U.S. patent number 3,681,770 [Application Number 05/002,816] was granted by the patent office on 1972-08-01 for isolating antenna elements.
Invention is credited to Andrew Alford.
United States Patent |
3,681,770 |
Alford |
August 1, 1972 |
ISOLATING ANTENNA ELEMENTS
Abstract
A conducting shelf is situated between adjacent levels of
dipoles fed in the same or nearly the same phase. The shelf is
dimensioned to reduce the intensity of the coupling between
adjacent dipoles while adding partial images which tend to cancel
the remaining coupling and thereby improve the SWR of each dipole
over a relatively wide frequency range in the presence of other
energized dipoles.
Inventors: |
Alford; Andrew (Winchester,
MA) |
Family
ID: |
21702648 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/002,816 |
Filed: |
January 14, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/815; 343/817;
343/851; 343/799; 343/841 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
1/521 (20130101); H01Q 21/205 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
21/20 (20060101); H01q 009/16 (); H01q
021/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/793,794,795,796,797,798,799,810,800,841,851 ;315/85 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Chatmon, Jr.; Saxfield
Claims
1. An antenna system comprising; a tower having means defining at
least one electrically conducting surface,
an antenna array having dipole radiators mounted on the tower at
spaced locations, adjacent dipoles of the array being parallel and
being directly coupled,
conducting means mounted on the tower intending in a perpendicular
direction with relation to the conducting surface, the conducting
means dispose, between adjacent dipoled, the dipoles extending
parallel to the plane of the conducting means and the conducting
means being dimensioned to reflect images of the dipoles while
reducing the direct coupling between the dipoles to cause the image
coupling effect to oppose the
2. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said antenna
array comprises,
a first plurality of dipole radiators forming a line thereof,
a second plurality of dipole radiators forming a line
said conducting means being disposed between said lines of first
and second
3. An antenna system as set forth in claim 2 and further
comprising,
second and third ones of said conducting means sandwiching said
first and
4. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the separation
between
5. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said tower is
of
6. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said tower is
of
7. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said means
defining at least one electrically conducting surface is of square
cross-section with the length of each square side substantially
0.85 wavelength at the center
8. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said means
defining at least one electrically conducting surface is of
triangular cross-section with the length of each triangle side
substantially 0.53 wavelength at the
9. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the separation
between said conducting means and an adjacent dipole is
substantially 0.45 wavelength and the width of said conducting
means is substantially a
10. An antenna system as set forth in claim 2 wherein said
conducting means are midway between adjacent ones of said
lines,
the separation between adjacent ones of said lines being
substantially 0.9 wavelength and the width of said conducting means
is substantially a
11. An antenna system as set forth in claim 10 wherein said means
defining at least one electrically conducting surface is of square
cross-section with the length of each square side substantially
0.85 wavelength at said
12. An antenna system as set forth in claim 10 wherein said means
defining at least one electrically conducting surface is of
triangular cross-section with the length of each triangle side
substantially 0.53
13. An antenna system as set forthin claim 4 wherein each of said
conducting means includes generally symmetrical trapeqoidal
segments having a long parallel adjacent side spaced from said long
parallel side
14. An antenna system as set forth in claim 12 wherein each of said
conducting means includes generally wherein each of said conducting
means includes generally symmetrical trapeqoidal segments having a
long parallel side adjacent to a triangle side and short parallel
side spaced from said
15. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 comprising a second
of said conducting means wherein the separation between said
conducting means is
16. An antenna system as set forth in claim 4 wherein the
conducting means has a long dimension in the direction o f the
dipole radiator of at least 0.5 wavelength and a shorter dimension
orthogonal to the longer dimension
17. An antenna system as set forth in claim 1 whereby the input
impedances of the dipoles are mor nearly matched to the
characteristic impedances of
18. An antenna system as set firth in claim 1 wherein said
conducting means includes a conducting sheet or screen
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates in general to antennas and more
particularly concerns an improved array of stacked dipoles
characterized by a relatively low SWR over a relatively wide range
of frequencies and in certain arrangements a desired high degree of
directivity in the H-plane.
