U.S. patent number 3,685,614 [Application Number 05/191,922] was granted by the patent office on 1972-08-22 for method and device for attenuating the noise generated by the expansion of gases into the atmosphere.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Institutual Pentru Creatre Stiintifica si Technica. Invention is credited to Henri Coanda, Constantin Teodorescu.
United States Patent |
3,685,614 |
Coanda , et al. |
August 22, 1972 |
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ATTENUATING THE NOISE GENERATED BY THE
EXPANSION OF GASES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
Abstract
A noise or sound attenuator useful for a motor vehicle
internal-combustion engine has an elongated conduit which is formed
at one end with a plurality of laterally opening inlets. The gas is
fed into the center of the conduit through an annular slot whose
downstream lip is shaped to entrain the gas jet along the wall of
the conduit. This Coanda ejector action sucks air into the inlets
to mix with the gas, while the noise of the gas being expelled is
directed mostly against the flow direction into a sound absorber
located in the closed upstream end of the conduit. The walls of the
conduit are perforated upstream and downstream of the nozzle and
lined externally with sound absorbing material for best noise
attenuation.
Inventors: |
Coanda; Henri (Bucharest,
RU), Teodorescu; Constantin (Bucharest,
RU) |
Assignee: |
Institutual Pentru Creatre
Stiintifica si Technica (Bucharest, RU)
|
Family
ID: |
20088249 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/191,922 |
Filed: |
October 22, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
181/256; 181/259;
60/317 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F04F
5/42 (20130101); F01N 1/10 (20130101); F01N
1/14 (20130101); F01N 2470/30 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F04F
5/00 (20060101); F01N 1/10 (20060101); F01N
1/14 (20060101); F01N 1/08 (20060101); F04F
5/42 (20060101); F01n 001/10 (); F01n 001/14 ();
F01n 001/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;181/33R,33C,33E,33H,33HA,33HB,33HC,33HD,33HE,41-43,48-51,35R,59,36R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
610,841 |
|
Oct 1948 |
|
GB |
|
811,612 |
|
Apr 1959 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Ward, Jr.; Robert S.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of attenuating the sound of a gas released under
pressure into the atmosphere comprising the steps of:
feeding said gas under pressure transversely into an intermediate
region of an elongated passage;
passing said gas in only one direction along a wall of said passage
by the Coanda effect while projecting the sound of said gas
principally in the opposite direction;
drawing ambient air longitudinally through said passage in said one
direction by entrainment of said air by the gas passing along said
wall; and
absorbing the noise of the ejected gas upstream and downstream of
said region.
2. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said ambient air is drawn
laterally into said passage, thereafter is mixed with said gas, and
thereafter is expelled into the atmosphere.
3. An apparatus for attenuating the sound of a gas released under
pressure into the atmosphere comprising:
a conduit forming an elongated passage open at both ends to the
atmosphere;
means including an annular transversely open nozzle for feeding
said gas under pressure transversely into said passage;
means forming an annular surface in said conduit at said nozzle for
entraining said gas by the Coanda effect along the interior of said
conduit and drawing air through said passage; and
means for absorbing sound along said passage upstream and
downstream of said surface.
4. The apparatus defined in claim 3 wherein said conduit has a
closed upstream end and an open downstream end, said conduit being
formed with at least one transversely open inlet at said upstream
end and being outwardly tapered from said surface to said
downstream end.
5. The apparatus defined in claim 4 wherein said gas is the exhaust
of a heat engine or steam or air from a purging channel and said
means for absorbing sound includes at least one sound absorber in
said closed end upstream of said inlet.
6. The apparatus defined in claim 3, further comprising a housing
surrounding said conduit and said nozzle, said means for absorbing
sound along said passage including at least one body of
sound-absorbing material filling said housing around said conduit
and said nozzle.
7. The apparatus defined in claim 6 wherein said conduit includes
an outwardly divergent diffuser section immediately downstream of
said nozzle, a perforated cylindrical outlet attenuator section
immediately downstream of said diffuser section and surrounded by
said body, and an outwardly flared discharge nozzle section opening
directly into the atmosphere and immediately downstream of said
attenuator section, said discharge section being perforated and
being surrounded by said body.
8. The apparatus defined in claim 7 wherein said conduit further
comprises a perforated cylindrical inlet attenuator section
surrounded by said body and disposed immediately upstream of said
nozzle, and a rearwardly flared section communicating with and
immediately upstream of said inlet attenuator section, said
apparatus further comprising a cylindrical inlet immediately
upstream of said rearwardly flared section and provided along its
periphery with a multiplicity of axially extending slits
communicating between the atmosphere and said conduit, and a
sound-absorbing wall spanning the end of said cylindrical
inlet.
