U.S. patent number 3,680,136 [Application Number 05/190,845] was granted by the patent office on 1972-07-25 for current sheet antenna.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. Invention is credited to Rupert H. Collings.
United States Patent |
3,680,136 |
Collings |
July 25, 1972 |
CURRENT SHEET ANTENNA
Abstract
An antenna comprises a conductive ground surface element and at
least one nductive radiator element in the form of an extended two
dimensional sheet. The conductive radiator element is mounted
parallel to the ground surface element and no more than
one-fifteenth of an operating free-space wavelength from it.
Signals are fed to at least two points on the radiator element
wherein the signals at the points excite the radiator element
symmetrically to cause current to flow across the outer surface of
the conductive radiator element in the lowest mode of
excitation.
Inventors: |
Collings; Rupert H. (Santa
Clara, CA) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (N/A)
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Family
ID: |
22703036 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/190,845 |
Filed: |
October 20, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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807303 |
Mar 14, 1969 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
343/746; 343/769;
342/368; 343/846 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
9/0407 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
9/04 (20060101); H01q 013/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/745,746,769,846,854 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
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3478362 |
November 1969 |
Ricardi et al. |
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Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of Pat. application,
Ser. No. 807,303 filed Mar. 14, 1969, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An antenna comprising an extended conducting ground surface
element, at least one conducting radiator element of an extended
two-dimensional shape substantially parallel to and no more than
0.15 operating wavelengths from said ground surface element, and
electrical feed means for exciting said radiator element
symmetrically to cause current to flow across the surface of said
radiator element remote from said ground surface element in the
lowest mode of excitation, and a pair of opposed tuning capacitors
respectively positioned at a different edge of said radiator
element between said radiator element and said conducting ground
surface, the dimension of said radiator element in the direction of
current flow being less than 0.7 operating wavelengths and the
dimension perpendicular to the direction of current flow is at
least 0.15 operating wavelengths.
2. The antenna of claim 1 wherein the shape of said radiator
element is symmetrical about the direction of current flow.
3. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said electrical feed means
comprises at least two feed points symmetrically placed about the
center of said radiator element and the signals fed to said feed
points being in anti-phase relationship.
4. The antenna of claim 1 further comprising a conductive support
means for connecting said ground surface element to the center of
said radiator element.
5. The antenna of claim 1 wherein the space between said ground
surface element and said radiator element is at least partially
filled with a solid dielectric material.
6. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said ground surface element and
said radiator element have the same contour.
7. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said electrical feed means
comprises two pair of feed points wherein the feed points of each
pair are symmetrically placed with respect to the center of said
radiator element and the lines connecting the feed points of each
pair are mutually orthogonal and means for feeding the pairs of
feed points in phase quadrature.
8. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said conducting surface element
is at least partially closed and said radiator element being
disposed adjacent to at least a part of a surface of said ground
surface element.
9. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said ground surface element is
continuous.
10. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said ground surface element
comprises a plurality of discrete electrically conductive surfaces
electrically interconnected.
11. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said ground surface element has
an area at least as great as the area of said radiator element.
12. The antenna of claim 1 comprising a plurality of spaced
radiator elements.
13. The antenna of claim 12 where the feed points of each radiator
element are on a line passing through the center of the radiator
element with each point being on an opposite side of the center and
wherein said lines are substantially parallel.
14. The antenna of claim 12 comprising a plurality of similar
rectangular spaced radiator elements wherein the long axis of each
element extends in the same given direction and said elements being
spaced from each other in a second direction perpendicular to said
given direction, each of said rectangular radiator elements having
a plurality of pairs of feed points, the lines joining said pairs
of feed points being parallel to said second direction.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or
for The Government of the United States of America without the
payment of royalties thereon or therefore.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention pertains to antennas and more particularly to
antennas which can be mounted very close to conductive
surfaces.
When small antennas such as half-wavelength dipoles operate in the
vicinity of conducting surfaces the far field radiation differs
considerably from the radiation by such an antenna in free space,
i.e., remote from a conducting surface. The reason for the
difference is because of the currents and charge distribution
induced on the conducting surface. This can be seen by the
relatively simple case of a half-wavelength dipole parallel to a
perfectly conducting infinite plane. In such a case, the plane acts
as a mirror and the image of the dipole is present behind the
plane. Effectively, the antenna now appears as two half-wavelength
dipoles separated by twice the distance of the real dipole from the
plane. Both dipoles (the real dipole and the image dipole) radiate
and the far field radiations from each dipole interact. More
specifically, if the radiation resistance of this antenna system is
calculated, it is found that this resistance falls off very rapidly
as the spacing between the dipole and the conducting plane is
reduced to less than one-quarter of a wavelength. The reason is
that the currents in the real dipole and the image dipole are equal
in magnitude but opposite in direction and hence the relative phase
of their far fields approaches 180.degree. as their separation is
reduced.