In high frequency antenna systems a common approach for increasing
the gain of the antenna system involved stacking a number of like
elements. For example, it is desirable in many cases to feed
dipoles at adjacent levels in the same relative phase or at least
not in too widely different relative phases. However, there is
coupling between adjacent dipoles having the effect of increasing
the standing wave ratios which can be achieved over a given
bandwidth. The coupling problem is large enough so that it is
either difficult or impossible to obtain a really satisfactory
standing wave ratio at the lower television channels with such
coupling.
One approach to avoiding direct coupling between adjacent levels or
dipoles might contemplate placing a large horizontal conducting
sheet midway between the levels of the adjacent dipoles. All direct
coupling would then stop; however, a dipole at the lower level
would have its own negative image in the sheet instead of the real
dipole in the level above it. The coupling with the negative image
would be just as strong as the coupling with the dipole in the
level above without the conducting sheet (providing the current
flowing in the dipoles in the two adjacent levels were
approximately equal).
An important object of this invention is to provide an improved
stacked antenna array.
It is another object of the invention to provide a stacked antenna
array in accordance with the preceding object characterized by
improved impedance characteristics.
It is another object of the invention to provide a stacked array in
accordance with the preceding object characterized by a narrower
pattern in the H-planes of the stacked dipoles.
It is another object of the invention to achieve one or more of the
preceding objects with relatively simple inexpensive structure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, conducting means are located between
adjacent levels of antenna elements dimensioned large enough to
appreciably reduce direct coupling between adjacent levels while
being small enough to allow some direct coupling and yet large
enough to produce some effective image so that the effective image
coupling effects and direct coupling effects tend to oppose and
nearly cancel each other. According to another feature of the
invention, similar conducting means are located so as to sandwich
the adjacent arrays of elements with the first-mentioned conducting
means.
For a vertical array of radiating elements, it was found that
satisfactory dimensions were slightly less than a wavelength
between adjacent levels of stacked dipoles, a width of the
supporting tower a little less than the distance between adjacent
layers and the width of the conducting means being within the range
of 0.1-.3 wavelength.
Numerous other features, objects and advantages of the invention
will become apparent from the following specification when read in
connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the invention in
which Delta Dipole antennas described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,973,517
are mounted about a square mast;
FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the invention having three
dipoles in each layer, each on a respective side of a triangular
tower;
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the invention in which vertical
dipoles arranged around a cylinder are decoupled by using vertical
conducting means; and
FIG. 4 shows the improvement in impedance characteristics achieved
with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference now to the drawing and more particularly FIG. 1
thereof, there is shown an embodiment of the invention in which
commercially available Alford type 4730 delta dipole antennas are
arranged in layers of four seated upon respective sides of a square
tower. A square tower 11 is covered with a conducting sheet 12. An
upper layer of delta dipoles such as 13, two of which are visible,
and a lower layer of dipole elements such as 14, two of which are
visible are mounted upon respective sides of the square tower 11. A
conducting shelf 15 is midway between dipoles 13 and 14, all of
which are sandwiched by an upper conducting shelf 16 and a lower
conducting shelf 17. Each of the shelves 17, 15 and 16 are
preferably substantially congruent of the shape shown. Each shelf
may be made of solid conducting material or screen-like material as
shown, preferably having a long straight side, such as 21 generally
parallel to the tower face and a shorter straight side, such as 22
that is centered about a corner of the tower and perpendicularly
bisected by a plane passing through the tower diagonal passing
through that corner.
For a UHF frequency band of interest from 690 MHz to 810 MHz,
typical dimensions for the separation a between adjacent ones of
shelves 15, 16 and 17 is 14 inches, corresponding to 0.89
wavelength at the center frequency of the band; the separation b
between dipoles 13 and 14 is also 14 inches, corresponding to a
wavelength of substantially .875 wavelength at the center frequency
of the band and the dimension c between the straight edge 21 of a
shelf and a tower side being for example 31/2 inches corresponding
to 0.223 wavelength at the center frequency of 750 MHz where a
wavelength is 15.7 inches.
