U.S. patent number 3,689,949 [Application Number 04/488,202] was granted by the patent office on 1972-09-12 for flotation apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Scott Paper Company, Delaware County, PA. Invention is credited to Barry A. Davidson, James D. Weinstein.
United States Patent |
3,689,949 |
|
September 12, 1972 |
FLOTATION APPARATUS
Abstract
This invention relates to improved flotation apparatus and, in
particular, to beds and seats in which provision is made for
bouyantly supporting the weight of the person on the bed or the
seat, an object of this invention to provide improved flotation
apparatus. This invention provides a flotation structure for
buoyantly, or approximately buoyantly, supporting the weight of a
patient's body by devices which weigh much less than previously
known flotation devices.
Inventors: |
James D. Weinstein
(Philadelphia, PA), Barry A. Davidson (Boston, MA) |
Assignee: |
Scott Paper Company, Delaware
County, PA (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
23938744 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/488,202 |
Filed: |
September 17, 1965 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
5/680; 5/671;
5/676; 5/600; 297/DIG.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A47C
27/085 (20130101); A47C 27/18 (20130101); A61G
7/05715 (20130101); Y10S 297/03 (20130101); A61G
7/05738 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A47C
27/08 (20060101); A61G 7/057 (20060101); A47c
027/08 (); A47c 027/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;5/60,61,347,348,349
;297/452,456-458 ;128/24,33,376 ;248/188.2,188.3 ;260/46.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Casmir A. Nunberg
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Joseph G. Denny, III Peter J.
Patane
Claims
Having described this invention, what is claimed is:
1. A therapeutic body support structure comprising: a base of
resiliently yieldable cellular material having a cavity formed in
the upper surface thereof, said cavity being contoured in cross
section generally to the shape of at least a portion of the human
body receivable in the cavity, a bag overlying the upper surface of
said base and providing a cover therefor, said bag comprising upper
and lower sheets of fluid-impermeable material, said lower sheet
having an area sufficient to cover the surface of said cavity and
having the periphery thereof bonded to said upper sheet, said upper
sheet having an area greater than the upper surface of said base to
provide a flaccid cover for said cavity and the remaining upper
surface of said base whereby the upper sheet is deformable into
said cavity without substantial stretching under the weight of the
human body, and a quantity of liquid disposed in said bag in said
cavity, said liquid having a volume less than the volume of said
bag, said base resisting substantial deformation under the weight
of the liquid and the weight of the human body resting on said base
whereby the liquid and the upper sheet of said bag are caused to
mold about and provide floating support for the portion of the
human body in the cavity, said base being resiliently and yieldably
deformable when contacted by the human body being placed on or
removed from said structure, and said bag preventing loss of said
liquid when said base is so deformed.
Description
As is known, bedridden persons often develop bed sores, and to
minimize this likelihood of developing bed sores, it has been
previously proposed to buoyantly support the person, whereby the
person's weight is supported over a large surface area, thereby
virtually eliminating localized areas of high enough pressure to
develop bed sores.
However, previously known buoyant supporting apparatuses, i.e.,
water beds, have been extremely heavy. The heavy weight has been
due primarily to the fact that the water bed, in essence, comprises
a large tank filled with water. For instance, in a tank measuring 7
by 3 by 11/2 feet, filled with water to a depth of one foot, the
weight of the water alone is about 1,300 pounds. This water weight,
plus the weight of the tank and its support, might be more weight
than an old building could safely carry. It is, therefore, a
further object of this invention to reduce the weight of the
flotation apparatus by reducing the volume of fluid needed to
buoyantly support a human body to a practical minimum.
Further, difficulty has been encountered in moving the patient to
and from such water beds. This has been due to the relatively high
and rigid side walls of the tanks previously required. Thus, it is
another object of this invention to form this flotation apparatus
of springy or yieldable material so as to reduce or eliminate the
inconvenience to the patient as he is moved to and from the
bed.
It is another object of this invention to allow the patient to
float on a level with the top of the mattress, thereby reducing or
eliminating the inconvenience to the patient as he is moved to and
from his bed.
This invention has been embodied in a mattress adapted to be placed
on the usual hospital bed. This is advantageous as it facilitates
the performance of the routine aspects of nursing care, since the
patient is on this water mattress and on the hospital bed at the
same time, because the entire bed may be adjusted up or down in the
usual manner, and other items, such as overhead trapeze bars,
associated with some hospital beds, will still be available to the
patient.
