
manner that the particles flow differently and cause a
heterogeneous array of concentrations and accumulations of the
different classes of particles to provide a different design each
time the particles are disturbed. Means is provided for continuous
agitation of the particles to provide dynamic flow patterns in one
modification of the invention, and a method is provided for
retaining the particles in a desired configuration in another
modification of the invention.
Inventors: |
Cloutier; Roy L. (Richmond,
CA) |
Family
ID: |
21882868 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/035,469 |
Filed: |
May 7, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
359/617; 40/409;
353/2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B44F
1/10 (20130101); B44F 5/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B44F
1/00 (20060101); B44F 5/00 (20060101); B44F
1/10 (20060101); G02b 027/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;350/4,5 ;353/2
;40/28,106.21,106.25 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Prince; Louis R.
Assistant Examiner: Roskos; Joseph W.
Claims
I claim:
1. An apparatus for visually presenting artistic flow patterns,
comprising
a container providing an inner chamber having a transparent wall
for viewing the contents of the chamber,
and a flowable non-liquid particulate material contained loosely in
said chamber and capable of solid flow,
said material comprising a plurality of visually differentiated
classes of multiple particles with the particles in each class
having physical properties similar to each other and differing from
the physical properties of the particles in each of the other
classes whereby upon agitation the particulate material will tend
to separate into accumulations of one class of particles
interspersed through the other classes to form patterns visible
through said transparent wall and upon halting of said agitation
said particles will assume a position of repose creating a static
flow pattern until again agitated, and wherein the particles of one
class are of a different mass density than the other particles
sufficient to cause separation of the aggregate material into
accumulations by class upon agitation.
2. An apparatus for visually presenting artistic flow patterns,
comprising
a container providing an inner chamber having a transparent wall
for viewing the contents of the chamber,
and a flowable non-liquid particulate material contained loosely in
said chamber and capable of solid flow,
said material comprising a plurality of visually differentiated
classes of multiple particles with the particles in each class
having physical properties similar to each other and differing from
the physical properties of the particles in each of the other
classes whereby upon agitation the particulate material will tend
to separate into accumulations of one class of particles
interspersed through the other classes to form patterns visible
through said transparent wall and upon halting of said agitation
said particles will assume a position of repose creating a static
flow pattern until again agitated, and wherein the particles of one
class are of a different mass density than the other particles
sufficient to cause gravimetric displacement of the one class by
the other particles and hence separation of the aggregate material
into accumulations by class upon agitation.
3. An apparatus for visually presenting artistic flow patterns,
comprising
a container providing an inner chamber having a transparent wall
for viewing the contents of the chamber,
and a flowable non-liquid particulate material contained loosely in
said chamber and capable of solid flow,
said material comprising a plurality of visually differentiated
classes of multiple particles with the particles in each class
having physical properties similar to each other and differing from
the physical properties of the particles in each of the other
classes whereby upon agitation the particulate material will tend
to separate into accumulations of one class of particles
interspersed through the other classes to form patterns visible
through said transparent wall and upon halting of said agitation
said particles will assume a position of repose creating a static
flow pattern until again agitated, and wherein the particles of one
class being of larger size and of a shape to provide interstices
therebetween when at rest, and the particles of another class being
of smaller size and a shape to permit gravity flow thereof through
said interstices.
4. A particle picture device, comprising
particulate material containing a plurality of different colored
particulate components with each component containing in excess of
about 1,000 particles, the particles of one colored component
having similar physical properties and sufficiently different from
the physical properties of the other particulate material to
provide a heterogeneous array exhibiting a plurality of randomly
placed concentrations of said component when the particulate
material is subjected to an external force capable of causing
relative movement of said particles, and
a container carrying said particulate material, said container
including a transparent wall and formed of a size sufficient to
hold the particulate material therein in loose enough fashion to
accommodate relative particle movement within the particulate
material, and in which two of the components vary from each other
by having a particle mass density ratio in excess of the order of
2-to-1.
5. An article of manufacture capable of providing pleasing art
forms, comprising
a closed container having walls defining a space therein, in which
the closed container comprises a pair of concentric cylinders
defining said space therebetween, and means for closing off said
space at the ends of said cylinders; and
particulate material sealingly carried in the space within said
container, said space being substantially free of liquid material
and sufficiently larger than the volume occupied by the particulate
material to accommodate relative movement of particles in the form
of solid flow upon application of an external force, said
particulate material containing
a plurality of particulate components having different appearances
and flow characteristics, said flow characteristics being such that
a heterogeneous mixture including a plurality of randomly placed
concentrations of each particulate component is manifest during and
after particle agitation and relative movement whereby visual
contrast between said concentrations provides a random art form
created by effecting said relative movement and flow until a
desired pleasing heterogeneity is achieved.
