U.S. patent number 3,675,649 [Application Number 05/065,962] was granted by the patent office on 1972-07-11 for electronically controlled oxygen regulators.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westland Aircraft Limited. Invention is credited to Edgar William James Basham, Kenneth Wilfrid Tizard.
United States Patent |
3,675,649 |
Basham , et al. |
July 11, 1972 |
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED OXYGEN REGULATORS
Abstract
A regulator apparatus for breathable gas includes an oxygen
supply valve and an expiratory/air inlet valve mounted in the wall
of a mask or other breathing chamber. A differential pressure
sensor and an oxygen partial pressure sensor are also mounted on
the mask and generate electrical signals in accordance with
conditions in the mask. The differential pressure signal, which
varies with the breathing of the user, is passed, along with the
variable partial pressure signal, into an electronic control
circuit which controls the operation of the valves in accordance
with the breathing cycle and the oxygen partial pressure so as to
maintain proper breathable gas conditions in the mask. When less
than 100 percent oxygen supply is needed, the expiratory/air inlet
valve and the oxygen valve are opened for appropriate relative time
intervals during an inspiration so as to pass oxygen and diluting
air into the mask in appropriate ratios. Altitude responsive
elements are incorporated to bias the control circuit appropriately
in accordance with increasing altitude, this biasing, of course,
resulting in modification of the operation of the valves.
Inventors: |
Basham; Edgar William James
(Dowencourt, EN), Tizard; Kenneth Wilfrid (Wokingham,
EN) |
Assignee: |
Westland Aircraft Limited
(Yeovil, EN)
|
Family
ID: |
22066335 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/065,962 |
Filed: |
August 21, 1970 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
586171 |
Oct 12, 1966 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
128/204.22;
128/205.11 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B64D
13/04 (20130101); B64D 13/02 (20130101); G05D
16/2046 (20130101); B64D 13/00 (20130101); H02K
33/18 (20130101); A62B 7/14 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A62B
7/14 (20060101); A62B 7/00 (20060101); B64D
13/04 (20060101); B64D 13/00 (20060101); H02K
33/18 (20060101); G05D 16/20 (20060101); A62b
007/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;98/1.5
;128/142,DIG.17,14R,142.2-142.7,204,191R,146.3,146.4,146.5,145.8 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gaudet; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Mitchell; J. B.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part application of our
copending application Ser. No. 586,171, filed Oct. 12, 1966, now
abandoned.
Claims
We claim:
1. Regulator apparatus for providing breathable gas in a chamber,
comprising a chamber adapted for communication with the breathing
organs of a user, conduit means adapted to connect an oxygen source
with said chamber, a first valve in said conduit means, a
passageway connecting said chamber with the exterior thereof, a
second valve in said passageway, electronic control means connected
with and controlling said first and second valves, and including an
oxygen partial pressure sensor and a differential pressure
transducer connected with said chamber and said control means and
responsive to gas conditions within said chamber for providing
combined signals to influence said control means so as to tend to
operate said valves to maintain predetermined gas conditions in
said chamber, wherein said differential pressure transducer
provides a signal which influences said control means to tend to
open said first valve and close said second valve upon an
inspiration by the user and vice versa upon an expiration by the
user, and wherein said partial pressure sensor provides a signal
which influences said control means to tend to open said first
valve and close said second valve when the oxygen partial pressure
falls below a predetermined level and vice versa when the oxygen
partial pressure is above a predetermined level, and said
electronic control means responds to the combined effect of said
signals by passing appropriate control signals to said valves, and
wherein said electronic control means comprises means for emitting
a pulsed signal of mark/space ratio dependent upon the level of the
combined signals received from said transducer and said sensor, and
wherein said first and second valves are arranged to react
oppositely in response to the same pulsed signal, whereby one valve
is open during a mark and the other valve is closed, and vice versa
during a space, such that gas conditions within said mask vary with
said mark/space ratio.
2. Regulator apparatus as claimed in 1 wherein said control means
includes a wave oscillator emitting a stable wave and a pulse
amplifier connected to said oscillator for emitting said pulsed
signal in accordance with the operating level of said wave relative
to a predetermined switching level of the pulse amplifier, and
wherein said signals from said transducer and said sensor are
combined with said wave to vary the operational level thereof
relative to the switching level of said pulse amplifier.