The water mattress comprises a base or support defining a hollow
space open at the top and on the bottom generally shaped to conform
to the general shape of a human body. On this base is placed a bag
formed from a flexible material which will tend to follow the
contour of the base. The bag is partially filled with water, or it
may be filled with some other suitable fluid, but because of the
contoured shape of the base, the volume of water required is that
amount necessary to provide a sufficient liquid film, of practical
size, between the upper bag sheet and the lower bag sheet to float
the patient. With the hollowed space not much greater than the
volume displaced by the floating patient, relatively little volume
of water is necessary to float the patient. Thus, in the water
mattress of this invention, the volume and weight of water has been
drastically reduced compared to the prior art water beds, and in
fact may be less than the weight of the floating patient.
In addition, the use of the fluid filled bag allows the patient to
roll out of the mattress with no loss of fluid from the device. The
patient, floating on a level with the top of the mattress,
depresses the springy and yieldable sides of the mattress. Thus he
is not exposed to any hard and unyielding surface or walls on
leaving or coming on to the mattress.
This invention has also been incorporated in a seat for a patient,
since many patients are confined to a seating position for long
periods of time and often develop sores on their buttocks and
thighs. The seat comprises a base defining a hollow space open at
the top and on the bottom and generally shaped to conform to the
general shape of the buttocks and thighs. A bag formed from a
flexible material which will tend to follow the contour of the base
is placed on the base. However, instead of partially filling this
bag with water, this bag is partially filled with a liquid having a
specific gravity greater than that of water, to reduce to a
practical amount the depth to which the patient, in a sitting
position, will sink in the liquid before he floats.
That is, due to the substantially less surface area over which the
weight of the patient is distributed, when he is in a sitting
position as compared to a supine position, if water were used in
the seat, the patient might have to sink in up to his chest, before
sufficient liquid had been displaced to create a buoyant force to
float him.
The foregoing and other objects of the invention, and the best mode
in which I have contemplated applying such principles will more
fully appear from the following description and accompanying
drawings in illustration thereof.
In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the water mattress illustrating the
complete base, but cutting away the bag and the overlying blanket
for purpose of illustration, a bed with which the mattress may be
used being shown in dot-dash lines;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal, sectional view of the mattress shown in
FIG. 1 but at a larger scale, illustrating the bed and a patient in
dot-dash lines;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the mattress shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 but
omitting the blanket and cutting away the bag to show a portion of
the base and drawn at approximately the same scale as FIG. 2;
FIGS. 4, 5, 6, and 7 are sectional views taken along the lines
4--4, 5--5, 6--6 and 7--7 in FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a seat incorporating this
invention, the bag and blanket being cut away for purpose of
illustration;
FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken along the lines 9--9 in FIGS. 8
and 10, but drawn at a larger scale than FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along the line 10--10 in FIG. 9
and drawn at approximately the same scale as FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a modified seat, the bag, blanket,
and the base being cut away for purpose of illustration;
FIGS. 12 and 13 are sectional views taken along the lines 12--12
and 13--13 in FIG. 11; and
FIG. 14 is a sectional view of a modified mattress, generally
similar to FIG. 4.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the drawings, and in particular to FIG. 1, a mattress
10 or cushioning structure is illustrated, referred to hereinafter
for convenience of designation, as a water mattress, comprising a
support or base 12 and a bladder or bag 14 placed upon the base 12.
The water mattress 10 is shown placed on a bed 16, the latter being
shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 1 and 3 as it forms no part of this
invention. However, it will be understood that the water mattress
10 of this invention may be placed on the usual hospital bed, on an
ordinary home bed, or another desirable place.
The base 12 comprises a generally rectangular block having on its
upper side a hollow cavity or space 18 open at the top and defined
at the bottom by a contoured, i.e., an irregular, generally
concave, surface 22, generally shaped to conform to the general
shape of a human body, as shown. Thus, the space 18 has an
irregular depth and width conforming generally to the human
body.
The space 18 comprises (viewed from right to left in FIGS. 2 and 3)
a first or head section (FIG. 4) tapering down from the upper
surface 20 of the base 12 to a second or trunk section (FIG. 5) of
greatest depth, a third or thigh section (FIG. 6) tapering up to a
fourth or shin section, and a fifth or foot section (FIG. 7) which
tapers up to the upper surface 20. Each section is made wide enough
to comfortably accommodate the patient.