6. An article of manufacture as defined in claim 5, in which said
concentric cylinders are constructed of transparent material, and
in which a light source is disposed within the innermost of said
cylinders.
7. A picture device capable of forming various designs,
comprising
a container having walls defining a space therein and including a
window portion for seeing into the container, and
a plurality of classes of particulate material having different
particle size, but with the class median sizes ranging from about
1,000 to 2,000 microns, each of said classes being present in an
amount in excess of 1,000 particles with the classes varying from
each other in physical flow properties to an extent sufficient that
flow variation occurs when the composite of particulate material is
agitated or otherwise subjected to an external force so that the
particles form a plurality of randomly placed concentrates of each
class providing a visually differentiated heterogeneous mixture
affording an attractive design visible through said window, and in
which the number of particles in said particulate mixture is in
excess of 1 million particles, and in which the particles of one
class have a low density and are formed with a major portion of the
interior of each particle filled with material in the gaseous
state.
8. A picture device as defined in claim 7, in which the low density
particles are glass microballoons.
9. A method of providing quasi-random artistic designs, comprising
the steps of providing an aggregate of a plurality of classes of
particulate material in a container with the container being sealed
against moisture and having a substantially liquid-free interior,
said classes of particulate material each containing in excess of
1,000 particles and possessing sufficiently different physical
properties between classes that when the particulate material is
subjected to an external force capable of causing relative
movements of said particles a heterogeneous array including a
plurality of randomly placed concentrations of each class is
provided, moving the container and particulate material to cause
the heterogeneous array of particles to move around and change its
form to provide various designs until a desired design form is
achieved, and coating a particulate material with temperature
sensitive adhesive inoperative at ambient temperatures but causing
adhesion of particles at elevated temperatures, and subjecting the
composite to said elevated temperature after a desired design is
obtained in order to provide a permanent composite design.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a PICTURE DEVICE AND METHOD OF
MAKING PICTURES UTILIZING THE SAME, and more particularly a picture
device in which small solid particulate materials having a
plurality of color characteristics are utilized to provide any of
various desired picture-like displays.
Art forms that provide images from random particle movement are
well known, and typical examples include the well-known
kaleidoscope which typically carries crystalline particles in a
chamber, with light directed through the chamber and the image
viewed through multiple mirrors so as to multiply and provide a
symmetrical design. The kaleidoscope is typically a toy, although
it will be appreciated that it is also an art form capable of
providing attractive and pleasing designs. However, the
kaleidoscope is limited insofar as it always produces a symmetrical
pattern, and generally has to be viewed through an eyepiece or the
like.
Other art forms providing various configurations upon random
movement include the liquid-solid and liquid-liquid devices such as
the snow storm spheres which operate by selective flotation of
solid particles or blobs of an immiscible liquid moving through a
liquid medium. These devices are typically most effective during
movement and are essentially a kinetic art form achieving a less
interesting quiescent state due to complete gravity separation
after a period of time. In addition, certain disadvantages are
involved in the liquid medium employed, such as the large space
necessary to achieve large figures, and the like.
As opposed to these forms, I have found that an excellent art form
may be achieved by utilizing the variable flow characteristics of
different types of small particles of solid material carried in a
closed container and having differing physical flow characteristics
capable of always providing a heterogeneous array of particle
groupings. So far as I have been able to determine, such an art
form is completely novel, and has many advantages over the most
closely related art forms, as will be more fully apparent
hereinafter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a novel art form by utilizing small
particles of solid material consisting of two or more particulate
components having different visual properties such as color, and
having such different flow characteristics that the particles do
not mix into a homogeneous mass, but rather flow and separate into
various heterogeneous configurations so as to provide various
different design forms.
Accordingly, it is the primary object of the present invention to
provide a novel art form using particles classified into a
plurality of particulate components of different physical flow
characteristics so as to provide a heterogeneous array which is
visible to the observer and is capable of ready change upon
alteration of the array of the component particles within the
particulate mass.
The particulate material is carried within a closed container
sealed sufficiently to prevent escape of the small particles, and
preferably sealed against moisture or other outside agencies that
might adversely affect the particulate matter. At least one
transparent wall or window should be provided within the container
to allow visual observation of the contents. A preferred form of
the invention includes a pair of spaced rectangular plates sealed
around the edges, and suitably framed as in the case of a
conventional picture. The front plate should be transparent and
made of glass or transparent plastic, and the rear plate may be
made similar to the front plate, or may be constructed of any other
suitable material. The particles may be of any desired size, but
since it is desirable to have a tremendous number of particles
within a small space, the particle sizes will generally be less
than 2,000 microns, but ordinarily greater than say 1 micron. The
spacing between plates is also generally not critical, but should
be sufficiently wide as to enable free flow of the particles
therebetween, and therefore should be say at least two and
preferably three times the longest dimension of the largest
particles. Excessively large spacing results in a waste of
particulate material and an unduly large device, and, for these
reasons, the distance between the plates is generally kept
limited.
