U.S. patent number 3,681,771 [Application Number 05/021,879] was granted by the patent office on 1972-08-01 for retroflector dipole antenna array and method of making.
This patent grant is currently assigned to MacDowell Associates, Inc.. Invention is credited to Bernard L. Lewis, James E. MacDowell.
United States Patent |
3,681,771 |
Lewis , et al. |
August 1, 1972 |
RETROFLECTOR DIPOLE ANTENNA ARRAY AND METHOD OF MAKING
Abstract
A method of making an antenna array and an antenna array
apparatus of a low-cost wide angle retroreflector is provided in
which a printed circuit board has a plurality of antenna elements
etched on one side thereof and a ground plane on the other
separated by dielectric material of a predetermined thickness.
Baluns are attached through the printed circuit board to each
antenna element and to the ground plane and transmission lines of
equal length connect spaced pairs of antenna elements utilizing the
balun and matching the transmission line to the antenna
element.
Inventors: |
Lewis; Bernard L. (Brevard
County, FL), MacDowell; James E. (Brevard County, FL) |
Assignee: |
MacDowell Associates, Inc.
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
21806640 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/021,879 |
Filed: |
March 23, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/817; 29/600;
343/821; 343/755 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
21/00 (20130101); H01P 5/10 (20130101); H01Q
15/14 (20130101); Y10T 29/49016 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
H01P
5/10 (20060101); H01Q 21/00 (20060101); H01Q
15/14 (20060101); H01q 021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/753,754,755,853,854,817,821 ;29/600,601 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Claims
1. A method of making a retroreflector apparatus comprising the
steps of:
a. etching a printed circuit board with a plurality of antenna
elements at predetermined locations on one side; said printed
circuit board having a ground plane on a second side thereof;
b. attaching a balun to each said antenna element on one side of
said printed circuit board;
c. attaching each said balun to said ground plane on said second
side of said printed circuit board;
d. cutting a plurality of transmission lines to the approximate
same electrical length for connection between spaced baluns;
e. attaching each of said plurality of transmission lines between
spaced pairs of baluns one end of each said transmission line being
attached to only one balun and said baluns being located in
predetermined spaced relationship to each other whereby a wide
angle retroreflector apparatus
2. The method in accordance with claim 1 but including the step of
drilling holes in said printed circuit board at predetermined
locations for inserting said balun in prior to attaching each said
balun to each side of
3. The method in accordance with claim 2 but including the step of
attaching said baluns to said printed circuit board by positioning
each balun in a hole in said printed circuit board and flow
soldering said balun to a ground plane of said printed circuit
board on the opposite side
4. The method in accordance with claim 3 in which said baluns are
attached to each antenna element by flow soldering said baluns
following attaching
5. The method in accordance with claim 4 which includes attaching
the center conductor of said transmission line to one said antenna
element.
6. The method in accordance with claim 5 but including the step of
machining baluns from tubing prior to attaching a balun to each
said
7. A retroreflector apparatus comprising in combination:
a. a printed circuit board having antenna elements etched on one
side thereof and a ground plane on the other side thereof;
b. said printed circuit board having tubular shaped baluns with
parallel slots in the walls of one end thereof, said slots being of
a length corresponding to approximately one quarter of the
frequency of said retroreflector and each said balun being attached
to said ground plane and to one said antenna element; and
c. a plurality of transmission lines of approximately equal
lengths; each said transmission line being connected between a pair
of spaced baluns and each end of each said transmission line being
attached to only one spaced balun whereby a wide angle
retroreflector array is provided with pairs of
8. The apparatus according to claim 7 in which each said
transmission line is a coaxial cable having each end thereof of
said transmission line braid attached to one said balun and each
end of each center conductor attached
9. The apparatus according to claim 8 in which said antenna
elements are
10. The apparatus according to claim 9 in which said printed
circuit board
11. The apparatus according to claim 10 in which said dipoles are
aligned in intermittent rows with said elements in each row running
perpendicular to the elements in each preceding row.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work
under a NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section
305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law
85-568 (72 Stat. 435, 42 U.S.C. 2457).