9. The apparatus defined in claim 8 wherein said means forming said
annular surface is a Coanda ejector of the inner type.
10. The apparatus defined in claim 9, further comprising means for
connecting said Coanda ejector to the exhaust outlet of an internal
combustion engine or to a steam or air purging channel.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is related to a method of and a device for
attenuating the noise generated by the discharge of the gases into
the atmosphere, in this case for the exhaust of internal-combustion
engines, for steam and air purging conduits, as well as for other
pipes by which gases are blown off into the atmosphere.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are known methods for the attenuation of the noise of exhaust
gases which utilize the sound-absorbing properties of certain
materials, the ejection effect of the jet, or modification of the
shape of the flow.
The main disadvantage of these methods is that attenuation of the
noise is achieved only within a relatively restricted
high-frequency range, leaving practically unattenuated the low and
the very low frequencies, while for low-frequency sound attenuation
bulky installations are necessary.
In the present state of the art, attenuation of the noise generated
by the expansion of gases into the atmosphere is achieved by means
of active silencers, reactive silencers, multisection silencers,
and silencers with depressive shutters.
The active silencers are basically conduits whose inner surfaces
are lined with sound-absorbing material. They are built in various
versions: with simple chambers, with lamellar or cellular elements,
and with chambers and screens.
The simple chamber silencer consists of a tube made out of steel
plate or similar material to which the sound-absorbent treatment
may be applied only at the walls or may be dispensed with. In the
latter case noise attenuation is achieved by restricting the flow
and possibly cooling the gas.
For the purpose of increasing the sound-absorbing capacity within a
broader frequency range large-section conduits are divided into a
series of subconduits with small dimensions by sound-absorbing
plates or baffles parallel to the flow direction and arranged in
line with one or both axes of the section of the conduit to form a
lamellar or cellular silencer.
The chamber-and-screen silencer consists of one or several chambers
acoustically treated and separated by means of screens arranged
perpendicularly or obliquely to the path of gas flow. Noise
attenuation is achieved by reflection of the acoustic waves by the
screens.
The reactive silencer is an acoustic system whose particularity
lies in the capacity to allow passage practically without
attenuation of sounds of a certain frequency while damping or
reflecting towards the source sounds of the remaining frequencies.
This acoustic system consists of several chambers successively
joined to one another by tubes. Each chamber with its junction
constitutes a resonator which damps within a certain frequency
range.
The multisection silencer achieves the partial attenuation of noise
by increasing the mixing of the gas stream with the surrounding
air, the increase of initial turbulence being avoided at the same
time. In these conditions, quick diminution of the gas velocity is
attained along the jet's axis along with attenuation of the low-
and medium-frequency noises.
There are likewise known nondirectional silencers used specially
for the attenuation of the noise generated by the exhaust of
internal-combustion engines. The particularity of these silencers
consists in the spiral or baffle form of the conduits which are
provided with orifices or groups of orifices arranged in certain
arrays and sometimes accompanied by deflecting cups covering the
orifices. Noise attenuation by these silencers is obtained by way
of the fragmentation of the gas flow and reflection of the sound
waves upstream.
The depressive-shutter silencers achieve the attenuation of the
noise by diffraction of the acoustic waves as they pass through
depressive networks, the absorption of the waves which have
undergone the diffraction being obtained by a sound-absorbing
treatment on the lined shutters of the networks and by the
intensification of the turbulent mixture of the elementary jets
which leave the depressive networks with a surrounding air in the
deviating process by way of the Coanda effect (see Time, p. 49,
Dec. 2, 1966, and Scientific American, pp. 81 ff., December 1964).
Except for the depressive-shutter-type silencers, the above
silencers all have the disadvantage that they attenuate noise only
within a very restricted frequency range, leaving unattenuated the
low and the very low frequencies. In order to combat this, large
overall dimensions of the silencer are necessary making its
construction expensive and limiting its usability. Furthermore, in
lamellar silencers, cellular silencers, and silencers with chambers
and screens, the high-velocity and high-temperature gases rapidly
degrade the inner elements of the silencer, putting it out of use
after a short working period.
The depressive-shutter silencers while achieving a good attenuation
of the noise within a broad frequency range present nevertheless
the disadvantage of large overall dimensions and excessive
complexity.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an
improved method of and apparatus for attenuating noise at a
high-pressure gas outlet.
Another object is the provision of an apparatus for attenuating
exhaust gas noise of an internal-combustion engine.