Although it is preferred to utilize the parallel plates, it will be
also appreciated that the chamber containing the particulate
material may be of any desired configuration, but should be
suitable to provide for the desired particle flow and separation
and for convenient viewing of the result.
It is well known that particles tend to flow somewhat like a fluid
under the influence of gravity and the like, but also well known
that such solid particles do not completely level off as do fluids
but have an angle of repose. It is also well known that after the
particles come to rest they tend to stay in position rather than to
migrate. In other words, true liquid media tend to form solutions
or suspensions that are homogeneous, or tend to be completely
stratified into layers determined by density and flotation
properties.
Solid particles have different flow properties, depending upon many
physical properties such as size, density or shape. For example,
spherical particles will roll much more easily than cubical
particles which must slide or tumble. In addition, denser particles
will tend to penetrate into masses of lighter particles, but not
completely as in the case of a liquid media. The various sizes
affect flow, because small particles can move through the
interstices between large particles where larger particles may not
be able to get through. Accordingly, different physical
characteristics will affect the flow properties.
It is known that where the flow properties of particulate materials
are sufficiently similar, agitation and flow of two or more
components will provide a homogeneous mixture. On the other hand,
it is known that where these properties are quite different, a
homogeneous mixture is never achieved by agitation alone, but
instead various striations and conglomerates appear throughout
regardless of the extent of agitation. It is this latter principle
that is utilized in the method and article embraced by the present
invention.
Accordingly, it is another object of this invention to provide a
novel particulate picture device which is capable of providing an
endless number of different designs through the array of
multi-component particles which form and retain selected
heterogeneous orientations in a mixture thereof.
It will be appreciated that certain of the particles may be
magnetic and that when subjected to strong magnetic fields,
physical movement can be induced to provide additional external
control by the user. It will also be appreciated that lighting
effects may be utilized to bring out or vary the shades of various
colors. In this connection, ultraviolet light may be utilized to
excite phosphors carried on or within the particles or which may
serve as the particles themselves. Accordingly, tremendous
possibilities are provided for the present invention in connection
with the provision of an art medium. In addition, the invention
also provides for an amusement device in which the user may find
many hours of entertainment in providing and altering the design
configuration in a device constructed according to the
invention.
Therefore it is a further object of the invention to provide an art
form device which is also suitable for an amusement device or toy,
if desired.
In its method aspect, the invention provides for a large variety of
methods of using the device. Specifically, the device is made by
employing two or more components of particulate material having
different flow properties as described above, partially filling a
holding container with these materials, said container having a
transparent wall provided therein, and sealing the container so as
to enclose the particles loosely therein. With the device thus
made, it may be utilized to vary the design array by rotation of
the device about a horizontal axis which may be accomplished either
by hand or by machine. Alternatively, it may be shaken or tilted
with or without rotation. In addition, art forms may be provided by
utilizing light as described above. In its continuously moving
form, the device may also be utilized as an eye catcher for
advertising or the like where kinetic art forms have been found to
be particularly suitable.
Thus, it is still another object of the invention to provide a
method of using the particulate picture device of this invention so
as to provide additional utilization in the form of enjoyment or
the like.
Further objects and advantages of my invention will be apparent as
the specification progresses, and the new and useful features of my
picture device and method of using same will be more fully defined
in the claims attached hereto.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The preferred forms of the invention are illustrated in the
accompanying drawings, forming part of this description, in
which:
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a typical particle picture made in
accordance with the preferred form of the invention;
FIG. 2, an enlarged fragmentary view of a cross-section of the
picture as seen from a plane internal to the picture of FIG. 1 and
perpendicular thereto;
FIGS. 3A through FIG. 3D, portray examples of typical particles of
the four component particle mass utilized in the embodiment of FIG.
1;
FIG. 4, a partial prospective view, broken to show internal parts,
of an alternate embodiment of the invention illustrating a
different form of container for the particulate formulations
utilized in the present invention;
FIG. 5, a perspective view of a typical display art form
constructed according to the invention and utilizing a light for
reflection or backlighting, as desired;
FIG. 6, a perspective view, partially in section, illustrating a
further embodiment of the invention in which the container has two
transparent walls of concentric cylinderic form; and
FIG. 7, a fragmentary view, partly in section, of a device
constructed according to the invention in which certain of the
particulate materials are magnetic and a magnet is utilized to form
an artistic array within the particulate material.