The bag 14 comprises two, generally rectangular, sheets 26 and 28
of flexible material, preferably a thermosetting, plastic material
such as a fluid-impermeable polyvinyl. The peripheral, abutting
edge margins 30 (FIG. 3) of the sheets 26 and 28 are bonded to each
other to define the interior cavity 32 of the bag 14 which is thus
closed except for one corner 34 of the bag where it has been cut
diagonally, after bonding of the margins 30, to provide an opening
to permit access into and egress out of the bag for the fluid 36
which is normally inside the bag 14 when the mattress is in use for
its intended flotation purpose.
The lower sheet 26 is preferably large enough to closely follow the
contour of the irregular surface 22 and to lay upon it and the top
surface 20 of the base 12. The upper sheet 28 is large enough to
overlie the top surface 22 but in addition is large enough to
remain slack and flaccid so that no strain is placed upon it, but
rather the weight of the patient is transferred to the fluid, the
sheet 28 preventing contact by the patient with the fluid and
helping to contain the fluid.
After the bag 14 has been partially filled with a suitable amount
of fluid, the opening at the corner 34 is closed by a suitable
clamp 40 and the bag is placed on the base 12, or it may be first
placed on the base and then filled.
If the bag 14 is loosely placed on the base 12 the peripheral edge
portions of the bag will not lay horizontally as shown in FIGS. 2
and 5, for example, but rather tend to flare upwardly following the
curvature of the space 18, as shown by the dotted lines designated
41 in FIG. 5, as an example. When the bag 14 is merely placed on
the base 12 there is the advantage that it can be filled and
emptied remotely of the base 12.
At other times it may be desired to have the peripheral edge
portions of the bag 14 lie substantially horizontally, as shown in
FIGS. 2 and 5, for example, as such an arrangement tends to improve
the appearance of the mattress. In this event, the lower,
peripheral, marginal surface of the lower sheet is cemented to the
upper surface 20 of the base 12 by a suitable cement, except in the
immediate vicinity of the corner 34, so that the clamp may still be
used there to close the opening at the corner 34.
Preferably the fluid placed within the bag 14 is water, since it is
readily available, a deformable, yieldable, but weight supporting
substance which can be molded about the patient to provide a large
surface over which his weight is distributed. If water is used, the
bag 14 may be filled when the mattress is needed and emptied when
no longer needed, or the water may be changed, should it become
stagnant and odorous.
Further, by adding to the water a suitable additive, depending on
the material from which the bag is made, such as copper sulfate for
a polyvinyl sheet material, or by substituting for the water in the
bag a liquid such as sodium chloride solution, for example, a
solution in which the sodium chloride is 5 percent, by weight, of
the solution, which would have a specific gravity slightly greater
than one and which would be compatible with the sheet material of
the bag. This solution would tend to retard the growth of
microorganisms. With such a combination, the bag may be completely
sealed along its entire periphery after the liquid has been placed
within it and the corner opening and clamp omitted.
Assuming water as the buoying medium, an average, adult person will
float in a supine position when about two-thirds of his body sinks
below the surface of the water.
The space 18 is made deep enough to accept the lower two-thirds of
a body when in the supine position and, in addition, to accept the
bag 14 with the practical, minimum amount of water necessary to
create a film, or partial annulus, under and partially around the
body, as illustrated. Theoretically only a very thin film of water
would be needed, but as a practical matter enough water is
preferred to that ordinary movement of the patient while on the
mattress can take place without the patient frequently displacing
all the water from a localized area of the bag. Thus, about
two-thirds of the patient's body is below the plane of the surface
20 and one-third above it, FIG. 2. Also, usually the upper level of
the water will be about even with the surface 20. If the water
level rises above the plane of the surface 20, it will not spill
over as the bag is closed and sealed at its margins.
To accommodate adults it has been found that a practical amount of
water is about 180 to 225 pounds. The rectangular base 12 is made
about 7 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot thick. The deepest
section of the space 18 is made about 10 inches deep, the other
sections being made proportionately less deep, the length of the
space 18 being about 6 feet and 6 inches and the width being
tapered from a maximum width at the shoulder section to lesser
widths at the foot and head sections, as generally shown in FIG.
3.
The water in the bag becomes distributed, generally as shown in
FIGS. 2 and 4 to 7, i.e., molds about the patients under the
pressure of the patient's body, and will rise to the plane of the
surface 20, but if it rises above this plane, no spillage will take
place since the bag is closed as previously noted.