Yet another object is to provide such a noise attenuator or
silencer which is effective over a broad frequency range, is of
simple and inexpensive construction, and has a long service
life.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above objects are attained according to the present invention
by releasing the high-pressure and high-temperature exhaust gases
through an annular nozzle of a so-called Coanda ejector into the
passage of a conduit. The ejector, which functions according to the
well-known Coanda effect, entrains gases longitudinally while it is
fed transversely with the fluid. More specifically this ejector has
a nozzle which is so shaped that the gases tend to flow around one
lip and thence travel along the conduit in one direction while the
noise of the escaping gases travels down the conduit in the
opposite direction, since this sound is in no way influenced by the
Coanda effect. Thus the escaping gases define a flow direction in
the conduit and act as a jet pump to draw air in through the
upstream end of the conduit. This inlet end is provided with
lateral openings for air ingress while its inner surface is
provided with sound-absorbing material to deaden the noises of the
escaping gases.
Due to the high velocity of the escaping gases the sound they
produce will be relatively high-pitched, so that attenuation can be
carried out with little difficulty. At the same time the mixing of
the exhaust gases with large quantities of air reduces their heat
substantially while possibly causing oxidation of many of their
harmful constituents.
For the purposes of the present invention, a Coanda ejector will be
defined as a fluid ejector wherein the entraining fluid is caused
to flow through the ejector constriction, upstream of a coaxially
diverging passage or chamber, by the Coanda effect adhesion of the
boundary layers of fluid to the surface of the constriction which,
as already noted, form an outwardly turned annular lip defining a
slot into which the fluid is introduced transversely. Consequently,
air or other sound-damping, temperature-reducing and diluting fluid
is caused or induced to flow through the constriction and is
entrained by the Coanda effect fluid hugging the walls of the
Coanda ejector. In practice, therefore, the transverse introduction
of the Coanda effect fluid, in which sound-damping or noise
attenuation is desired, constitutes a direction change and
velocity-reducing type of absorber because, while the fluid passes
along the walls of the Coanda ejector by a direction change
attributable to the Coanda effect, noise or sound propagation
continues with the direction substantially unchanged until it is
intercepted by the transverse flow of air passing longitudinally
through the passage. While air is induced to flow through the
ejector because of the Coanda entrainment, a pressure differential
is established across the constriction because of the ejector
effect with the relatively high-pressure side upstream. Both the
movement of the air through the ejector and this somewhat elevated
pressure constitute a sound interference barrier causing
substantial noise attenuation apart from the attenuating effect of
the sound-absorbing material at the upstream side of the ejector
and the perforations in the wall of the passage at this upstream
side.
At the downstream side of the ejector, any sound transmitted in the
longitudinal direction of flow of the Coanda fluid is attenuated by
the relatively long flow path and the sound-absorbing material
lining same.
The method according to the invention envisages in a first phase
the expansion of the gases within a Coanda inner-type ejector, such
that simultaneously with throttling of the jet, structural
modification of the acoustic spectrum and its direction takes
place, as well as a substantial lessening of its velocity, of its
temperature, and of the concentration of its gases, a process
continued in a second phase by the absorption of the acoustic waves
by two active silencers mounted upstream and downstream of the
inner-type Coanda ejector.
The device according to the above method consists of a convergent
inlet nozzle for air connected to an inlet attenuator of decreasing
cross-sectional area, an inner-type Coanda ejector followed by a
diffuser, an outlet attenuator and a discharge nozzle. The
converging inlet nozzle, which is formed by a network of laterally
opening slits and a converging channel, has a damping screen placed
at an adequate distance such that the penetration of the
surrounding air through the slit network is possible, while the
propagation of noise of the ejector is impossible. The Coanda
ejector has an annular chamber into which the exhaust gases are fed
through a pipe, and whence they pass through an annular slit in the
shape of a jet, the gases adhering to the wall or surface of the
converging part of the Coanda ejector, flowing along a neck to the
inferior part of the outlet diffuser, and thence to the outlet
attenuator end of the discharge nozzle. Sound-absorbing walls
similar to those of the inlet nozzle and of the damping screen are
provided in the outlet side of the apparatus.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The above and other objects, features, and advantages will become
apparent from the following, reference being made to the drawing
whose sole FIGURE is an axial sectional view through the apparatus
according to the present invention.
SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION
The device according to the invention is formed of an inlet nozzle
1 for the inspired air, an inlet attenuator 2, a Coanda ejector 3
of the inner type, an outlet attenuator 4, and a discharge nozzle
5.
The inlet nozzle 1 of the ejected air is made of a network of
laterally opening slits 6, a converging channel 7, and a damping
screen 8. This nozzle 1 insures the entry of the surrounding air
into the device and hinders the propagation of the ejector's noise
to the exterior.