While I have shown only the preferred forms of my invention, it
should be understood that various changes or modifications may be
made within the scope of the claims attached hereto without
departing from the spirit of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the drawings in greater detail, there is shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 a particle picture device 11 capable of providing a
pleasing art form 12, comprising a closed container 13 having walls
defining the space 14 therein, and particulate material 16 carried
internally in the space within said sealed container. In the
embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a conventional picture
configuration is provided with a suitable frame 17 completely
surrounding and partially covering the front face of transparent
plate 18 and its evenly spaced plate 19. In form illustrated, each
plate is either glass or transparent plastic such as methyl
methacrylate typically sold under the trademark Lucite, and the
device constructed by cementing a U-shaped gasket (not shown)
between the plates so as to form an open container, adding the
particulate material 16 to provide a desired fill between the
plates, completing the gasket to seal the material within, and
framing the sealed structure.
The particulate material 16 consists of a plurality of particulate
components having different appearances and flow characteristics,
said flow characteristics being such that a heterogeneous mixture
is maintained during particle agitation and relative movement for
providing a desired random art form by causing said particles to
move and flow relative to each other until a pleasing heterogeneity
is achieved. As shown in FIG. 2, a four-component material is
utilized in the embodiment shown. These particles show typical
massing and striations as indicated in the cross-section, with
particles of each individual component illustrated by particles 21,
22, 23 and 24. These particles are further illustrated in FIGS. 3A
through 3D, respectively, and the method of formulating the
composition and filling the space 14 of the container 13 is more
fully described in Example 1 below.
Referring more particularly to FIGS. 2 and 3, there is shown a salt
crystal 21 which is typically in the form of a cube and which will
have a size range of edge dimension of say from about 300 to about
500 microns with the average size of 400 microns being illustrated.
The salt cube is preferably iodized table salt so as to reduce the
deliquescent properties thereof and the cubes here shown are
provided with a coating 26 of radiant daylight fluorescent
paint.
FIGS. 2 and 3 also illustrate a glass bead 22 which ranges from
egg-shaped to spherical and is about 80 percent within the size
range of 177 to 350 microns. An average size of about 264 microns
is shown. These beads are standard soda-lime silica glass and are
coated with a coating 27 so as to provide a different color thereto
than that provided for the salt particles 21.
Particle 23 of FIGS. 2 and 3 is another soda-lime silica glass of
smaller size with about 85 percent being true spheres.
Specifically, the size range of particles 23 will have 80 or more
percent within the range of about 74 to 149 microns, a 112-micron
size being illustrated. These beads are also provided with a
coating 28 of paint, providing a third difference color to the
composition.
The fourth particulate component contains particles 24, which are
low-density glass microballoons substantially in the form of a
bubble with a void interior as shown. These balloons are made of
sodium borosilicate glass and about 97 percent have a particle size
of less than 250 microns, with median size being of the order of
about 65 microns. These particles are also provided with a coating
29 to provide a fourth color component so as to provide four
contrasting colors in the total aggregate of four particle
classes.
In FIGS. 2 and 3, the various particles are drawn to relative scale
based on approximately average or median typical particle size so
as to illustrate size variations that affect flow
characteristics.
It is found that differences in particle density alone produces
relative differences in the flow characteristics of jointly
commingled particulates, so that the glass microballoons which have
a bulk density of from about 0.21 to 0.26 g/cc and a bead density
of 0.34 g/cc will exhibit considerably different flow and
displacement properties than the soda-lime silica glass beads which
have a bulk density of about 1.45 to 1.55 g/cc and a bead density
of about 2.5 g/cc. The salt cubes have a density similar to that of
the glass and are much larger as here illustrated. The two glass
bead components do not mix homogeneously because of the significant
variation in particle size alone, and the salt differs in size,
shape and density relative to at least one class of the glass
particles; this enhances formation of segregated portions such as
typical striations. Of course, a certain amount of mixture does
take place so that the colors blend to various shades as well as
providing typical large areas exhibiting practically the exact
color of a particular particle class.
Although the particles are shown herein coated, it will be
appreciated that the particles may contain the color within their
actual composition. For example, small amounts of iron oxide in
glass will impart a typical blue color thereto and other mineral
components will provide various colors that may be incorporated
into the glass beads/microballoons. Similarly, the salt may be
crystallized with dye or the like carried therewithin.