The present invention relates to a reflector composed of antenna
elements so arranged and interconnected by transmission lines that
when a signal is received on one set it is reradiated back in phase
in the direction of incidence for all angles of incidence. Thus the
present reflector is directed towards a replacement for dielectric
reflectors such as Luneberg lenses and is a wide angle
retroreflector utilizing individual dipoles tuned to a desired
frequency.
In the past it has been suggested to interconnect antenna elements
with transmission lines to provide a new type of dielectric
reflector. However, this type of reflector has not been widely used
because of the lack of development of an operational array based on
the overall general principle. The present invention is directed
toward an operational array of this type and a method of
manufacturing such an array while assuring uniformity of impedance
match and ease of producing the array at a high volume and at a low
cost. There have of course been a great number of other types of
reflectors utilized in the past.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to retroreflectors and specifically
to a method for making an antenna array and the antenna array
apparatus. The manufacturing method includes steps of etching a
printed circuit board with a plurality of antenna elements on one
side such as omnidirectional dipoles while having the other side of
the printed circuit board utilized as a ground plane. The conductor
material on the printed circuit board may be copper separated by
dielectric material with the thickness of dielectric material
dependent upon the frequency to which the array is to be used. A
machined balun, which may be made of brass and produced in an
automatic screw machine, is attached through holes drilled through
the printed circuit board and one balun is attached to each antenna
element and also to the ground plane. Transmission lines having the
same electrical length are cut and each end is inserted in a pair
of spaced antenna elements with a balun attached, and each
transmission line is attached to the antenna element and to the
balun to provide a wide angle retroreflector apparatus.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects, features and advantages of this invention will be
apparent from a study of the written description and the drawings
in which:
FIG. 1 shows a top plan view of a preferred embodiment of the
present invention, with dash lines illustrating the
inter-connection of the antenna element;
FIG. 2 shows a top sectional view of one antenna element;
FIG. 3 is a view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a view taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 shows an exploded view with a balun separated from the
printed circuit board.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1 a wide angle retroreflector 10 can be seen
having a printed circuit board 11 with dipoles 12 etched on one
surface thereof, which dipoles are tuned to a desired frequency.
Pairs of dipoles 12 are interconnected by transmission line 13
shown as dotted lines which run beneath the printed circuit board
11. All the transmission lines 13 will have the same electrical
lengths and the opposite side of the printed circuit board 11 from
the dipoles 12 will have a ground plane separated from the dipoles
by dielectric material. The ground plane could for instance be the
copper coating on the other side of the printed circuit 11 not
having any material etched away. The thickness of the dielectric
material will be dependent upon the frequency to which the array is
to be used and a double copper-clad baseplate printed circuit board
material is used having a predetermined thickness and dielectric
constant. The printed circuit board 11 has holes 14 drilled in it
at each dipole 12 with a balun 15 attached to each dipole 12 and
extending below the printed circuit board 11. Each transmission
line 13 is inserted through the drilled holes 14 and attached to
the balun 15 with the center wire 16 being attached to one side of
the dipole 12.
Balun in this application is defined as an acronym for
"balanced-to-unbalanced" and includes matching an unbalanced
transmission line such as a coaxial cable to a balanced line or
system such as a two wire line in which the terminals have equal
impedances to ground.
Turning now to FIG. 2, the dipole section of the printed circuit
board 10 is illustrated in the portion of the circuit board 11
having a dipole 12 being connected such as by soldering a center
line 16 of the coaxial line 13 which has been inserted up through
the balun 15. It can also be seen that the dipole 12 is soldered at
17 to the balun 15, and that the balun 15 has a slotted area 18, as
will be described in more detail.
FIG. 3 shows a sectional view more clearly illustrating the
transmission line 13 having an outer conductive braid 20 enclosing
a dielectric material such as teflon 21 and being attached to the
balun 15 with solder at 22. The balun can be seen attached to the
ground plate 23 at 24 and having a dielectric material 25 separated
from the dipole antenna element 12. The center line conductor 16 is
shown soldered to the dipole 12 and the dipole element 12 is also
soldered to the balun 15.