3. Regulator apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said first
valve comprises an electromagnetically operated oxygen inlet valve,
and said second valve comprises an electromagnetically operated
expiratory/air inlet valve for discharging exhaled gases and for
selectively admitting ambient air during inhalation in accordance
with the mark/space ratio of said pulsed signal.
4. Regulator apparatus as claimed in claim 3 wherein said oxygen
inlet valve is a normally closed valve, and said expiratory/air
inlet valve is a normally open valve.
5. Regulator apparatus as claimed in claim 3 further comprising a
safety pressure bias connected to the electronic control means for
biassing said wave so as to vary the operational level thereof in
the sense to maintain a positive pressure in the chamber when a
predetermined altitude is reached.
6. Regulator apparatus as claimed in claim 3 further comprising an
altitude reference sensor for providing a further additional signal
only to said oxygen inlet valve so as to increase the oxygen supply
to the chamber at and above a predetermined altitude while said
expiratory/air inlet valve remains under the control of said
transducer and said sensor.
7. Regulator apparatus for providing breathable gas in a chamber
comprising a chamber adapted for communication with breathing
organs of a user, conduit means adapted to connect an oxygen source
with said chamber, a passageway connecting said chamber with the
exterior thereof, a first valve in said conduit means, a second
valve in said passageway, electronic control means connected with
and controlling said first and second valves, and including an
oxygen partial pressure sensor and a differential pressure
transducer responsive to gas conditions within said chamber for
providing combined signals for operation of said control means,
said oxygen partial pressure sensor sensing the proportion of
oxygen within said gas, and said pressure transducer sensing the
total pressure of said gas according to the breathing demand of
said user, a waveform generator connected to the electronic control
means, said partial pressure sensor and said pressure transducer
emitting signals to said electronic control means for summation
with a signal from said waveform generator to produce a control
signal to said first and second valves to maintain said gas
conditions correct in proportion of oxygen and rate of delivery to
satisfy demands of the user.
8. Regulator apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a
safety pressure bias connected to the electronic control means for,
at a predetermined altitude below 20,000 feet, automatically
introducing an electrical bias signal to said summation to modify
said control signal to said first and second valves to maintain a
positive pressure in said chamber while above said altitude.
9. Regulator apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising an
altitude reference sensor connected to the electronic control means
for, at a predetermined altitude above 30,000 feet, adding a second
electrical bias signal to said control signal to said first valve
only to increase said rate of delivery of oxygen, said increased
rate being proportional to altitude above that at which the second
bias is initially introduced.
Description
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to regulator apparatus for breathable gas,
and more particularly, although not exclusively, to oxygen demand
regulators used by aviators.
Present-day pneumatic oxygen systems are limited in response by the
rate at which the gas flows in pipe lines and the rate at which
signals can be transmitted through these gas flows. Small delays
which are practically inherent in such systems give rise to
undesirable peaks in the cyclic flow patterns, resulting in
relatively high total swings and aggravating instability. A further
disadvantage arises from the fact that the expiratory valve usually
is compensated for pressure by applying the regulator delivery
pressure to the control chamber of the valve. This means that the
expiratory valve has to be slightly overcompensated or
spring-loaded, to ensure that there is no leakage overboard. An
oxygen injector is normally used to provide air dilution in
mechanically operated demand systems, although there are
alternative systems. The injector type is normally regarded as the
better, but it has limitations in control of oxygen richness,
especially at low flow rates.
It is an object of this invention to avoid the aforesaid
disadvantages, and to provide a regulator requiring a minimum of
breathing effort by the user, to improve his comfort and reduce his
awareness that breathing is being maintained under artificial
conditions.
