U.S. patent number 3,690,658 [Application Number 05/040,171] was granted by the patent office on 1972-09-12 for tennis racket.
This patent grant is currently assigned to AMF Incorporated. Invention is credited to John G. Howe.
United States Patent |
3,690,658 |
Howe |
September 12, 1972 |
TENNIS RACKET
Abstract
A racket construction having a central dampening core sandwiched
between skins of high strength material, the skins serving as the
racket faces. In the bow portion of the racket at least one web,
having higher strength characteristics than the core, extends
normal to the skins. Layers of elastomeric material are utilized
between the skins and the core to assist in laminating the core,
skins and web into a unitary structure.
Inventors: |
Howe; John G. (Baltimore,
MD) |
Assignee: |
AMF Incorporated (New York,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
21909516 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/040,171 |
Filed: |
May 25, 1970 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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11547 |
Feb 16, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
473/522;
273/DIG.3; 273/DIG.4; 273/DIG.7 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B
49/10 (20130101); A63B 49/02 (20130101); A63B
60/00 (20151001); Y10S 273/04 (20130101); Y10S
273/07 (20130101); Y10S 273/03 (20130101); A63B
2209/026 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63B
49/02 (20060101); A63B 49/10 (20060101); A63b
049/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;273/73,67R,82,DIG.3,DIG.4,DIG.7,DIG.8 ;124/23 ;161/93 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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450,521 |
|
Oct 1934 |
|
GB |
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244,566 |
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Dec 1925 |
|
GB |
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Primary Examiner: Pinkham; Richard C.
Assistant Examiner: Apley; Richard J.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11,547,
filed Feb. 16, 1970, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A tennis racket frame consisting essentially of a flat, single
piece, unitary, and light weight plastic foam material central core
having the contour of a finished tennis racket frame and including
an elongated handle, an integral continuously oval head part, and
an integral intermediate throat part integrally interconnecting the
handle and oval part, a pair of plastic material reinforcing webs
bounding said core contour along the inner and outer peripheral
edges thereof, said web reinforced core being sandwiched between a
pair of similarly shaped, single piece, unitary, and flat aluminum
plates, said core, webs, and plates being bonded together by means
including a thin layer of elastomeric material between said web
reinforced core and plates, said oval part comprising the stringing
plane of said frame, said aluminum plates being parallel to said
stringing plane and having a contour similar to the contour of said
web reinforced core and coextensive therewith, and said reinforcing
webs being perpendicular to said stringing plane, the throat part
of said frame having an elongated and generally triangular shape
which is aligned with the lengthwise axis of said frame and being
merged with the handle and oval part along a gradual curvature, a
concentric elongated generally triangular shaped cutout formed in
said throat part through said plates and core, and a cross section
through said frame at the handle, throat and oval parts being
rectangular in shape and being bounded on opposite exterior sides
thereof by said plates and webs with said core enclosed therein,
the thickness of said plates and webs being thin relative to the
thickness of said core, and a hand grip cover for the butt end of
said frame.
2. In a tennis racket frame as in claim 1, a hollow formed in said
core at the butt end of said frame, said core material comprising a
syntactic epoxy loaded with short lengths of fiberglass, said web
material comprising cloth backed polyethylene, said plates having a
thickness of the order of 20 mils, the webs having a thickness of
the order of 50 mils, and stringing holes formed through the core
and webs of the oval part for stringing said frame.
Description
The present invention relates to an improved tennis racket which is
capable of being tailored in its physical characteristics in order
to meet the demands of a wide variety of players.
For many years conventional tennis rackets have been formed using
wood as the basic material for the racket. However, wood rackets
have a number of shortcomings. For example, in order to have a
racket of adequate strength, there are limitations as to how light
the racket can be, and even the strongest wood rackets are subject
to breakage in use. It is also well known that fibers of wood
deteriorate and loosen when flexed repeatedly. Accordingly, a wood
racket loses its "life" relatively quickly. Of course, wood is also
subject to warping. A still further wear factor affecting a wood
racket is its susceptibility to the adverse effects of abrasion
when the racket engages the playing surface.