Although the shelf width as measured at right angles to the outer
surface of the conducting screen 12 is of the order of a quarter
wavelength, a smaller shelf, such as 0.14 wavelength wide may in
some cases be advantageous for achieving a better impedance curve
at the input to the antenna array plotted on a Smith Chart so as to
minimuze the SWR over two separated band such as, for example, TV
channels 9 and 13. Shelves wider than a quarter wavelength may also
be used when it is desired to shorten the spread of the impedance
curve on the Smith Chart within a given frequency band. The effects
of the size of the shelf on the impedance characteristic is
discussed below.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown another embodiment of the
invention having three dipoles per layer on respective sides of a
triangular tower. Two of the delta dipoles 31 and 32 are shown
between an upper shelf 33 and a lower shelf 34. In this embodiment
only a single layer of dipoles is shown, it being understood that
additional layers with a corresponding increase in shelves may be
provided. It has been discovered that the use of shelves is
beneficial even when there is only a single layer of dipoles
because the shelves increase the gain of a single layer of dipoles
arranged around the tower. This was found to be true in the case of
both square and triangular towers and is believed to be true no
matter what is the shape of the tower.
The addition of shelves is even more advantageous when functioning
to improve the impedance match of an array having a number of
layers of dipoles. The dimensions which have been found to result
in approximately circular radiation patterns in the horizontal
plane when the layer or layers of dipoles are mounted around a
triangular tower are as follows:
Tower width approximately 0.51 wavelength;
spacing between layers of dipoles approximately 0.9 wavelength;
shelf width approximately a quarter wavelength, for example, 0.22
wavelength.
It was found advantageous to form the shelves with a long edge 35
generally parallel to the side of the tower and a shorter generally
straight edge perpendicularly bisected by a plane passing through
the corner and bisecting the angle at that corner.
Shelves may be made of sheet metal, fine mesh grain, a grid with
rather large holes or any other suitable means. Specific dimensions
are set forth in FIG. 2. A mesh with these dimensions was found to
give good results in the frequency range of 690-810 MHz. This mesh
structure was found to be close to and somewhat better than that of
a shelf made of conducting sheet metal of the same dimensions. It
was also discovered that when one of the rods of the grid was
removed, thereby making the holes still bigger, the effect of the
shelf was less satisfactory. The specific dimensions shown in FIG.
2 are related to the wavelength at the center frequency of 750
MHz.
It was also discovered that dipoles mounted on one face of a square
tower approximately 0.9 wavelength wide has little coupling with
dipoles located on adjacent sides of the tower. In fact, the
arrangement acted substantially as if the array of dipoles on one
face of the tower were independent of the other dipoles on the
other faces of the tower.
With the small triangular tower embodiment of FIG. 2 there was some
coupling between elements on the same level. The results described
above are applicable to dipole arrays mounted on relatively large
sheets; for example, arrays consisting of a few or many horizontal
dipoles mounted one layer above another layer. The effect of the
shelves would also be beneficial for controlling the effective
coupling between such layers of dipoles to improve the impedance
characteristics of the dipoles and thereby obtaining good impedance
match over a relatively wide range of frequencies.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an array of vertical dipoles
41, 42 and 43 decoupled from each other and having their impedance
characteristics improved by shelves 44, 45, 46 and 47 vertically
oriented.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a graphical representation of
the impedance as a function of frequency on a Smith Chart
representing actual measurement of the embodiment in FIG. 2 made
through a carefully matched rigid transmission line. The six
dipoles were excited with equal power in the same phase, and a
slotted line was inserted into the branch feeder supplying one of
the dipoles. The division of power and the phases of the currents
supplied at the six dipoles were carefully checked with the aid of
an automatic transfer characteristic plotter.
