U.S. patent number 3,676,720 [Application Number 05/109,816] was granted by the patent office on 1972-07-11 for method and apparatus for controlling frequency of piezoelectric transducers.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Ohio State University. Invention is credited to Charles C. Libby, Raymond C. McDaniel.
United States Patent |
3,676,720 |
Libby , et al. |
July 11, 1972 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING FREQUENCY OF PIEZOELECTRIC
TRANSDUCERS
Abstract
The resonant frequency of a high Q piezoelectric transducer is
selectively varied by adjusting the magnitude of the supply voltage
for the said transducer. In one apparatus embodiment, the supply
voltage to the transducer is automatically adjusted, so as to
maintain the resonant frequency of the transducer nearly constant
in the presence of external factors tending to shift the said
frequency. The system is especially suited to transducers operating
from a constant frequency supply system.
Inventors: |
Libby; Charles C. (Columbus,
OH), McDaniel; Raymond C. (Columbus, OH) |
Assignee: |
The Ohio State University
(Columbus, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
22329711 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/109,816 |
Filed: |
January 26, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
310/315; 310/318;
318/114; 318/133 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B06B
1/0261 (20130101); B06B 2201/55 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B06B
1/02 (20060101); H01v 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;310/8.1,8,8.7,8.9,9.2,26 ;318/133,114,116,118 ;331/116 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Miller; J. D.
Assistant Examiner: Reynolds; B. A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A system for maintaining a kilowatt power piezoelectric
transducer at a nearly constant sonic resonant frequency in the
presence of external factors tending to shift said frequency,
comprising:
a. a high Q piezoelectric resonant structure transducer;
b. an alternating current power supply operable to provide an
output voltage of a constant frequency and at a frequency slightly
less than that of said resonant structure transducer;
c. means for applying said voltage to said transducer to drive said
transducer; and
d. means to selectively adjust the level of said voltage applied to
said transducer in accordance with shifts induced by said external
factors,
e. said last named means including a reactor connected in series
with said power supply and said transducer,
f. means selecting said voltage at the transducer to equal the
supply voltage less the reactor voltage drop at a pre-selected
load-current value, whereby to compensate for said shift and
thereby maintain said transducer resonant frequency substantially
constant.
2. A system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said power supply is
a synchronous motor driven rotating type of supply.
3. A system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said adjusting means
includes power transfer detector means at said transducer for
detecting shifts in said resonance frequency and generating an
error signal for controlling said potential level.
4. A method for maintaining a substantially constant difference in
frequency between a constant frequency power supply and the
resonant frequency of a high Q piezoelectric transducer, whereby to
maintain the capacity of said transducer to perform work in the
presence of external factors tending to shift said resonant
frequency and lower said work capacity, said method comprising:
choosing the said resonant frequency at said transducer to be
slightly higher than the frequency of said power supply; and
inserting a reactor in series with said power supply and
transducer, whereby shifts in said resonant frequency effect
changes in the potential drop across said reactor such as to vary
the potential at said transducer in a direction tending to restore
said resonant frequency to its original value.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to piezoelectric transducers, and
more specifically relates to methodology and apparatus for enabling
more effective use of high Q sonic transducers.
In a series of recent patents assigned to the assignee of the
present application, novel sonic transducers have been disclosed
capable of delivering extremely high power, i.e., measurable in
horsepower (or kilowatts) at acoustical frequency ranges. Reference
may usefully be had in this connection, for example, to U.S. Pat.
No. 3,368,085, to Robert C. McMaster, et al. The transducer therein
disclosed is, in essence, a resonant horn structure excited
internally relatively close to the vibrational node. The method of
excitation is in contrast to the method of external excitation at
the antinode common when horns are utilized in a sonic transducer
system.
The capability of an electromechanical transducer -- such as the
resonant structure disclosed in the aforementioned patent -- to
perform work will be maximized when such transducer is driven at
its resonant frequency, and accordingly it is normally desirable to
drive such transducer at frequencies as close to its resonant
frequency as is practicable. Unfortunately, however, when such a
transducer is driven under load, various external factors tend to
shift the resonant frequency. For example, any change in transducer
temperature will affect the said transducer's resonant frequency.