The physical characteristics required for good play also challenge
the versatility of wood rackets. Two important parameters in tennis
racket design are longitudinal bending rigidity and torsional
rigidity. With a wood racket these parameters are mutually
dependent. If a designer established a particular bending rigidity,
he must, in general, accept the degree of torsional rigidity which
results. The designer effectively has no means to establish the
torsional rigidity of the racket independently of the bending
rigidity.
Another important parameter of racket design is "liveliness." For
some purposes maximum resilience will give better performance. For
other purposes internal "damping" may be desired to soften the
action of the racket. With a wood racket, it is impossible to
pre-select the degree of damping independent of other mechanical
properties.
In an attempt to overcome the deficiencies of the wood racket, a
variety of constructions have been developed utilizing metal. For
example, several rackets employ only metal as the structural
material in the bow and throat portions of the racket, whereas
other arrangements use metal to cover a dampening core, such as
wood. While such constructions reduce the breakage and wear
disadvantages found in conventional wood rackets, they still retain
shortcomings affecting the play characteristics of the racket. For
example, in order to provide high torsional stiffness desirable in
a racket, the resultant construction is stiff in its longitudinal
bending property. This causes the user's arm to be exposed to a
high shock load which not only is uncomfortable, but which also
leads to the well-known "tennis elbow."
Another problem which metal rackets are faced with is the
difficulty in properly stringing the racket without exposing the
strings to sharp edges which cut the strings.
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies of the known
racket constructions just discussed. More particularly, in a
preferred embodiment of the invention, a syntactic foam core,
generally formed in the shape of a racket, is located between
metallic skins. Layers of elastomeric material are placed between
the skins and the core. In the bow portion of the racket a pair of
webs, having higher strength characteristics than the syntactic
foam, extend normal to the skins at the inner and outer peripheries
of the bow. The entire structure is laminated into a unitary
structure. The bow of the resultant racket is drilled and strung in
the usual manner, the webs serving to prevent the core from
splitting as a result of the stringing operation. The metallic
skins provide the racket with the desired torsional stiffness.
Inasmuch as the longitudinal bending rigidity of the racket is a
function of skin thickness and separation of the skins due to the
thickness of the core, the bending stiffness may be established to
a considerable degree substantially independent of torsional
rigidity. The core itself also serves to absorb shock energy as the
racket strikes the ball.
The invention will be described in further detail by reference to
the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a first embodiment of a racket constructed
in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged plan view partially in section illustrating
the bow and throat portions of the racket prior to the stringing
operation;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmented view in section taken along line
3--3 of FIG. l;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 4--4 of FIG.
l, the string being shown in dash lines for convenience of
illustration;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmented view of a portion of the bow shown
in section in FIG. 2 with stringing added;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a preferred embodiment of a racket
constructed in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 7--7 of FIG.
6, the string being shown in dash lines for convenience of
illustration.
Referring now to the drawings, the invention will be described in
detail.
In FIG. 1 a tennis racket is illustrated, the racket comprising a
handle 10, a throat portion 12 and a bow 14. The throat is provided
with a cutout area 16 to increase the torsional stiffness of the
racket without at the same time proportionally increasing the
longitudinal stiffness as would be the case if there were no
cutout. The cutout area also reduces the wind resistance to the
racket as it is swung. In addition, the utilization of the cutout
16 contributes to lowering the overall weight of the racket. The
bow 14 serves to support conventional strings, or gut, 18.
FIG. 2 illustrates the core of the racket. More particularly, the
core 20 is a lightweight syntactic foam which is formed to the
general contours of the racket with a cutout 22 provided in the
core in the lower throat and in the handle to lighten the racket.
The syntactic core consists of a high compressive strength resin,
such as epoxy, filled with microbubbles of glass or phenolic
material. Such a core has high shear, flexural, tensile and impact
properties. A more complete discussion of this core material can be
found in an article entitled "Syntactic Foam" appearing in the
September, 1967 issue of MODERN PLASTICS, page 215. To further
increase the physical properties of the core, loose, chopped or
milled fibers are added to the resin before the foam is cured. A
first web 24 bounds the core 20 about its outer periphery, and a
second web 25 is located along the inner periphery of bow 14. Both
webs have higher strength characteristics than core 20 for reasons
which will be discussed hereinafter.