In general, according to the invention, an oxygen supply valve and
an expiratory/air inlet valve are incorporated in a mask or other
breathing chamber, whereby the oxygen valve can be controlled to
supply oxygen to the mask or chamber, and the expiratory/air inlet
valve can be controlled so as to function as an expiratory valve
during an exhalation, and as an inlet valve for diluting air during
the inhalation, during which inhalation all oxygen may be admitted,
or oxygen and diluting air may be admitted, or all air may be
admitted where there is no need for additional oxygen. These valves
are electrically controlled by an electronic circuit so as to be
varied from their normal conditions, wherein the expiratory/air
inlet valve is normally open, and the oxygen valve is normally
closed. Control signals for the electronic circuit are derived,
firstly, from a differential pressure transducer mounted in the
wall of the mask or chamber, this transducer being responsive to
the breathing cycle of the user, and thus tending to control the
electronic circuit, and hence the valves, in accordance with the
breathing cycle of the user. Therefore, apart from any other
controls, the differential pressure transducer normally would
respond to an exhalation by controlling the circuit so as to tend
to actuate the expiratory/air inlet valve to an open state, and so
as to close the oxygen valve, corresponding to the normal states of
these valves. The transducer would respond to an inhalation by
tending to control the circuit so as to close the expiratory/air
inlet valve, and open the oxygen valve. However, the circuit is
also controlled by an oxygen partial pressure sensor which emits a
varying signal in accordance with the oxygen partial pressure
within the mask or chamber. This signal is combined in the circuit
with the signal from the pressure transducer, and the resultant
signal appropriately modifies the operation of the valves so as to
maintain a desired condition within the mask or chamber. Thus, the
oxygen valve can be controlled so as to maintain a 100 percent
oxygen condition, or can be controlled in conjunction with the air
inlet valve so as to supply oxygen and diluting air in appropriate
ratios, or can be maintained in a closed condition when additional
oxygen is not needed.
A system in accordance with the invention may also include altitude
responsive elements which bias the control circuit in accordance
with changing altitude by increasing the supply of oxygen when a
predetermined altitude is reached, by initiating a small positive
safety pressure in the mask at a predetermined altitude, and by
initiating pressure breathing when required.
A substantial advantage of the invention lies in the fact that the
electronic units, other than the units mentioned above as being
mounted on the mask, can be situated in any convenient location, as
opposed to mechanical systems in which the complete apparatus
usually has to be situated near the user's mouth.
Other and further objects, features and advantages of the invention
will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the ensuing
description of an exemplary embodiment, taken in conjunction with
the accompanying drawings illustrating a preferred embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing one way in which the various units in
the apparatus are interconnected in accordance with a preferred
embodiment.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are sectional elevations of three units of the
apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a more detailed circuit diagram of the block diagram
circuit shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 shows an alternative arrangement and interconnection of the
altitude reference sensor.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a breathable gas regulator
apparatus for use by an aviator wearing a mask 1. Only an oxygen
delivery valve 2, a partial pressure oxygen sensor 3, a pressure
transducer 4, and a combined expiratory/air inlet or air mix valve
5, are mounted on the mask 1. The other units can be mounted
elsewhere, either on the aviator's person, or in the aircraft. The
valve 5 also serves as an air mix valve, which admits air into the
mask to mix with the oxygen that enters through the valve 2.
The electronic control circuit components are connected as
illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 1, and include a free-running
multivibrator 13, a conventional transistorized diode pump 14,
preamplifier 16, safety pressure bias 19, a triangular wave
oscillator 18, a variable gain pulse amplifier 20 with two
amplifier circuits and two outputs, an altitude reference sensor
15, and power amplifiers 21 and 22.
The structure of the transducer 4 is shown in FIG. 2, and comprises
a metalized diaphragm 6 clamped by nylon screws at its edge between
member 7, 8, shaped to provide spaces on opposite faces of the
diaphragm. One of these spaces is in communication with the
interior of the mask 1 through a passage 9 passing through a
projection having a peripheral groove 10, into which the edge of an
aperture in the wall of the mask fits. The space on the opposite
face of the diaphragm is in communication with the ambient
atmosphere through an aperture 11. The diaphragm 6 and member 8 are
insulated from one another, and comprise the conductive plates of a
capacitor, and are respectively connected through terminals 12,
12a, to the multivibrator 13.
The partial pressure sensor 3 is conventional, and may be of the
Beckman type.