The reduction in radiation resistance increases the losses in the
matching network required between the antenna and the input signal
generator. Hence, it is usually undesirable to operate with the
dipole at a distance of much less than one-quarter of a wavelength
above a conductive ground plane. However, in many applications,
particularly those involving moving vehicles such as aircraft,
ships, etc., it is highly desirable to mount the antenna systems as
close as possible to the conductive surface or "skin" of the
vehicle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is accordingly a general object of the invention to provide an
improved antenna which operates efficiently in close proximity to a
conducting surface.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved
antenna which can be flush (or near-flush) mounted on the
conducting surface of a body.
Briefly, the invention contemplates an antenna comprising a
conductive ground surface element and at least one radiator element
of a conductive material. The radiator element has an extended
two-dimensional shape. Means connect the radiator element parallel
to the ground surface element at a distance of no more than
one-fifteenth of an operating free space wavelength therefrom.
Signal feed means are connected to at least two points on the
radiator element for exciting the radiator element symmetrically to
cause current to flow across the outer surface thereof.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects, the features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description when read with the
accompanying drawing which shows by way of example and not
limitation preferred embodiments of the invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of an antenna having a polygon-shaped
radiator element in accordance with one embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a plane view of a portion of a phased array antenna
system utilizing a circular shaped radiator element in accordance
with another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 4--4 of FIG.
3;
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a portion of another phased array antenna
system utilizing rectangular strip radiator elements in accordance
with a further embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line
6--6 of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a plan view of another embodiment of the invention
wherein the ground surface element comprises a group of discrete
conductive surfaces that are electrically interconnected;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along the line 8--8 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of a further embodiment of the invention
wherein the radiator element is partially surrounded by the ground
surface element; and
FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along the line 9--9 of FIG.
9.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
FIGS. 1 and 2 show one embodiment of the antenna 10 comprising a
ground surface element 12 of electrically conductive material and a
radiator element 14 of electrically conductive material,
conductively mounted via post 16 to the ground surface element. The
elements are spaced by no more than one-fifteenth of an operating
free-space wavelength or closer. A signal source 18 is connected by
a coaxial cable balun 20 to feed points 22 and 24 on the underside
of radiator element 14.
The feed points 22 and 24 are preferably symmetrically about the
center of the radiator element 14 at post 16. A coaxial balun 20 is
used to provide anti-phase signal feed to the points 22 and 24,
i.e., the signal at point 22 is 180.degree. out-of-phase with the
signal at point 24. The separation of the feed points can vary; in
some cases the feed points can be at the periphery of the radiator
element 14; in other cases they can be closer together. In order to
improve the frequency response of the antenna, it may be desirable
to connect tuning capacitors for tuning out the inductance 26 and
28 between the radiator element 14 and the ground surface element
12 adjacent (up to 0.03 wavelengths away) the edge of the element
14 as shown in FIG. 1 and 2.
With the feed configuration as shown, current flow takes place
diametrically across the upper surface of radiator element 14 from
one feed point to the other. Although current and charge
distributions will also be built up on the underside of radiator
element 14 and also on the part of ground surface element 12 below
radiator element 14, these will not contribute to the far field.
The far field is due principally to the current flow on the top
side of radiator element 14 and the charges at the edges thereof.
The far field pattern so obtained, approximately resembles that of
a half-wavelength dipole above a ground plane, but since there are
no cancelling image currents the radiation resistance is not
detrimentally reduced as is the case with the dipole. The radiation
will be linearly polarized. If circular polarization is desired, a
second pair of feed points disposed on a line orthogonal to the
line connecting the first pair is fed with a signal in phase
quadrature to the signal fed to the first pair (See FIG. 7).
While radiator element 14 is shown as a regular hexagon, other
polygonal shapes such as squares, rectangles and even circles can
be used. It is only necessary that the radiator have an extended
two-dimensional shape. In fact, the shape of the radiator element
is preferably symmetrical about the direction of current flow. In
addition, the following are the dimensions for the radiator
element. The length, i.e., the dimension in the direction of
current flow, should not exceed 0.7 operating wavelengths. The
width, i.e., the dimension perpendicular to the direction of
current flow, should be no less than 0.15 operating
wavelengths.
It should be noted that the far field radiation patterns of the
antenna have a maximum in a direction perpendicular to the radiator
element away from the conducting surface element, and are polarized
in the plane through the line joining the feed points. When the
conducting ground surface element is of infinite extent the
patterns, but not the radiation resistance, are similar to those
obtained with a conventional dipole parallel to a similar infinite
ground surface and at the same distance from the latter as the
radiator element. Thus the field will be zero in all directions at
the ground surface.
When a finite conducting ground surface element is used, the far
field (well beyond the boundaries of the ground surface element)
falls off much more slowly as the plane of the ground surface
element is approached and may become significant even behind the
ground surface. In fact, by a suitable choice of size and shape for
the so-called ground surface element, a useful approximation to
uniform hemispherical coverage may be obtained, representing a most
useful type of antenna particularly when excited for circular
polarization.