Alternatively, particle forms may be utilized which are colored
enough in themselves, such as pigment particles. Accordingly, any
method of providing different colors to the particles may be
utilized instead of the simple coating here shown, but it will be
appreciated that with any method utilized, the colors should be
fast. In other words, the colors should not bleed or transfer
between particles.
FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative form of the invention, in which
the device is in the form of a transparent disc 31 constructed by
fabricating two concave or convex circular members 32 and 33
together at their periphery as shown in 34. Prior to effecting seal
34, the space between the members 32 and 33 is partly filled and
preferably a major portion thereof is filled with aggregate
particulate material 35 which may be of any suitable composition
such as those of any of the Examples given below. The major spacing
between members is similar to that of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and
2, and this form is illustrated simply to show that the device does
not need to have its members exactly parallel, but that they can be
relatively curved. It also illustrates that the device need not be
rectangular, but could have a circular external appearance, or for
that matter be any desired shape including symmetric examples such
as a pentagon or hexagon. In addition, forms such as that shown in
FIG. 4 are particularly suitable for kinetic art in the form of a
rotating object which may be rotated in any convenient fashion
around a horizontal or inclined axis by power means (not shown) and
associated with an advertising display, if desired. When rotated
slowly, the particles tend to flow downward along the backslope so
as to create radiating striations from a relatively undisturbed
central portion, the size of which depends on the size of the void
in the devices. These radiating arms then may extend as rays and
produce a sort of spiral effect which is ever changing in its exact
configuration of design.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the invention in the form of a
device 36 consisting of a particle picture device similar to the
particle picture 11 and having a typical frame 37 surrounding a
pair of transparent plates 38 and having particulate material 39
disposed therein. A device is mounted on a mounting means 41, with
the means shown in FIG. 5 being a flat block 42 having a slot 43
disposed therein for receiving the frame 37 of the picture. The
picture will fit somewhat loosely in the slot so that it may be
tilted forward or away from one side or the other. Located on one
side of the block 42 is a light source 44 which may be a
conventional light bulb, or an ultraviolet light, or any other
desired light source.
With the arrangement shown in FIG. 5, the device 36 may be tilted
away from the light source 44 and viewed from the same side as the
light source so as to produce the lighting result from reflected
light. Alternatively, the device 36 may be tilted toward the light
source 44 and viewed from the other side so as to give the effect
of a light shining through the particulate material. It will be
appreciated that the particle aggregate may combine transparent,
translucent and opaque particles that achieve the desired
stratified color effects, but in any event which will transmit
and/or reflect a certain amount of light. Backlighting certain of
these materials has an especially pleasing effect.
It will also be appreciated that particles exhibiting luminescence
may be included in the particulate material. In a preferred form,
phosphors exhibiting photoluminescence are used, and, in such a
case, the light source generally provides ultraviolet radiation so
as to activate daylight fluorescent particles and provide varying
characteristics depending upon the excitation of the phosphors in
the aggregate. It will be appreciated that a remote light source or
sources may be employed for illumination. In addition, other means
of exciting the phosphors may be utilized such as an
electromagnetic field, and that any of the usable phosphors and
excitation means would be apparent to those skilled in the phosphor
art.
Still another form of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 6, in
which it is shown that parallel plates may be utilized, but in a
curved rather than a flat configuration. As there shown, a particle
picture device 46 is provided that comprises an outer cylindrical
plate 47 and an inner cylindrical plate 48 disposed in concentric
relation so as to provide annular space 49 therebetween. While the
cylindric surfaces are shown as circular cylinders, it will be
appreciated that any cylindric form desired could also be utilized.
In such a case, a slight lens effect will be provided so as to add
to the visual effect created by the particulate material included
in the device and compounded in accordance with the invention.
Thus, referring again to FIG. 6 there is seen that a particulate
composition 51 is provided within the annular space 49 with the
material filling up a major portion of the space but leaving
sufficient void to allow for movement of the material. It is also
seen that the space is closed by a top and bottom cap 52 and 53,
respectively, so as to seal in the material. In the form shown in
FIG. 5, a light 54 is also provided so as to produce a backlighting
effect as described for the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5.
Agitation of the particles may be achieved by tilting, inverting,
shaking or any other action imparted to the device so as to cause
variations in the design array until a desired design is achieved.
The desired design may be then kept until it is desired to change
it and create a new design.
From the foregoing configurations, it is seen that the container
can assume any of various desired sorts of geometry, and that the
only essential feature in the container is that a window is
provided for viewing of the material. It is also seen that the
preferred device is completely sealed and that in certain cases
full and complete windows are provided for shining light
therethrough.