Details of the combined expiratory/air-inlet valve are shown in
FIG. 3. A cylindrical member 23 is secured to the mask, this member
being formed with a peripheral groove 24, into which the edge of an
aperture in the mask is sealed. The gases enter and leave the mask
through an annular passageway between the member 23 and a coil 25.
The flow is controlled by a valve plate 26, having a flange 27,
arranged to move toward or away from the lower edge of the member
23. During the exhalatory phase, the valve is held fully open by a
compression spring 28. During the inhalatory phase, the valve is
appropriately actuated by the electric current supply to the coil
25 from the amplifier 22, the coil 25 being arranged to attract an
armature 29 carrying the plate 26. To avoid parasitic back
pressure, the pressures on opposite sides of the plate 26 are
substantially equalized by mounting this plate on a diaphragm 30,
which closes a cavity 31, the only communication from outside with
this cavity being through an aperture 32 in the diaphragm and
plate.
The oxygen valve is shown in detail in FIG. 4. This valve has a
body 33 formed with a peripheral groove 34, into which the edge of
an aperture in the mask 1 is sealed. The body 33 is formed with a
cavity 35, arranged to be connected to a source of oxygen under
pressure through an inlet 36. The flow into the mask is controlled
by a valve poppet 37 carried by a piston 38 reciprocable in the
tube 39 under the action of a compression spring 40. The area of
the piston 38 is such as pneumatically to balance the valve poppet
37. Leakage past the piston is prevented by a sealing ring 41. The
opposite end of the piston 38 is maintained at ambient pressure
through an aperture 42. A coil 43 surrounding the tube 39 is
supplied from the amplifier 21. Thus, the position of the valve
poppet depends on the current received by the coil 43, and the rate
of the spring 40.
The altitude reference sensor 15, as shown schematically in FIG. 5,
comprises an absolute aneroid assembly designed to feed electrical
signals to one part of the amplifier 20, as will be described in
more detail subsequently. In the alternative arrangement of FIG. 6,
the altitude reference sensor is connected directly to amplifier
21.
Safety pressure bias 19, as shown schematically in FIG. 5, also
comprises an aneroid assembly designed to bias the circuit by
feeding a constant electrical signal into the circuit at a
predetermined altitude.
When the aviator dons the mask and makes a demand on the apparatus
at ground level, the pressure transducer 4 senses a small negative
pressure and thereby determines that gas is required. A signal is
thus provided that initiates the delivery of gas into the mask. At
the beginning of the expiratory phase, the transducer 4 senses a
small positive pressure, and changes the output signal, and so
tends to set the valves 2 and 5 for the discharge of exhaled gas
from the mask, the oxygen valve 2 then being normally closed and
the expiratory valve 5 normally fully open.
As the differential pressure on the diaphragm 6 of transducer 4
changes, as a result of the aviator breathing, the varying strain
in the diaphragm brings about a variation in capacitance which, in
turn, changes the frequency of the multivibrator. Over a reasonable
range, this frequency is substantially proportional to the pressure
on the diaphragm and, by using a conventional transistorized diode
pump 14, an output voltage is achieved, which is proportional to
the differential pressure on the diaphragm. Though pulsed, this
output is of sufficiently high frequency to be considered as a
straight D.C. voltage of varying amplitude. By choosing an
arbitrary reference point within the ambit of this voltage
variation, the valves 2 and 5 can be operated for one breathing
phase when the voltage is negative with respect to this point, and
for the other phase when the voltage is positive with respect to
this point. The transducer, thus, tends to influence the circuit to
control the valves in accordance with the breathing cycle of the
user. However, the valves 2 and 5 are not under the direct control
of this voltage, but are under the control of this voltage taken in
conjunction with signals derived from the partial pressure oxygen
sensor 3, as well as from the altitude reference sensor 15 at
higher altitudes. The partial pressure sensor 3 is used to maintain
the desired partial pressure in the mask at all times, and the
altitude sensor 15 is used to modulate the proportion of air to
oxygen in the mask, and to initiate the control of pressure
breathing when the ambient pressure renders this necessary.