As shown by the undulation of the upper sheet 28 in FIG. 2 and the
folds therein, as at 44 in FIG. 5, for example, the upper sheet 28
is large enough to remain flaccid after the patient is placed on
the bag 14. That is, the upper sheet 28 does not become stressed
substantially by the weight of the patent, the patient's weight
being supported by the liquid.
In using the water mattress it is desirable to place a blanket 46,
and preferably two wool blankets, upon the bag 14, to thermally
insulate the patient from the bag 14.
Preferably the base 12 is made of foam material, i.e., and expanded
cellular material. One such material is a latex foam but a
polyurethane or other types of plastic material could also be used.
The foam rubber preferred is of medium density, i.e., soft and
springy enough for comfort should the patient bear directly upon
it, but hard enough so that the sides of the base will not bulge
out due to the weight of the water and of the patient, and is
similar to that used in mattresses for ordinary beds. That is, the
sides of the base must be strong enough to resist the pressure due
to the weight of the water and the patient without substantial
deformation. Thus, if in placing the patient on the mattress or in
removing him therefrom, he should strike the side walls of the base
or the margins of the bag on the surface 20, he will strike a
relatively soft or springy surface which should normally cause no
discomfort.
Likewise, if in moving about on the mattress, the patient should
"strike bottom," i.e., the water becomes fully or substantially
displaced from a localized portion of the bag under the patient and
the patient's weight is transferred to the base, for instance, as
might happen if he sits up at meal time, a relatively soft and
springy support will be provided by the base 12 at this time, and
the loose sheet 28 moves down freely under the patient's weight
which now is concentrated in a smaller surface area.
Since the interior of the bag 12 is only partially filled with
water, when the patient is not lying on the bag 12 the water tends
to collect at the lowest parts of the bag.
It will be understood, that if the feature of a movable bag is not
desired, the lower sheet 26 could be replaced by a coating or
lining of the surface 22 by a waterproofing material. In this
instance, the peripheral edge portion of the upper sheet 28 would
be secured, such as by a suitable cement, to the corresponding
portion of the surface 20. All or a part of the sheet 28 which
normally lies above the surface 20 could be so secured, but if only
a peripheral part of the sheet 28 is cemented to the corresponding
part of the surface, as generally indicated by the portion
designated 30 in FIG. 3, the portion of the sheet 28 inwardly
thereof, with the corresponding, and waterproofed, part of the base
12, would advantageously form a pocket to receive any water which
would tend to rise above the surface 20.
Further, to reduce the volume of the fluid required to float the
patient, a fluid having a specific gravity greater than one could
be used in the removable bag or in the mattress without the
removable bag. In such case, a fluid with a specific gravity of
between one and three is preferred.
It will be noted that with the described and illustrated mattress
construction, the patient may be easily rolled onto or out of the
mattress without the need for lifting him over the high side walls
of some previous water tanks, and that the pliant tapering surfaces
(forming the upper parts of the surface 22) help in rolling him
onto and out of the mattress.
Referring to FIGS. 8 through 12, inclusive, this invention is shown
incorporated in seats. FIG. 8 illustrates a seat 60 comprising a
shell or base 62 and a bag 64.
The base 62 is formed by a lower section 63 and a back support 65.
The lower portion of the back support 65 is formed with a tongue
cemented in a groove in the lower section 63.
The lower section 63 is formed with a space or concavity 70
generally large enough to receive the patient's buttocks and the
upper part of his thighs.
The base 62 is lined with a flexible, lower sheet 71, the sheet 71
which may or may not be cemented thereto, as shown in the drawings,
so as to leakproof the upper and left surfaces, respectively, of
the lower section 63 and the back support 65 and defining with an
upper sheet 75 a bag-like structure 79. The sheet 71 is shaped to
fit and cover the part of the lower section defining the cavity 70.
Also, a part of the sheet 71, rests upon a peripheral lip 74,
comprising a front lip 72 and side lips 73, which with the lower
part of the back support bounds the cavity 70. The upper part of
the sheet 71 is draped over the upper part of the back support, as
shown. The lip 74 has a substantial width, as shown, and the sheet
71 extends over the lip and is cemented to it, as shown.