In FIGS. 3 and 4 there is shown a phased array antenna
configuration of FIGS. 1 and 2. In particular, antenna system 40
includes ground surface element 42 and a plurality of radiator
elements 44A to 44N. Each of the radiator elements 44 is connected
to ground surface element 42 via an optional conductive stand-off
46 but so that the radiator elements are parallel to the ground
surface element and spaced by no more than one-fifteenth of an
operating wavelength therefrom. Just as with antenna 10 of FIGS. 1
and 2, each radiator element is fed by a co-axial balun 42. The
baluns are connected to feed system and signal source 50. All the
pairs of feed points such as points 52 and 54 of element 44A are
aligned along diameter lines that are mutually parallel. In this
case the radiator elements 44 are shown as circular disks having a
little less than a half-wavelength diameter. They could have other
polygonal shapes.
The radiator elements are shown having a triangular spacing
geometry but a square spacing geometry could also be employed as
long as the radiator elements are spaced by not much more than half
an operating wavelength.
The phased array antenna system 60 of FIG. 5 exploits the fact that
the field has nulls orthogonal to the lines connecting the feed
points. In such a case the radiator elements can be joined in the
direction of zero field. In particular, system 60 includes the
usual ground surface element 62 and a plurality of strip radiator
elements 64A to 64N. Each of the radiator elements has a plurality
of pairs of feed points such as 66 and 68. Adjacent pairs of feed
points are about one-half wavelength apart or closer and the lines
connecting the feed points are parallel. Triangular spacing between
feed pairs could be employed as was described in FIG. 3.
Physically, the radiator elements 64 can be mounted on the ground
surface element 62 through the agency of a layer of dielectric
material 70. It should be noted that the previously described
radiators 10 and 44 could have been similarly supported. See FIG. 6
which shows the details of a typical signal feed for broadband
operation. The feed device is a branched length of coaxial cable
whose first branch 72 feeds point 66 and whose second branch 74
feeds point 69. The branches are of equal length. The outer
conductor of branch 72 is connected to the ground surface element
62 while the control conductor thereof is connected to point 66.
The outer conductor of branch 74 passes through ground surface
element 62 and the "center" of radiator element 64A and is
connected thereto in the region of feed point 68 while the central
conductor extends to the ground surface element at point 76.
The coaxial cable is connected to feed system and signal source 80
which also feeds the other feed points of the system. The signals
fed to the cables can be programmed to carry out sweeping radiation
patterns as is well known with phased array antenna systems.
In FIGS. 7 and 8 there is shown another embodiment of the invention
wherein the ground surface element is discontinuous and also which
is capable of radiating in an elliptically or circularly polarized
mode.
Ground surface element 100 comprises a plurality of conductive
strips 100A to 100N electrically connected by conductive jumpers
102A to 102N to form a conductive grid. While conductive strips are
shown, other discrete shapes and even wires could be used. Affixed
to ground surface element 100 via conductive stand-off 104 is
radiator element 106. Affixed to radiator element 104 are a first
pair of feed points 108A and 108B, and a second pair of feed points
110A and 110B. Each pair of feed points is fed in a similar manner.
For example, the feed points 108A and 108B are fed by coaxial balun
112. Feed points 110A and 110B are also fed by another coaxial
balun (not shown for the sake of clarity). Feed points 108A and
108B are symmetrical about the center of the radiator element 106,
as are feed points 110A and 110B. The line connecting feed points
108A and 108B is orthogonal to the line connecting feed points 110A
and 110B. If the pairs of feed points receive the same signals but
which are in phase quadrature then the antenna will radiate in an
elliptically polarized mode. If the amplitudes of the signals are
the same then the radiation will be circularly polarized. In all
other respects the antenna of FIG. 7 is the same as the antenna of
FIG. 1 and can have the same variations and dimensions.
In FIGS. 9 and 10 the ground surface element 120 is shown as a
partially closed surface in the form of an open top box of
conductive material. The radiator element 122 is disposed within
the box and facing the top thereof. Radiator element 132 is fixed
to the bottom 124 of the box via conductive stand-off 126. Just as
previously described, the feed points 128 and 130 of the radiator
element 122 receive signals from coaxial balun 132. Except for
disposing the radiator element within a partially closed ground
surface element, all previously mentioned variations and dimensions
apply.
There has thus been shown improved antennas which use extended
surface radiator elements in close proximity to ground surface
elements. While only representative embodiments have been
disclosed, there are, of course, many other antenna configurations
using the surface current concept of the invention. For example,
the circular discs can be divided into quadrants that are excited
by conventional turnstile feed systems.
As an additional example, although the radiator elements have been
shown in a flat planar configuration, they may be curved surfaces
following the contours of the ground surface element. Such
configurations are useful when the antenna is fixed to the metallic
skin of the fuselage or wings of an aircraft wherein the shape is
determined by aerodynamic requirements. Furthermore, under such
circumstances, the space between the radiator elements and the
ground is preferably filled with solid dielectric material.
While only a limited number of embodiments have been shown and
described in detail, there will now be obvious many modifications
and variations satisfying many or all of the objects of the
invention but which do not depart from the spirit thereof as
defined in the following claims.
* * * * *