It has also been seen that various types of different flow
characteristics may be utilized and the differences caused by large
variations of size, shape and density have been illustrated.
However, it should be appreciated that other physical properties
that effect flow such as cohesive forces between the particles of
similar components, adhesive forces between particles of different
components, electrostatic charges caused by friction, and many
other physical characteristics may, if of sufficient magnitude,
cause the desired heterogeneous array in the particle components.
Another property that may be utilized, but is preferably utilized
in combination, is the magnetic property.
Thus FIG. 7 illustrates a device constructed in accordance with the
invention, but in which at least one of the particle components is
a magnetic material, and in which a magnet is utilized to provide a
different movement of the magnetic component than is provided for
the other components. It will also be appreciated that the movement
of magnetic particles will vary within the array of magnetic
particles because of the non-uniform magnetic field strength
surrounding the magnet. In other words, particles very close to the
magnet will be strongly drawn thereto, while particles very remote
from the magnet will be generally unaffected.
Thus, referring to FIG. 7, it is seen that the device 56 comprises
a pair of parallel plates 57 and 58 enclosed in a suitable frame
(not shown) and containing particulate material 59 disposed
therebetween. A magnet 61 is moved in close proximity to the device
so that part of the magnetic component of particulate material 59
is subjected to a different force than that of the other particles
carried therewithin. By combining magnetic movement with the other
effects of this invention, the operator or user is given some
additional control and may direct his designs toward a desired area
somewhat easier than where his shaking, tumbling or rotational
operation is utilized alone.
From the foregoing description, it is seen that various types of
containers and various force agencies may be utilized and that the
invention broadly embraces the use of small flowable particulate
material. In general, the particulate material will be small enough
so that a typical device will contain millions of actual particles.
It is also preferred that the particles be small enough so that
their color blends together to create the effect of a picture just
as the small dotted mosaic of certain reproduced pictures provides
an overall solid effect to the eye. However, it is also somewhat
pleasing to have particles large enough to create a grain effect in
certain cases. Where the particles of each component number in the
thousands and the overall particulate composition extends well up
into the millions, tremendous design latitude in the array of the
designs is provided and it is easily seen from simple application
of the principles of arithmetic permutations that practically an
infinite number of design arrays are available, and certainly any
one design would not be reproduced a second time.
In order to more fully illustrate the composition of the
particulate material utilized in the practice of this invention,
the following examples are given, and it should be appreciated that
these examples are illustrative only and intended in no way to
limit the scope of the invention defined in the claims attached
hereto.
Example 1: The four-component system utilized in the device
illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 3 is prepared by adding the
following four ingredients together in the proportions given: The
first ingredient is iodized table salt having a particle size range
of 300 to 500 microns and being in the form of substantially
perfect cubes, with the crystals being coated with radiant
fluorescent quick-spray paint in a chartreuse color. One teaspoon
of this material is added to a particle picture enclosure. 3.5
teaspoons of soda-lime silica glass reinforcement filler spheres
are then added. The spheres range from an egg-shape to a
sphere-shape, have 80 percent or more within the size range of 177
to 350 microns, have a bulk density of from 1.45 to 1.55 g/cc with
the solid bead having a density of 2.5 g/cc, and the beads were
previously spray-painted with a flat black paint. 2.5 teaspoons of
standard glass beads are then added, which glass is also soda-lime
silica glass, but with 85 percent or more true spheres and eighty
percent or more of the size being within the range of 74 to 149
microns. This glass has substantially the same density as the
larger glass beads, and it is painted with a fluorescent
spray-paint glowing blue. 8.5 teaspoons of glass microballoons are
then added. These balloons are hollow spheres of sodium
borosilicate glass and spray painted with red-orange paint. The
microballoons have a median size of from 61 to 65 microns with the
particle size range satisfying the conditions 3% > 250 microns
and 30% < 44 microns; the bulk density is in the range of 0.21
to 0.26 g/cc with the bead density being 0.34 g/cc. These
ingredients are introduced sequentially to the particle picture
enclosure. The proportions actually added to the device may vary
somewhat from those compounded, but such variations are not
critical; therefore, this method of filling is quite
satisfactory.
As indicated above, the device should have a least internal
dimension (generally the plate spacing) which is not less than
twice the maximum particle dimension, in the present case the least
dimension should exceed 2,000 microns (2.0 mm).
Where it is desired to minimize the effects of plate spacing in
particle flow, the spacing should exceed three times the maximum
particle dimension.
A typical device will have two flat sheets of glass or Lucite
having separation of from three sixty-fourths to three
thirty-seconds inch depending on the size of the largest particles.
