U.S. patent number 3,684,171 [Application Number 05/059,073] was granted by the patent office on 1972-08-15 for circuit for monitoring a temperature related condition and for controlling a heat generating device.
Invention is credited to Ernest F. Coccio, Egils Evalds.
United States Patent |
3,684,171 |
Evalds , et al. |
August 15, 1972 |
CIRCUIT FOR MONITORING A TEMPERATURE RELATED CONDITION AND FOR
CONTROLLING A HEAT GENERATING DEVICE
Abstract
The present invention employs a heat sensitive element to form
one leg of a bridge circuit, with the bridge circuit providing the
bias signals necessary to generate control signals. The present
invention also includes a memory circuit connected to the bridge
circuit, with said memory circuit acting to remember the presence
or absence of a control signal. Further, the present invention
includes switching means which is circuitry connected to activate
the heating element. The switching means is also connected to the
memory circuit whereby the memory circuit acts to store, or
remember, a control signal during the first half of an a. c. supply
signal the switching circuit acts in response to the stored control
signal to turn on the heater.
Inventors: |
Evalds; Egils (Ardmore, PA),
Coccio; Ernest F. (Conshohocken, PA) |
Family
ID: |
22020680 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/059,073 |
Filed: |
July 29, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
236/78R; 361/165;
219/499; 327/463 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G05D
23/1909 (20130101); G05D 23/24 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G05D
23/20 (20060101); G05D 23/24 (20060101); G05d
023/24 (); H03k 017/68 () |
Field of
Search: |
;236/78,46,46F
;317/132,153,148.5B ;219/505,499 ;431/66 ;307/310,252N |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wayner; William E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A circuit for monitoring a temperature related condition and
controlling a heater device comprising in combination: a source of
a. c. electrical energy having first and second terminals, said
source of a. c. electrical energy providing alternately out of
phase first half cycle electrical energy and second half cycle
electrical energy; first diode means; a bridge circuit having first
and second input terminals and first and second output terminals,
said bridge circuit having its first input terminal connected
through said first diode means to said first terminal of said
source of a. c. electrical energy and its second input terminal
connected to said second terminal of said source of a. c.
electrical energy so that electrical current can pass through said
bridge circuit only during the presence of said first half cycle
electrical energy, said bridge circuit having one leg thereof
comprising a temperature sensitive element; first and second
current steering means, said first current steering means connected
to said first output terminal to steer current therethrough in
response to said first current steering means being activated, said
second current steering means connected to said second output
terminal to steer current therethrough in response to said second
current steering means being activated, said first current steering
means being activated in response to said bridge being unbalanced
in a first direction and said second current steering means being
activated in response to said bridge being unbalanced in a second
direction; signal storage means connected to said second current
steering means to store a control signal during the presence of
said first half cycle energy in response to said second current
steering means being activated; current switching means having
input means, output means and control means, said control means
being connected to said signal storage means to cause said current
switching means to be turned on during the presence of said second
half cycle energy in response to said signal storage means storing
said control signal, said input means connected to said first
terminal of said source of a. c. electrical energy and said output
means connected to said second terminal of said source of a. c.
electrical energy; heating means connected to said current
switching means to be turned on only in response to said current
switching means being switched on during the presence of said half
cycle electrical energy.
2. A circuit for monitoring a temperature related condition and
controlling a heater device according to claim 6 wherein said first
current steering means comprises a transistor whose base element is
circuitry connected to said second terminal of said source of a. c.
electrical energy and whose emitter element is connected to said
first output terminal of said bridge circuit and whose collector
element is connected to said signal storage means and further
wherein said second current steering means is a diode whose anode
is connected to the base element of said transistor and whose
cathode is connected to said second output terminal of said bridge
circuit.
3. A circuit for monitoring a temperature related condition and
controlling a heater device according to claim 1 wherein said
current switching means comprises a silicon controlled rectifier
and a relay coil associated with a relay, wherein said relay coil
is series connected to said silicon controlled rectifier and
wherein the control element of said silicon controlled rectifier is
connected to said storage means such that when said signal storage
means has stored a control signal thereat this control signal
biases said silicon controlled rectifier so that during the
presence of said second half cycle energy said silicon controlled
rectifier is turned on to conduct current through said relay coil
and through said silicon controlled rectifier thereby activating
the relay associated with said relay coil.
Description
DESCRIPTION
The present invention relates to circuits which monitor temperature
related conditions and which control heat generating devices in
connection therewith and in particular to such a device which
monitors during one half of an a. c. supply signal and which
renders the heating element operating during the second half of the
a. c. supply signal.
There are many circuits in the heating control art which monitor a
room or a furnace which is to be heated or held at a constant
temperature. These circuits further act to turn on a heating means
in response to their detecting a temperature which is lower than
some particular threshold value. Most of these circuits have
compensating features which serve to mitigate the problems that
arise from variations of the line voltage. In other words, if there
are variations of the line voltage, as so often occurs, these
variations tend to cause switching circuits to misfire and
accordingly the prior art control and monitoring circuits are
usually provided with some features to compensate for line voltage
variations. Closely related to this problem is the problem of noise
or spurious signals which tend to misfire a switching circuit or
turn it off prematurely. At least one effort to overcome this
problem is the arrangement of having the circuit fire late in the
half cycle, i.e., when the applied voltage approaches its maximum
value. This arrangement however is burdened with the problem that
there is often times insufficient power to fire relay circuits
because only half of the energy is available when the a.c. signal
has reached its maximum value.