FIG. 3 illustrates the complete racket assembly in section. The
exterior surfaces of the racket comprise spaced metallic skins 26
and 28 which are preferably formed of a lightweight material, such
as aluminum or magnesium, having high strength characteristics.
Conventional handle pieces 34 are secured to the outer surfaces of
skins 26 and 28 in the usual manner.
Now that the basic structure of the racket has been outlined, more
detail will be presented. In fabricating the racket, the first skin
26, stamped to the contour of the racket, is placed in a mold. Skin
26 is primed on its upper surface with a hardenable resin such as
epoxy. Webs 24 and 25 are then positioned on the skin 26 so that
their major dimensions extend normal to the plane of skin 26. The
space between the webs 24 and 25 is next filled with uncured
syntactic foam loaded with loose, chopped or milled fibers. This
step is followed by laying the stamped skin 28 in the mold. The
lower surface of skin 28 is primed in the same manner as skin 26.
The mold is then closed, and heat and pressure are applied causing
the resins to cure and unitizing the assembly. Following this step
the structure is removed from the mold, and the stringing operation
is performed, as will be described hereinafter.
Typically a tennis racket made in accordance with the foregoing
method comprises aluminum skins 26 and 28 having thicknesses of
approximately 20 mils. The thickness of webs 24 and 25 is a
function of the material used. In the preferred embodiment the webs
are cloth-backed polyethylene approximately 50 mils thick. The
cloth backing facilitates the adherence of the webs to core 20
during the curing step. A practical formulation for the core 20 is
as follows:
epoxy resin 100 PBW hardener 50 PBW reactive diluent 5 PBW chopped
fiberglass (1/4" lengths) 20 PBW phenolic or glass microbubbles 35
PBW pigment 5 PBW
of course, it should be appreciated that the foregoing formulation
is for illustrative purposes only and other proportions could be
used consistent with the desired physical characteristics of the
resultant construction.
To complete the racket, a stringing operation is performed. As can
best been seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, this comprises drilling holes 36
through the core 20 and webs 24 and 25. In these Figures, the cloth
backing for the webs is shown as 24a and 25a, respectively. During
this drilling operation, the presence of webs 24 and 25 assumes
considerable importance inasmuch as the webs reinforce the core 20
to prevent the core from splitting along the stringing plane. A
groove 40 is provided on the outer periphery of the bow 14 in order
to provide a recess for the string portions positioned on the
outside of the bow. Such a recess protects these string portions
from contacting the playing surface. After holes 36 and groove 40
are formed, the racket is strung in the usual manner. Again, the
tensile strength imparted by webs 24 and 25 to core 20 prevents the
core from splitting along the plane of the strings as the core is
exposed to the stress of the stringing operation. Another important
characteristic of the core construction comes into play at this
point. More particularly, the compressive strength of the cured
syntactic foam core 20 is such that as string 18 is pulled under
tension into groove 40 (FIG. 5), localized crushing of the core
occurs at the sharp edge 42 of the core. This results in the
bluting of edge 42 to insure that the edge does not cut the string.
The compressive strength of the web material also permits such
localized crushing wherever the strings engage the webs.
The racket is completed by the usual attachment of the handle
pieces 34.
The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 is identical to that
just described except that thin layers 44 and 46 of elastomeric
material, such as rubber, polyurethane or the like, are interposed
between the core 20 and skins 26 and 28. These layers may fully
separate the skins and the core, but preferably layers 44 and 46
are arranged to only partially separate these elements at the outer
periphery of the racket, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. The utilization
of layers 44 and 46 improves the lamination of the structure. This
is particularly desirable in the vicinity of the end of the racket
bow which is frequently subjected to considerable stress by being
struck against the surface of the tennis court. Partial elastomeric
layers are preferred in order to minimize the shear deflection
damping which such layers contribute to the racket.