Typical sizes for the embodiment of FIG. 1 include the void volume
which is typically three-elevenths of the total internal volume. In
this instance, the enclosure internal volume is 9 .times. 11
.times. 0.05 inches which equal 4.95 cubic inches. In such a case,
there will be an amount of particles in excess of 1 million with
more than 1,000 particles present within each class. In this way,
the particles tend to blend in and form composite color patterns
that have either a small noticeable grain or no noticeable grain at
all to the observer depending on his distance from the picture and
closeness of scrutiny. Although the void space is given specific
values in these examples, it will be appreciated that the value is
not critical so long as the void is large enough to accommodate the
desired flow and small enough to provide sufficient aggregate.
Preferably the void will be in the range of from about 50 percent
to about 95 percent by volume of the total enclosed space.
Example 2: A three-component or three-class particulate mass is
prepared by filling the device with equal parts by volume of (1)
iodized table salt having a particle size range of approximately
300 to 500 microns with the salt crystals being coated black with
an alkyd enamel; (2) solid soda-lime glass beads having about 80
percent of the total in the size range of 177 to 350 microns with a
coating of fluorescent spray paint glowing blue and having density
properties similar to the glass beads of Example 1, and (3) glass
microballoons made of sodium borosilicate glass and similar to the
microballoons spheres of Example 1 except that the spray-paint is a
fluorescent paint glowing cerise.
A typical device is made by filling the container space to fill
nine-elevenths of the total volume and leave two-elevenths of the
volume void. This three-component system gives excellent color
effects and is suitable either as a toy, art form, or for
scientific observation in teaching by demonstrating solid-particle
flow characteristics.
Example 3: A five-component particulate mass is made from large
sodium chloride crystals, three sizes of glass beads, and glass
microballoons. The sodium chloride has an approximate size of 300
to 500 microns, is painted with fluorescent spray paint glowing
cerise, and is present in an amount of three sixty-sevenths part by
volume. All of the glass beads are soda-lime silica glass with the
largest beads being 80 percent in the range of 177 to 350 microns,
spray painted with flat black paint, and present in the amount of
twelve sixty-sevenths by volume. The intermediate size glass beads
are 85 percent true spheres in which 80 percent are in the size
range of 74 to 149 microns, the beads painted with a fluorescent
spray paint glowing blue, and this component is present in an
amount of nine sixty-sevenths part by volume. The smallest glass
beads are also 85 percent true spheres but 80 percent of the
particles are in the size range from 44 to 74 microns, the beads
painted with fluorescent spray paint sunset gold, and this
component present in an amount of three sixty-sevenths part by
volume. The glass microballoons are sodium borosilicate glass
having size characteristics as described in Example 1, but painted
with a chartreuse fluorescent quick-spray paint, and the amount of
this component is forty sixty-sevenths part by volume. The
components are added to the device by scaling off a plate to
indicate the extent of fill for each component so that
nine-elevenths of the volume is filled and two-elevenths of the
total volume is left void. The components are added sequentially,
and the filled device sealed by the addition of a gasket section
and framing the completed enclosure.
Example 4: Another five-component mix is prepared which is similar
to the five-component system described for Example 3 above, except
that different proportions are utilized and the various components
are provided with different colors. In other words, the salt is
painted with an ultra flat black spray paint and is present in an
amount of twelve sixty-sevenths parts by volume; the large beads
are spray-painted with an ultra flat black paint and are present in
an amount of twenty eighty-sevenths parts by volume; the
intermediate beads painted with fluorescent spray paint glowing
blue, and present in an amount ten eighty-sevenths parts by volume;
the small glass beads are coated with fluorescent spray paint
glowing cerise and present in the amount of ten eighty-sevenths
parts by volume; and the microballoon spheres are painted with a
fluorescent quick-spray chartreuse paint and present in the amount
of thirty-five eighty-sevenths parts by volume. This composition is
also typically filled so as to leave two-elevenths of the container
void.
This composition also illustrates that the same color may be
utilized for two different components and thereby provide an effect
where there are five flow components but illustrating four
different colors. This provides two different types of flow for the
same color, in this case black.
Example 5: This Example illustrates a three-component system in
which one of the three components is provided with two different
colors, one of which is fluorescent. In this way, various shades
are provided within the common component and the fluorescent
characteristics are brought out more fully.
Specifically, the components include large and intermediate sized
glass beads and glass microballoons with the physical properties
similar to those in Examples utilizing these classes given above.