Curve 1 in FIG. 4 shows the impedance characteristic of a single
delta dipole on a triangular tower from 710 to 770 MHz. Curves 2
and 3 show the impedance characteristic of the middle level dipole
in a three tier array on a triangular tower without and with,
respectively, shelves 0.23 wavelength wide. These results
demonstrate that the effect of the shelves on the impedance over
about 10 percent band of frequencies effected a reduction in SWR,
particularly after suitable compensation by well-known means.
Furthermore, it was found that the shelves as described in
connection with the embodiment of FIG. 2 increased the power gain
of the two-element array from about 1.9 to approximately 2.3, an
improvement of about 20 percent.
With the dimensions of the tower and shelves as shown in FIG. 2,
the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane was observed to be
approximately circular as the frequency was increased from 690 to
810 MHz. The most circular patterns were observed in the
neighborhood of 780 MHz. At frequencies substantially below this
frequency, the pattern became somewhat triangular; however, still
acceptable. At frequencies above 780 MHz the patterns again
gradually become more triangular but in a transition region in the
vicinity of 780 MHz the pattern is hexagonal with rounded corners,
all these patterns still being acceptable for omnidirectional
radiation in most applications. At frequencies below the frequency
of best circularity the maximum of radiation occurred in the
directions of bisectors of the triangular tower cross section. At
frequencies above the frequency of best circularity, the maxima of
radiation occurred in directions at right angles to the sides of
the tower.
Similar phenomena were observed in the case of a square tower. In
this case, the best circularity of the pattern was obtained when
the tower width was in the vicinity of 0.85 wavelength when the
pattern became octagonal with rounded corners. Wider towers result
in squarish patterns in which the signal maxima (along the
diagonals) are directed at right angles to the faces of the tower.
Towers which have sides narrower than 0.85 wavelengths result in
patterns which result in increasingly squarish patterns which have
maxima in the directions of the diagonals of the tower. These
phenomena are similar to those observed with triangular towers
except that in that case the optimum tower width is approximately
0.53 wavelength where the patterns are hexagonal instead of
octogonal as in the case of the square tower. With sides less than
0.53 wavelength one obtains triangular patterns with maxima in the
direction from the center of the tower through the corners of the
tower. With wider towers, the patterns again become triangular but
with maxima in the directions at right angles to the sides. These
measurements were made using the delta dipoles.
In the above description, it was assumed that the sides of the
tower are covered with conducting panels made of metal net or of
parallel metal bars spaced preferably 0.1 wavelength or closer. In
some cases, the tower size may be too small to obtain optimum
circularity of patterns, in which case a triangular or a square
screen may be installed around a triangular tower or a square
screen or triangular screen around a square tower. The dimensions
of these artificial towers should be preferably chosen as described
above, that is, 0.53 wavelengths on the side for triangular screens
and 0.85 wavelength for square screens.
Measurements were made to determine the action of the shelves in
the cases when the dipoles on one face of the tower are fed less
power than the dipoles on other faces of the tower in order to
obtain a directional pattern rather than substantially circular
pattern in the horizontal plane. It was found that the optimum
dimensions of the shelves were still approximately the same as
described above. Furthermore, smoother directional patterns are
obtained when the dimensions of sides of the triangular tower is in
the vicinity of 0.53 wavelength and when the sides of the square
tower are in the vicinity of 0.85 wavelength.
Shelves of approximately the same widths in terms of wavelength may
be used with beneficial results on towers of other cross sections
such as, for example, hexagonal, octagonal or circular. In summary,
the invention improves SWR or impedance characteristics, power gain
and retains acceptable omnidirectionality over a relatively wide
range of frequencies.
It is evident that those skilled in the art may now make numerous
uses and modifications of and departures from the specific
embodiments described herein without departing from the inventive
concepts. Consequently, the invention is to be construed as
embracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of
features present in or possessed by the apparatus and techniques
herein disclosed and limited solely by the spirit and scope of the
appended claims.
* * * * *