In the past it has been taken for granted that the resonant
frequency of the transducer was not, as a practical matter,
controllable. Accordingly it has in the past been proposed to
adjust the frequency of the power supply potential -- e.g., by a
feedback control signal -- so as to match the incoming power
frequency to the changing resonant frequency of the transducer. It
has been proposed, for example, that an electronic power supply be
utilized for driving the transducer, as such power sources may be
constructed as to within limits, possess variable frequency
capabilities. Matching the frequency of the power supply to the
shifting frequency of the transducer, is only, however, partially
effective. In particular, the energy storage capabilities of a
transducer are determined, to a great extent, by the constancy of
the resonant frequency of the transducer. If both the transducer
resonant frequency and supply and supply frequency are shifting
constantly and together (the ideal case) the transducer is not able
to store energy. The reason is that the energy storage capability
can only be fully utilized in the duration of time that the
frequencies are matched at any one frequency. The cost of
electronic power supplies, moreover, is enormous as compared to
that of a simple synchronous motor driven rotating power supply.
But the latter type of power source is fixed in its frequency
output, and up until the present time the problem of overcoming the
frequency shifting phenomena noted above, whereby to efficiently
couple the output from these low-cost, constant frequency power
supplies to piezoelectric transducers, has not been overcome.
In accordance with the foregoing, it may be regarded as an object
of the present invention to provide method and apparatus for
selectively controlling the resonant frequency of a piezoelectric
transducer.
It is a further object of the invention to provide method and
apparatus whereby the external factors tending to shift the
resonant frequency of a piezoelectric transducer under load may be
compensated for, whereby said transducer maintains an essentially
constant resonant frequency, and whereby inexpensive constant
frequency power supplies may be efficiently used to drive said
transducer.
It is another object of the invention to provide an arrangement for
so coupling a high Q piezoelectric transducer to a constant
frequency power supply, that external factors tending to shift the
resonant frequency of said transducer, are automatically
compensated for so as to maintain the resonant frequency of said
transducer at an essentially constant value, in consequence of
which inexpensive constant frequency power supplies may efficiently
drive said transducer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Now in accordance with the present invention, it has been
discovered that the resonant frequency of piezoelectric transducers
bears an inverse functional relationship to the potential utilized
to excite the transducer. The changes in resonant frequency with
applied voltage are unexpectedly large and provide in accordance
with the invention a method for selectively controlling the
transducer resonant frequency. The invention similarly enables
apparatus configurations wherein selective controls of excitation
voltage to the transducer is utilized to maintain an essentially
constant resonant frequency at said transducer. In one apparatus
embodiment of the invention, for example, automatic compensation
for changes in resonant frequency of a transducer under load are
effected by means of a reactor connected in series with the power
supply and transducer. Externally caused reductions in resonant
frequency of the said transducer, for example, result in an
increase in current at that load, which in turn increases the
reactor voltage drop, to thereby reduce the transducer voltage and
raise its resonant frequency.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is diagrammatically illustrated, by way of example,
in the drawings appended hereto, in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph depicting minimum input impedance resonant
frequency as a function of excitation voltage for several
representative piezoelectric transducers;
FIG. 2 is a simplified electrical block diagram depicting an
embodiment of the invention enabling maintenance of resonant
frequency in a transducer under load; and
FIG. 3 is a simplified electrical block diagram depicting an
embodiment of the invention whereby automatic compensation for
changes in resonant frequency is enabled, even though the said
changes result from external causes.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In FIG. 1 a series of curves, 1, 2, 3, and 4, are shown which
indicate how the resonant frequency of four different transducers
has been found to vary as a function of excitation voltage. The
transducers in question, although comprised of differing materials,
were all of the type disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No.
3,368,085. The relationship indicated, however, is not unique to
this particular type of transducer, but is displayed as well by
other resonant structure piezoelectric transducers. Resonant
frequency in FIG. 1 was determined by the minimum impedance
(voltage dip method) using a broad-band, electronic,
variable-frequency power supply. The applied voltage was measured
at the transducer, on a standard Ballentine rms meter, at resonant
frequency.
As can be seen in the figure, the transducer's resonant frequency
varies in such a manner as to display an inverse functional
relationship to the applied voltage. It will also be appreciated by
those skilled in the art that the resonant frequency variations
with respect to changes in applied voltage are of considerable
magnitude. Thus, it will be noted that a change of from but 800
volts to 830 volts corresponds to a change in resonant frequency of
approximately 5 Hz. Since the half-power points for a high Q
transducer such as those from which the FIG. 1 data derives, are
only approximately 10 Hz apart (under no load conditions) a
variation of 5Hz is of considerable magnitude.