The inlet attenuator 2 is a conduit of circular or rectangular
section whose walls are perforated and lined externally with
sound-absorbing material. The length of the conduit and the type of
acoustic material being dictated by the attenuation degree
required.
The inner-type Coanda ejector 3 consists of an annular chamber 3 a,
having a lip 9 formed continuously with a cylindrical neck 10,
downstream of which is provided a diffuser 11. The converging part
9 is precided by an annular slit 3b through which is discharged the
gas under pressure arriving in the annular chamber 3 a through a
pipe 12. The outlet attenuator 4 is similar to the inlet attenuator
2, its geometry being determined by the diameter of the downstream
end of the diffuser 11 and the type of noise generated by the
annular jet at the planar annular slot or nozzle 3 b.
The discharge nozzle 5 is a diffuser whose shape is determined
according to the shape of the inner-type Coanda ejector 3 and by
the parameters of the expansion gases.
The drawing also shows that the inlet pipe 12 opens radially into
the annular chamber 3a which is defined by a ring 20 into which the
tube 12 is welded and which, in turn, is welded to the
nozzle-forming ring 21. The interior of the latter defines the
Coanda constriction and surface 22 which, in combination with the
axially outwardly divergent wall 11, forms a laval-type nozzle. The
wall 11 and the ring 20 are shown to be surrounded by the body 23
of sound-absorbing material within the cylindrical sheet-metal
casing 1 and to be nonperforated. The sound-absorbing material,
which may be a fleece or wool of refractory sound-absorbing
materials, e.g. asbestos fiber or glass wool. The housing 1 is
assembled by bolting together at 24 a pair of flange rings 25 and
26, respectively welded to the housing sections 27 and 28, these
rings serving also as supports for the Coanda ejector. The Coanda
ejector 3 is bolted at 28 to the inner portion of the ring 26 which
serves as a spacer supporting the perforated cylindrical metal wall
2 which, as illustrated, is surrounded by a body of the
sound-absorbing material represented at 29. This body of
sound-absorbing material is separated by an annular partition 30
from the annulus 31 of sound-absorbing material surrounding the
rearwardly outwardly flared unperforated intake cone 7 previously
described.
At the rearmost end of the muffler, we provide a reinforcing end
support ring 32 in which the sound-absorbing wall 8 is mounted.
This wall comprises a sheet-metal disk 33 retaining the layer 34 of
sound-absorbing material within the flat cylindrical housing 35
whose face, turned toward the passage, is provided with the
perforated wall 36.
Another reinforcing and mounting ring 37 at the opposite end of the
sound-absorber supports a sheet-metal disk 38 which, in turn,
carries the downstream end of the frustoconically diverging
outlet-conduit portion 5 which, as illustrated, is formed with
perforations 39. The cylindrical conduit section 4 immediately
upstream thereof is provided with perforations 40 and both conduit
sections are surrounded by the body 23 of sound-absorbing
material.
The device works as follows:
The gases which are to be discharged into the atmosphere are
directed by means of the pipe 12 into the annular chamber 3a and
from here they traverse the annular slit 3 b in the form of an
annular jet. Due to the Coanda effect the annular gas jet adheres
to the surface of the converging nozzle 9, passes up over the neck
10, and creates within the restriction at this intermediate conduit
region a violent sucking-in of the upstream air. The gases or steam
mix with the cold air, cool intensely, and advance through the
diffuser 11 and the outlet attenuator 4 with a substantially
reduced velocity. From the outlet attenuator 4 the gas and air
mixture passes into the discharge nozzle 5 where it is throttled
further because of the gradual increase of the transverse
cross-section, and from here it is discharged into the
atmosphere.
The passage of the gases transversely through the annular slit 3b
determines the change of the structure of the noise generated by
the free jet by displacing the acoustic spectrum into the range of
the high and of the very high frequencies which can easily be
attenuated by the sound absorbing portions 2, 4, 5, and 8 of the
device. The deviation of the annular jet within the ejector 3 is
not followed by its noise so that the predominant components of
this noise are directed towards the sound absorber 8 of the entry
attenuator. In this way the acoustic energy of the incident waves
is quickly dissipated along with the noise propagated downstream of
the device. Likewise, due to the higher pressure existing ahead of
the ejector, the propagation upstream of the acoustic waves
generated by the annular jet is rendered more difficult. Since in
the discharge nozzle 5 the velocity of the gas and air mixture is
correspondingly diminished, the discharge of the mixture into the
atmosphere takes place practically noiselessly.
The present invention offers the following advantages: it achieves
a strong attenuation within the whole audible frequency range, it
has both constructive and working simplicity, it has small
dimensions and requires a minimum of materials, it has a long
service life, and it diminishes the polluting effect of the
escaping gases.
* * * * *