It should be noted at this point that the braid 20 has a very close
and tight fit on the balun 15 and that the slot 18 is slotted to a
point just about even with the bottom surface of the ground plane
23 and that the center line conductor 16 forms a very tight and
smooth bend to one dipole element 12, where it is soldered to the
dipole element and to the balun 15. These techniques are mentioned
since providing an efficient reflector requires many techniques
which may seem small but which the sum total can produce desired
results.
FIG. 4 is taken along line 4--4 and shows a balun 15 having slot 18
passing through insulating material 25 with the transmission line
13 having the teflon insulating material 21 passing through the
balun 15 along with the center conductor 16 passing through the
teflon material 21.
FIG. 5 shows an exploded view with balun 15 being removed from the
printed circuit board 11 and having the slot 18 therein. This balun
15 is machined to the desired length as required by the mechanical
and electrical characteristics of the cable used and is slotted so
that the slot length is one-quarter wavelength of the frequency to
which the array will be resonant. The slot length is critical in
that the required length to provide an impedance match to the cable
is necessary. This particular balun is especially desirable because
it may be easily mass-produced by machinery such as an automatic
screw machine which assures impedance matching due to the
uniformity in the balun. The hole 14 is drilled so as to center on
the two one-quarter wave dipoles 12.
The method for producing the present antenna ray requires that a
printed circuit board clad on both sides with copper and having the
desired thickness and dielectric constance be selected and cut to
the proper size. The printed circuit board may then be coated with
a material such as wax utilizing a process such as silk-screening
so that the ground plane will not be touched by the acid in which
the etching is performed, and the plane having the dipoles will
etch away all the copper except the dipoles at the desired
location. The board can then be drilled either singularly or
preferably multiple drillings in a jig fixture for drilling in the
center of each of the two one-quarter wave dipoles. The baluns may
be made of a material such as a brass tubing which may be produced
in an automatic screw machine, or the like, and having the desired
length and slot for a one-quarter wavelength of the frequency the
antenna wave is to have. The baluns are then inserted in the
drilled holes in the printed circuit board and adjusted for depth
and then soldered to the ground plane which soldering may desirably
be performed in a flow soldering machine making connections with
all the baluns and the ground plane. Next, the transmission lines
or cables are selected in accordance with the desired frequency of
operation and are cut to the desired length. Cables are then
inserted into the baluns with the cable shield slipped over the end
of the baluns and soldered at that point. The center conductor of
the coaxial cable is then left sticking above the balun where it is
bent over the appropriate dipole and soldered. As with the baluns,
the center conductors may all be soldered in a flow soldering
machine making the connection not only of the center conductor to
the appropriate dipole, but also the balun to the dipole.
Applicant of course does not wish to be limited to any particular
design or shape, but one embodiment of the present invention which
has been successfully operated utilizes a dielectric printed
circuit board having a thickness of 0.375 inch of Rexolite or a
polystyrene with a copper coating on either side of 0.010 inch,
having a balun which is 0.880 inch in length with a slot extending
from one end into the balun 0.375 inch and having an inside
diameter of 0.118 and an outside diameter of 0.15512. The coaxial
cable may have a teflon inner insulator with the braid portion
removed to expose a 0.630 inch length of teflon with the center
conductor extending another 0.250 inch above the teflon. The
coaxial cable will have a length of an even number of
wavelengths.
It should be made clear at this point that while dipoles are
commonly used in these arrays because of their omnidirectional
characteristics which gives the array the broadest wide angle
coverage, it is anticipated that the use of spirals, helixes,
horns, and the like, could also be used as desired without
departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It
should also be noted that the configuration illustrated has a
circular polarization but that horizontally polarized dipoles and
other variations are anticipated as being within the scope of the
present invention, and while a group of dipoles on a square planed
surface has been illustrated, it should be realized that this is
one example where the same principles could be constructed on a
cylindrical, spherical, rectangular or circular surface, without
departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly this
invention is not to be construed as limited to the particular forms
disclosed herein since these are to be regarded as illustrative
rather than restrictive.
* * * * *