The output of the partial pressure sensor 3 is a small current, the
magnitude of which depends on the partial pressure of the oxygen in
the mask. This current is amplified in pre-amplifier 16, the output
of which is added to the output of triangular wave oscillator 18 in
variable gain pulse amplifier 20, so that within variable gain
pulse amplifier 20 is derived a series of pulses of mark/space
ratio proportional to partial pressure, the frequency being
consistent with the optimum speed of the valves 2 and 5, and with
the physiological requirements of the user. Output signals from
variable gain pulse amplifier 20 are delivered by way of power
amplifiers 21 and 22 to the oxygen valve 2 and the combined
expiratory/air inlet valve 5. When the altitude increases, the
partial pressure of oxygen decreases, and the resulting lower
signal from the partial pressure sensor 3 is amplified, and
subsequently fed to the oxygen delivery valve 2 and to the combined
expiratory/air inlet valve 5 so that air and oxygen are admitted
during the inspiratory phase, to a degree that maintains the
correct partial pressure. The system automatically changes to 100
percent oxygen during the inspiration phase when the air mix system
cannot maintain the correct oxygen partial pressure. Pulses of
appropriate polarity received by the pulse amplifier 20 result in
the oxygen valve 2 and expiratory valve 5 being opened alternately,
to provide the correct mixture of air and oxygen, this mixture
being proportional to the ratio of mark to space intervals in the
pulses. For example, when 25 percent oxygen is required, this
mark/space ratio would be 1:3, whereby the oxygen valve opens for
the duration of each mark interval, and the valve 5 opens for the
duration of each space interval.
Explaining this in a somewhat different manner, the free-running
multivibrator operates at a high frequency, the frequency being
proportional to the differential pressure across sensor 4. The
output of diode pump 14 is thus a voltage proportional to the
differential pressure. Assuming for the moment that safety pressure
bias is zero, the output of 19 is also a voltage proportional to
the differential pressure. This forms one input to 20, to which is
added a second input, the output of 16 (being a voltage
proportional to oxygen partial pressure), and a third input, the
triangular wave output of 18. The first and second inputs thus will
raise or lower the triangular waveform input relative to the
switching level of amplifier 20, and thus determine the output of
20. For instance, the effect of a combination of the differential
pressure and partial pressure signals may leave the triangular
waveform below the switching level of 20, and hence effect a zero
output of 20, which would leave the valves in their normal states.
On the other hand, the combination of signals might place part of
the triangular waveform above the switching level of 20, and hence
effect a pulsed output of 20. Finally, the combination of signals
might raise the entire triangular waveform above the switching
level of 20, and hence effect a continuous full output of 20. It is
evident that between continuous zero output of 20 and continuous
full output of 20, the mark/space ratio of the pulse output of 20
is capable of full modulation to provide any appropriate proportion
of oxygen to diluting air, since the mark/space ratio determines
the oxygen/air proportions, and the triangular waveform, in passing
from below to above the switching level of 20, effects first a zero
output of 20, then a pulsed output of increasing mark/space ratio,
and then a full continuous output of 20. It will be understood that
each pulse or mark represents an oxygen valve open signal and an
expiratory/air inlet valve closed signal, and vice versa for the
spaces or zero output times.
When the operating altitude reaches that which requires a slight
positive pressure to prevent any mask seal leakage, allowing air to
enter and reduce the oxygen partial pressure, the safety pressure
bias 19 provides a bias that increases the amount of oxygen. This
bias is in the form of a constant additional signal, and the effect
is that the output of the pressure transducer 4 now operates about
a new datum pressure. The expiration phase is not affected.
The altitude reference sensor 15 comprises an absolute aneroid
assembly designed to modulate the electrical signals to the
amplifier 21 by biassing the respective pulse width modulation
circuit in variable gain pulse amplifier 20. If the altitude
increases above that which can be accommodated by the admission of
100 percent oxygen into the mask during the inhalation phase, the
altitude reference sensor 15 is effective so as to increase the
oxygen pressure in the mask by acting in conjunction with the
pressure transducer 4 to prolong the opening of the valve 2 and
thus initiate pressure breathing.