The constructions just described afford a number of advantages
which make the resultant tennis rackets marked improvements over
known devices. The most important of these is the fact that the
torsional rigidity and longitudinal bending rigidity can be
established substantially independently of one another. The
desirability of such design capability can be appreciated in view
of the following discussion.
High torsional stiffness in a tennis racket is necessary in order
to properly control the height of a shot and to obtain the feeling
that each shot is a "crisp" one even though the ball is hit
off-center.
If a racket is of low torsional stiffness and the ball is not hit
at the center of the racket, the torsional deflection of the
racket, as it is swung in a substantially horizontal plane, causes
the ball to be returned too low or too high. With the present
racket, the high tensile modulus of the metallic skins 26 and 28,
the open throat area, the proper geometry of the composite
sandwich, and the high shear modulus of the core 20 all combine to
supply the racket with the high torsional stiffness required to
obtain "crisp" shots which are properly directed. The skin
thickness is the principal contributor to the amount of torsional
rigidity obtained.
With conventional rackets, high torsional stiffness usually results
in stiff longitudinal bending characteristics. Consequently, when a
ball is hit, considerable shock is imparted to the player's s, arm.
This can cause discomfort and even injury. It is desirable to
provide longitudinal flexibility to a racket to reduce shock load.
Also, longitudinal flexibility increases the power a player can put
into his shot. However, if the bending stiffness of the racket is
too low, one loses control of the direction of a shot when the
racket is swung in a substantially horizontal plane. Therefore, it
can be seen that it would be advantageous to provide a selected
degree of longitudinal flexibility without sacrificing torsional
rigidity. This is accomplished in the present racket by varying the
skin and/or core thicknesses. It has been found that the
longitudinal bending characteristic of a racket is substantially
proportional to the first power of skin thickness and to the square
of the core thickness.
From the foregoing, it is apparent that the present constructions
permit rackets to be fabricated with high torsional rigidity and
different longitudinal bending characteristics. In fact by
appropriately adjusting the skin and/or core thicknesses along the
length of a racket, localized control of the longitudinal bending
characteristics can be attained. Thus, the invention permits
rackets to be tailored to the preferences of a wide variety of
players.
It has been stated previously that longitudinal flexibility
increases the shock absorbing properties of a racket. It should
also be noted that the core 20 serves as a dampener of shock. This
is due to the internal resilience of the Yet, yet, such core
material has sufficiently high shear and tensile strength so as to
permit the desired torsional and longitudinal bending properties to
be established and to support the strings of the racket.
The embodiments of the invention which have been heretofore
discussed utilize metal for the skins 26 and 28. However, it is not
intended that the invention be restricted to the use of such
material. Rather, it has been found that other materials such as
synthetics, may be utilized so long as they have a minimum yield
strength of 50,000 psi and a tensile modulus of at least 1,000,000
psi. The webs 24 and 25 in the embodiments described are formed of
polyethylene. However, as in the case of skins 26 and 28, other
materials can be used. For use as a web, the material employed
should have a compressive strength of approximately 4,500 to 20,000
psi and a tensile modulus less than approximately 1,000,000 psi.
The use of such material provides the advantage of reinforcing the
core so that it will not split as a result of the stringing
operation. Yet this type of web material only minimally affects the
torsional rigidity and longitudinal flexing characteristics of the
racket. Substitutes may also be made for the syntactic foam used in
core 20. An example is a urethane foam. Materials having a Rockwell
hardness of L 50 to L 100 (ASTM D 785-65) are suitable for use as a
core.
Certain other modifications may also be made within the spirit of
the invention. For example, partial or full skins may be utilized
to reinforce skins 26 and 28 to control the physical properties as
hereinbefore discussed, and these additional skins may be isolated
from the primary skins by energy absorbing layers, such as
visco-elastic rubber, to provide shear deflection damping. Also,
additional layers of material may be used in conjunction with webs
24 and/or 25 for protective purposes or to otherwise improve the
physical or decorative characteristics of the racket.
The structures disclosed herein are examples of tennis rackets in
which the inventive features of this disclosure may be utilized.
However, the principles employed equally apply to rackets for other
games such as squash, badminton, etc.
* * * * *