SUMMARY
The present circuit overcomes the above problems by generating a
control signal during the first half of an a.c. supply signal and
remembering or storing this control signal. During the next half of
the a.c. cycle the remembered or stored control signal is employed
to turn on a switching circuit which energizes a relay to turn on a
heater. Obviously, if the monitored condition is at its correct
temperature there will be no control signals stored and hence the
heater will not be turned on. By having the monitor operating on
one-half of the cycle and the heater turned on during the other
half of the cycle, voltage variations, whether they are due to poor
line voltage regulation or noise, will not misfire the switching
circuit.
The features and objects of the present invention will become more
meaningful in conjunction with the following description taken
along with a study of the drawing.
In the drawing there is depicted a transformer 11, the primary
winding 13 thereof being connected to a source of power at the
terminals 15 and 17. The secondary winding 19 of the transformer 11
provides the electrical current source for the circuit. The upper
portion of the secondary winding 19 is connected from the terminal
21, through a first diode 23, through the resistor 25, to the first
input terminal 27 of the bridge circuit 29. The second input
terminal 31 of the bridge circuit 29 is connected through the
resistor 33 to the lower side of the secondary winding and is
actually connected thereto by the common line 35.
When there is a.c. power applied to the primary winding 13 there is
an induced a.c. signal in the secondary winding 19, the bridge
circuit only receives power on the half cycle that the diode 23
becomes biased in accordance with the polarity shown across the
diode. In other words, when the point 21 goes negative there is
current from the lower terminal of the secondary winding 19, along
the common line 35, through the resistor 33, across the bridge 29,
through the resistor 25, through the diode 23, to the terminal 21.
During the other half cycle when the terminal 21 goes positive the
diode 23 prevents any current flow through the circuit just
described and hence the bridge circuit is removed from active
participation in the overall circuitry shown in the drawing.
On the other hand, the circuit formed by the circuitry connected
from the terminal 21, through the relay coil 37, through the
silicon control rectifier 39, to the common wire 35 operates during
the half cycle when the terminal 21 goes positive if at that time
the silicon control rectifier 39 has been turned on.
OPERATION
Consider now the operation of the circuit. It should first be
established that the thermistor 41 operates such that if the
temperature of the thermistor goes low, or becomes cold, the
resistance of the thermistor increases or becomes high. It should
be apparent that other forms of heat sensitive elements might be
used and the position of such an element in the bridge might have
to be altered depending upon the characteristics.
Bearing the foregoing in mind, we find that during the negative
half cycle, that is the half cycle at which point 21 becomes
negative, there is current flow across from the lower terminal of
the secondary winding 19, along the common wire 35, through the
resistor 33, to the terminal 31. The current then splits and passes
along one path through the resistor 43, through the parallel
potentiometer 45 and resistor 47, through the resistor 49 to the
terminal 27. The second current path is through the resistor 51
through a temperature sensitive element the thermistor 41 and the
terminal 27. From the terminal 27 the current passes through the
resistor 25, through the diode 23 to the negative terminal 21.
Now in accordance with well understood bridge circuitry, if the
thermistor temperature is cold so that its resistance is high the
voltage drop thereacross will be relatively high and hence the
voltage at a first output terminal 53 will be higher than the
voltage at a second output terminal the tap 55 of the potentiometer
45. The bridge 29 will be considered unbalanced in a first
direction when the voltage at tap 55 is higher than the voltage at
output terminal 53 and unbalanced in a second direction when the
voltage at output terminal 53 is higher than the voltage at tap 55.
It will be noted that connected across the terminal 53 and the
adjustable point 55 are first and second current steering means,
i.e., a diode 57 and an NPN transistor 59. If the voltage at
terminal 53 is higher than the voltage at tap 55, as under the
conditions just described, then the current passing through the
resistor 63 will find a low impedance path through the base emitter
junction of the transistor 59 and hence the transistor 59 will be
biased for conduction. It will be recalled that we are first
considering the negative half cycle of the a. c. supply voltage
which provides a positive voltage on line 35 and hence the
transistor 59 "sees" this high voltage on line 35 through the
resistor 61 and the transistor 59 is accordingly rendered
conducting.
When the transistor 59 conducts there is current supplied to the
collector thereof through two paths. The first path is through the
resistor 61, along the line 65 and the second path is through the
resistor 67, through the capacitor 69, along the line 65. As the
current passes through the second path the capacitor 69 becomes
charged in accordance with the polarity shown thereon. When the
capacitor 69 is fully charged there is no longer any current
passing through the second path.