A liquid suspension having a specific gravity greater than water
and preferably about 2.7 to 3.3 is then placed on the part of the
sheet lining the cavity 70. The suspension preferred is made by
mixing 25 pounds of finely particalized lead carbonate with 12
pounds of high viscosity motor oil (Mobil Oil Compound GG) which
together have a volume of about one-fifth of a cubic foot and a
weight of about 185 pounds per cubic foot or a specific gravity of
about 2.9, since water has a specific weight of 62.4 pounds per
cubic foot, as is known. This specific gravity range gives the
required buoyant force to float the patient in the sitting position
with a small volume of fluid, yet permits the maximum practical
surface area of the buttocks and thighs to support the body,
thereby minimizing the weight per unit area.
The flexible sheet 75 is then placed over the sheet 71 and the
suspension, and the sheet 75 is bonded to the sheet 71 along the
peripheral margins 76, i.e., along all four sides of the sheets.
The sheet 75, however, is large enough to lie loosely or flaccidly
upon the suspension so that when the patient sits on it there will
be plenty of excess material available, as indicated by the folds
77, FIG. 9, to allow the patient and the upper sheet 75 to sink
into the cavity 70 until he floats, See FIGS. 9 and 10, at which
time his weight is distributed over the maximum available surface
area of his buttocks and thighs, without straining the sheet
75.
As in the previous embodiment, (latex) foam rubber material of
medium density and firmness is preferred for the base 62. For the
sheets 71 and 75, thermoplastic polyvinyl sheets are also
preferred. With these materials, the sheet 71 may be secured to the
base 62 by a suitable latex cement and the sheets may be heat
bonded to each other at the margins 76.
Also, as mentioned in the previous embodiment, one or two
thicknesses of blankets, preferably wool blankets, will minimize
the heat loss from the patient to the liquid.
If desired, a tube 81 may be inserted through the lower section
into the interior space between the two sheets, as shown in FIG. 9,
to fill or empty the space, the tube 81 being screw-capped at its
lower end to prevent escape of the liquid.
Also, the seat may be placed on a rigid frame 84, shown in dot-dash
lines, since it is not part of this invention, if desired, or on
any suitable support.
From the foregoing, it is seen that the front lip 72 provides a
comfortable support for the shins, since the lower section is made
of springy material of medium firmness. While not so shown in FIG.
10, the front lip 72 will be depressed slightly by the weight of
the shins. Likewise, the side lips 73 will yield and provide a
comfortable support should the patient, in getting on or off the
seat, accidentally sit on them.
The embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 11 to 13 is similar to that
shown by FIGS. 8 to 10, but here the liquid is contained in a
removable bag 90 received in a cavity 91 formed in a one-piece base
92.
The base 92 has a lip 93 bounding the front and sides of the cavity
91 and a back support 94, all of which are formed integral.
Within the cavity 91 is placed the bag 90 made from flexible sheet
material, the bag 90 containing within it a liquid 95 whose
specific gravity is sufficiently high so that the patient, when
placed in a seating position on the bag, will be buoyed upon
sinking into the bag a short distance, preferably no more than
about 6 inches.
While embodiments have been constructed of this invention by
hollowing out rectangular blocks of the foam rubber to form the
base 12 of the water, for instance, it is seen that such bases
could be molded in a suitable mold.
FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of this invention in which the
base 100 is molded of a stiff plastic to the general shape
heretofore discussed for the base of a water mattress, except that
it is hollow, as at 102 and has a foam rubber shoulder 103. The
base 100 is provided with integral feet to be laced on the mattress
or frame of an ordinary hospital or home bed. A bag 104, partially
filled with water, as heretofore discussed, is placed in the cavity
106 of the base and covered by a blanket 108.
In the drawings, the thickness of the various sheets has been
exaggerated relative to the other parts shown and the blanket has
been shown away from the sides of the base for clarity of
illustration. Polyvinyl sheets of about 0.048 inches in thickness
were satisfactorily used to construct embodiments of this
invention.
It is seen that both the mattress and the seat have some utility
without the fluids in them, in that they can be used for their
respective purposes, to comfortably rest and sit on, with the bag
in place, should the fluid escape accidentally, or even without the
bag being in place.
It will be readily seen that both the mattress and the fluid seat
may be made in various sizes for adults and children.
Also, while specific materials have been mentioned, it is seen that
other materials may also be used without departing from the scope
of this invention.
From the foregoing it is seen that when a patient is placed on the
mattress or the seat, high pressure areas are virtually eliminated,
and as the body sinks into the surface of the bag, displacing some
of the fluid, additional body surface bears the person's weight,
decreasing the weight per unit area to a level below that at which
sores will usually develop or minimizing them.
* * * * *