The ability to control the transducer resonant frequency under
load, by external means, is particularly significant since, as has
been pointed out, the energy storage capabilities of a transducer
are to a great extent determined by the constancy of the resonant
frequency thereof. Moreover, maintaining such frequency essentially
constant enables effective use of a constant frequency power supply
-- such as for example a synchronous motor driven supply -- to
drive the piezoelectric transducer. Supplies of this type are
extremely inexpensive in comparison to electronic power supplies,
and are available for almost any practicable power level. Under
typical load-operated conditions, however, increases or decreases
in transducer resonant frequency tend to occur as a result of
external factors. Such shift in resonant frequency may, for
example, take the form of a frequency drop due to an increase in
length of the transducer resulting from a temperature rise, or from
coupling increments of a load mass into the transducer resonant
structure, or frequency increases may be occasioned in consequence
of coupling increments of load compliance into the transducer
resonant structure.
In FIG. 2 a schematic electrical block diagram illustrates in
simplified fashion how the present invention enables maintenance of
resonant frequency in a piezoelectric transducer under load. As
seen therein line power is provided at 5 to the power supply 6. In
accordance with the invention the latter is a constant frequency
rotating power supply -- e.g., of the type incorporating a
synchronous motor. The output of power supply 6 then drives the
piezoelectric sonic transducer 7. As has been indicated, transducer
7 under load will tend to shift its resonant frequency, as for
example due to heating of the transducer structure. In order to
compensate for such shifting, power transfer detector means 8 are
connected to the transducer and in turn provide an error signal to
potential level adjusting means 9. The said error signal is
indicative of shift in power transfer between supply 6 and
transducer 7, and this indicates departure of the resonant
frequency of transducer 7 from its original value. Level adjusting
means 9, in response to said error signal, then adjusts the voltage
level output of power supply 6 so as to maintain transducer 7 at or
close to its resonance frequency. Resonance detector means 8 may,
as is known in the art, be based upon a wattmeter so connected as
to instantaneously measure the power output from the supply 6 or
the input to transducer 7. An arrangement of this type is shown,
for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,434,074 to Ross C. Libby, which
patent is assigned to The Ohio State University. As the object of
the arrangement herein is to adjust the supply voltage to
transducer 7 in accordance with the departure of the transducer
from its resonant frequency, it will be evident that potential
level adjusting means 9 and supply 6 could comprise varying
arrangements enabling such result. For example, power supply 6 may
be an adjustable autotransformer with means 9 serving to
effectively rotate the adjustment arm thereof in accordance with
the error signal. Similarly, supply 6 may include tapped
transformers with means 9 serving to adjust points of tapping. In
terms of the method set forth in the present invention, it will
also be evident that simple manual adjustment of the voltage level
to the loaded transducer can be used to adjust the resonant
frequency, such adjustment being correlated with observation of
measurements indicative of the proximity of the loaded transducer
to its frequency of resonance.
In FIG. 3 a further embodiment of the invention is depicted in
simplified electrical block diagram fashion. In considering this
figure, understanding of the manner in which automatic compensation
for resonance frequency shift occurs in will be facilitated by
simultaneous reference to the graphs of FIG. 1. In FIG. 3, it is
seen that a reactor 10 is placed in series with the power supply 6
(similar to that discussed in connection with FIG. 2) and sonic
transducer 7. In accordance with the aspect of the invention herein
discussed, the resonant frequency maintained nearly constant by the
configuration depicted is chosen to be slightly higher than that of
the (constant) supply frequency of supply 6. Referring to FIG. 1,
abscissa 12 thus represents the said frequency of the power supply,
and ordinate 13 represents the desired voltage to be applied to
transducer 7. (Curve 1 is used to illustrate the present concept).
It will now be appreciated that any reduction in resonant frequency
of transducer 7 (e.g., due to temperature rise) will bring such
frequency closer to the supply frequency and hence effect an
increase in current at that load. This in turn will result in an
increase in the voltage drop at reactor 10, to thereby reduce the
transducer voltage and raise its resonant frequency. The net result
tends to compensate automatically for externally caused changes in
resonant frequency. For maximum compensation, the desired voltage
on the transducer should equal the supply voltage (assumed
constant) less the reactor voltage drop (vectorial subtraction) at
a preselected load-current value. It should be noted that the
automatic compensation arrangement described herein should be
equally effective in compensating for increases or decreases in
transducer resonant frequency caused by external factors.
While the present invention has been particularly described in
terms of specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those
skilled in the art that numerous modifications are possible without
departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the
subjoined claims.
* * * * *