When the a. c. supply signal swings into the positive half cycle,
that is, when the terminal 21 is rendered positive, the lower half
of the secondary winding is rendered negative Hence the common line
35 is rendered negative and therefore the transistor action is
terminated and the bridge circuit is effectively removed from the
circuit activity. However, during this positive half cycle the
capacitor 69 commences to discharge through the resistor 67 and
through the resistor 61 to the other side of the capacitor. This
discharge activity of course provides a voltage bias across the
resistor 67 which effects the bias across the control element 71
and the cathode element of the silicon control rectifier 39.
Accordingly, the silicon control rectifier 39 is fired and there is
current flow from the terminal 21, through the relay winding 37,
through the silicon controlled rectifier 39 to the other side of
the secondary winding 19. When current flows along this last
described path, the relay 75 is activated and the relay points 77
are closed. There is connected to the relay points 77, as shown
schematically, a utility device 79 which represents the heater.
Once the relay points 77 are closed the heater is turned on to heat
up the condition, i.e., the room, the furnace, etc. which the
present circuit is monitoring.
It becomes apparent then that the circuit composed of the resistor
67, 61 and capacitor 69 is a memory circuit wherein the control
signal generated by an unbalance of the bridge circuit is stored
during the negative half cycle. During the half cycle which follows
the generation of the control signal, the memory circuit acts to
turn on the silicon controlled rectifier which in turn activates
the relay circuit to provide energy to the heating device.
It follows that as the thermistor 41 becomes warmer in response to
the heating element being turned on, the voltage at terminal 53
will become lower and accordingly some of the current passing from
resistor 63 will be directed through the diode 57. Finally, as the
voltage at terminal 53 becomes lower than the voltage at tap 55,
the low impedance path will be across the diode 57 and not through
the transistor 59. The foregoing transfer of current will cause the
transistor action to cease.
The potentiometer 45 is used to provide a fine adjustment of the
bridge. The resistor 81 is located in close proximity to the diode
57. The resistors 81 and 83 act as an anticipation control to lower
the resistance of the diode 57 in keeping with the activity of the
transistor 59. In other words, if the transistor 59 is continually
turned on so that the relay 37 is continually energized during the
positive half cycle then the heater element will be continually
turned on and the inertia of the heater activity will cause the
room or condition to continually heat up even after the energy to
the heater has terminated, i.e., after the transistor 59 has been
turned off. If, however, the resistance of diode 57 is decreased in
response to continued heater activity, then the impedance path
between the base of the transistor 59 and the point 53 will have
been sufficiently lowered that at an earlier instant in time than
"normally" the transistor will be turned off. If this were not the
case by the time that the point 53 would arrive at its "normal"
value to cut off the transistor 59, the inertia of the heating
element would override the temperature at which the room condition
was to be kept. To state this another way if the heater element has
been turned on repeatedly for a long period of time then even after
it is turned off it is going to radiate heat and the condition
(room, furnace, etc.) that is being heated might be increased to
the temperature in great excess of what was intended. In
anticipation of this action, the diode 57 is heated by the
resistors 81 and 83 and its resistance becomes variable. The
resistor 83 is adjustable so that the heating of diode 57 can be
set whereby at the very first instant that the transistor action
should be turned off it will turn off. On the other hand, if the
heating element is only turned on for a few cycles to provide only
a small amount of heat then the diode 57 will not have been heated
as much and its resistance will not have been decreased as much but
the inertia of the heating element is not as great and therefore
the condition does not warrant as great anticipatory
adjustment.
The diode 85 is provided to permit the charge stored in the coil 37
to be discharged rapidly during the negative half cycles when the
relay is not closed.
It should be understood that the memory circuit not only serves to
store and remember that a control signal has been generated during
the negative half cycle but it also serves to eliminate the
problems which result from bad line voltage regulations or spurious
signals. For instance, if there are voltage variations on the input
or there are noise signals arising in the circuitry, these spurious
signals have no effect on switching the heating element because
they are simply dampened or integrated. When the capacitor 39 is
fully charged by the transistor 59 action such distortions will
have no effect. During the positive half cycle the silicon control
rectifier 39 is turned on by the charge on capacitor 69 and cannot
be turned on spuriously because the spurious signals are isolated
from the control element. In addition, we have found that if a
silicon control rectifier is switched on with a great deal of
voltage applied from anode to cathode there are high frequency
pulses generated. This is not the case in the present circuit. In
the present circuit, the bias from the control element 71 to the
cathode 73 is present from the very moment that the positive half
of the cycle commences but the positive half of the cycle commences
from a zero potential and builds up thus eliminating any of the
high frequency noise signals which tend to be generated when a
silicon control rectifier is fired with an already high voltage
from anode to cathode. Further in addition relay coil 37 is
provided with the full current of one half cycle. In other words,
this relay is not subject to being fired or turned on during the
latter half of one half of a cycle as is usually the case in
circuits which are used or which have features to eliminate the
noise problem described earlier. The current for the entire half
cycle eliminates any possibility of the relay fluttering or
dropping out because there is either full power or no power applied
to the relay coil 37.
* * * * *