In a condition where g loading occurs, tending to open the
expiratory/air-inlet valve 5, any reduction of pressure within the
mask will be automatically countered by signals that will feed back
to close expiratory valve 5 and open oxygen delivery inlet 2,
similar to the action of inhaling by the user. Should the g loading
be sufficient to cause the user to "black-out," even to the extent
that his respiration becomes insufficient to operate the valves 2,
5, they will remain electronically balanced to maintain a supply of
oxygen through the mask until his respiration takes command again.
If cabin decompression occurs the change in differential pressure
affecting the transducer 4 causes immediate response in the
electronic circuit to further open the oxygen delivery valve 2
accordingly, and should the altitude be such that assisted or
pressure breathing is required, the altitude sensor 15 would act
together with the transducer 4 to immediately override the
previously introduced bias and provide a new datum pressure to
ensure that the correct pressure is maintained in the mask, and it
may also be arranged to ensure that pressure is put into, for
example, a pressure jerkin.
To meet emergencies, an electrical battery may be carried as well
as a separate oxygen supply, and automatic initiation of these
services may be provided for. Integration of the apparatus with a
centralized warning system presents no difficulties, as signals of
the type required are available.
As shown in FIG. 6, the output of altitude reference sensor 15 may
be taken to power amplifier 21 instead of amplifier 20. In this
alternative arrangement, the output pulses from 20 may be prolonged
by a charge on capacitor C (FIG. 6) which is modulated by the
variable resistor RV coupled to the altitude reference capsule.
Fixed resistor R provides a leakage path across C. At high
altitudes, the valve of RV would be low, so as to prolong the
pulses, and provide a longer open time for the oxygen valve.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that the system, as required,
supplies 100 percent air, or 100 percent oxygen, or variable
mixtures of air and oxygen, and additionally introduces safety
pressure (1 inch w.g. positive pressure in the mask) at perhaps
12,000 feet to 40,000 feet, whereafter a 40,000 feet pressure
equivalent is maintained in the mask (and jerkin) above 40,000
feet. Additionally, the system has the advantage of being basically
a fail safe system. Thus, assuming failure of the pressure
transducer 4, between ground level and the introduction of safety
pressure at 12,000 feet, the user will draw ambient air through the
expiratory/air inlet valve, since its neutral state is open.
Between 12,000 feet and 40,000 feet, the partial pressure sensor
would sense reduced oxygen content, and tend to close the
expiratory/air inlet valve and open the 0.sub.2 inlet which is
biased open to give 1 inch w.g. safety pressure. As there is no
exhalatory pressure signal to open the combined valve, any excess
pressure can disperse through the normal relief valve (not shown)
or around the edges of the mask. Above 40,000 feet, the system
would operate in substantially the same manner, but with the
addition of pressure breathing pressure in the mask.
Should the partial pressure sensor fail, between ground level and
the introduction of safety pressure at 12,000 feet, the oxygen
inlet valve and the combined valve would operate under direct
inhalation and exhalation signals from the pressure transducer.
Between 12,000 feet and 40,000 feet, the operation would be the
same, with the addition of safety pressure biasing the oxygen inlet
valve to give the 1 inch w.g. safety pressure. Above 40,000 feet,
there would be the further addition of pressure breathing pressure
in the mask.
Should the combined expiratory/air inlet valve fail between ground
level and 12,000 feet, if the failure were due to a broken spring,
during inhalation the valve plate of the combined valve would be
sucked to a closed position and the oxygen inlet valve opened by
signal from the pressure transducer. If the failure were due to a
failed coil, normal low altitude breathing of air would occur,
since the spring would hold the valve plate of the combined valve
open. Between 12,000 feet and 40,000 feet, if failure should occur
because of a broken spring the operation would be substantially the
same as for below 12,000 feet, but with increasing altitude the
safety pressure in the mask would make suckling closure of the
valve plate more difficult, but the partial pressure sensor would
sense reducing oxygen content and influence the solenoid of the
valve toward closing, and thus give near normal conditions. If the
failure were due to a failed coil, the spring would hold the valve
plate open and therefore the partial pressure sensor would sense a
low oxygen content, and so bias the oxygen inlet valve to open
wider, with some waste of oxygen. Above 40,000 feet, if failure
were due to a broken spring, the valve plate would want to remain
open, but the partial pressure sensor would sense low oxygen
content, and so influence the solenoid of the valve to close it,
thereby overcoming the failure and giving near normal conditions.