Thus the large glass beads are spray-painted with an ultra-flat
black paint and present in the amount of twenty-three
seventy-thirds parts by volume; one group of intermediate glass
beads occupy three seventy-thirds parts by volume and are painted
cherry red; another group of intermediate glass beads present in
the amount of two seventy-thirds parts by volume are spray painted
with a fluorescent spray paint glowing cerise; and the glass
microballoons are painted with a sunset gold fluorescent spray
paint and present in the amount of forty-five seventy-thirds parts
by volume. This composition is especially useful for the embodiment
of FIG. 6, and particularly when the fluorescent paint is activated
by ultraviolet light and the light means provides such
radiation.
Example 6: In this Example, an aggregate is prepared which is
suitable for use with a magnet as illustrated in FIG. 7. A
rectangular picture device having an enclosure of 4.25.times.
2.times. 0.05 inches was partially filled by first adding
one-eighth teaspoon powdered iron in which the particle dimensions
ranged from about 1/1280 inch to about 1/128 inch; then adding
three-eighths teaspoon of salt similar in size and shape to that of
Example 1, and spray painted with daylight fluorescent paint
glowing blue; and finally five-eighths teaspoon of microballoons
having the size and shape of those used in Example 1. The
microballoons are not coated, and the transparent particles give
the effect of a white color. This composition thus provides a
three-component system having the desired flow properties to
provide a color picture within the scope of this invention. It also
may be further controlled by using a magnet to provide
concentrations of the magnetic component, as desired.
Example 7: The procedure of Example 2 is repeated except that the
glass beads are replaced by solid polystyrene beads dyed internally
with a yellow color. The polystyrene beads are spherical and range
in size from a size of the order of the large microballoons to a
size of the order of the small salt crystals. When their
composition is incorporated in a device of this invention,
excellent design results are obtained. This Example illustrates the
use of plastic particles, and also illustrates three different
densities of particles.
Example 8: The procedure of Example 2 is repeated except that the
glass beads are replaced by aluminum flakes anodized to provide a
blue color. The flakes have a particle size similar to that of the
glass microballoons. Excellent results are also obtained by the use
of this composition, which illustrates still further particle
combinations and particularly the use of a non-ferrous metal.
From the above Examples, it will be seen that various classes may
be obtained by providing sufficient differences in physical
characteristics to provide different flow properties. It is also
seen that the most valuable properties appear to be the variation
in density, variation in size and variation in shape, in that
order. However, it will be appreciated that certain different
materials will still mix to a homogeneous fungible mass, especially
where the different properties tend to cancel out in their flow
effect. Accordingly, the best way to determine the desired flow
characteristics is to try differing materials experimentally, with
the materials selected in accordance with the principles taught
herein. Although certain materials have been given in the Examples
mentioned herein, it will be appreciated that the types of
materials are in no way limited, and that any material capable of
forming the desired heterogeneous array of particles may be
utilized.
Although most of the particles of the Examples are colored by
coating with paint, it will be appreciated that the color is
preferably added to melts or solutions of the material, and
retained internally after subsequent crystallization or other solid
formations of the material into suitable particles. However, it has
been found that certain paints give excellent results by spraying
the particles and "drying" the paint prior to forming the
aggregate. Where paint is used, it is not necessary to coat the
particles completely, but only to an extent sufficient to develop
the desired color.
It is expected that the particle picture of this invention will
generally be maintained in a loose aggregate, and usually the
particles will be kept dry and protected from any adverse materials
that might be excluded from the enclosure. However, in one form of
the invention, particles or coatings of a heat-curable adhesive are
added so that a desired pattern can be maintained by subjecting the
device to a temperature sufficient to cause the adhesive to link
adjacent particles together and cure into a composite mass. Other
suitable techniques of further processing and operations are also
made available by the device constructed according to the
invention.
It will also be appreciated that the device of this invention has
many other uses. A particularly effective use is in the provision
of an art form in which light is shined through the particulate
material to provide a real image that can be projected on a screen.
This image may be magnified, if desired, by utilizing a standard
projector mechanism for projecting the image. A particularly
attractive kinetic art form is provided by placing the disc of FIG.
4 in a projector and rotating the disc so as to project a varying
real image. Other kinetic forms available in the method aspect of
this invention include a wobble rotation achieved by mounting a
picture at an acute angle on a horizontally oriented stub shaft,
and rotating the shaft.
Still other techniques for providing both still and moving designs
will be available, and it will be appreciated that the term
"random" as used herein means that the design obtained is not a
copy of a desired preconceived array, but may include a certain
amount of design direction through control of movements. In this
respect "quasi-random" is intended to positively imply a desired
direction of design formation by the user.
From the foregoing description, it is seen that I have provided a
new and useful particle picture device and method of utilizing
same. It is also seen that the device provides a novel art form,
and is particularly useful for amusement, demonstration and
displays.
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