If the failure were due to a failed coil, the valve plate would
remain open and the partial pressure would sense low oxygen
content, so energizing the oxygen inlet valve to open further. This
would give a large waste of oxygen as the inlet would have to at
least match the flow through the open valve.
Assuming failure of the oxygen inlet valve, normal breathing
through the combined valve would take place up to the introduction
of safety pressure at 12,000 feet. At and above 12,000 feet, with
increasing altitude the partial pressure sensor would sense a
reducing oxygen content, until the emergency oxygen system came
into play.
To further amplify the overall operation of the system, a general
summary of the operation will be given hereafter, followed by a
detailed description of the action of the control circuit in
controlling the valves during a typical range of operations.
In general, the primary or initial control stems from the
differential pressure transducer 4, which influences the control
circuit to tend to open and close the oxygen and expiratory/air
inlet valves 2, 5, according to the breathing of the user. For
instance, the differential pressure transducer 4 influences the
control circuit to tend to open the oxygen valve 2, and close the
expiratory/air-inlet valve 5 during an inspiration, and vice versa
during an expiration. However, the control circuit also is
influenced by the partial pressure oxygen sensor 3, which
influences the control circuit to vary the operation of the valves
2 and 5 to maintain a predetermined range of oxygen partial
pressure. Toward achieving this end, the partial pressure oxygen
sensor 3 functions primarily during the inspiration phase to
control the opening of the oxygen valve 2 to admit oxygen, and the
opening of the expiratory/air-inlet valve 5 to admit diluting air,
in such proportions that the desired oxygen partial pressure is
maintained in the mask 1.
As the altitude increases, and hence the partial pressure of oxygen
decreases, the partial pressure sensor 3 tends to cause the
introduction of more oxygen by prolonging the open periods of the
oxygen valve 2 and shortening the open periods of the
expiratory/air-inlet valve 5 during the inspiration phase, this
process continuing with increasing altitude until the oxygen
partial pressure sensor 3 constrains the system to 100 percent
oxygen by terminating the opening of the expiratory/air inlet valve
5 during the inspiration phase. At ground level, where oxygen is
not needed, pressure transducer 4 influences the oxygen and
expiratory/air-inlet valves 2 and 5 to tend to open and close with
the breathing of the user, but the influence of the pressure
transducer 4 is overridden by the partial pressure sensor 3 to
maintain the oxygen valve 2 in a fully closed position and the
expiratory/air-inlet valve 5 in a fully open position, during both
inspiration and expiration. In addition to the pressure transducer
4 and the partial pressure sensor 3, there is an altitude reference
sensor 15 which influences the oxygen valve 2 to increase the
oxygen supply at a predetermined altitude, and initiates pressure
breathing when ambient pressure renders this necessary. At a lower
predetermined altitude, safety pressure bias 19 influences the
circuit to increase the oxygen supply to maintain a slight positive
safety pressure in the mask 1.
During a typical range of operations, commencing at zero feet,
ground level, with the oxygen and power supplies selected ON, the
user, with oxygen mask correctly fitted, applies alternatively
positive and negative pressures to the transducer, as exhalation
and inhalation take place. These pressures acting on the transducer
vary the capacity of the transducer capacitor, in parallel with one
of the capacitors in the multivibrator 13, thus varying the output
frequency of the multivibrator proportionally with the breathing
cycle of the user. This output, fed to the transistorized diode
pump 14, charges the capacitor, via the diode, on the positive
pulse, the capacitor discharging across the resistor between
pulses. The voltage at the wiper tapping on the resistor is,
therefore, a pulsed D.C. voltage of amplitude proportional to the
differential pressure in the mask. Assuming a voltage datum level
somewhere between the maximum and minimum amplitudes of this
voltage, voltages below this level will be considered negative with
respect to the set datum, and voltages above will be considered
positive. Though pulsed, this output is of sufficiently high
frequency to be considered as a straight D.C. voltage of varying
amplitude.
Ignoring for a moment the safety pressure bias 19 (which only
becomes operative above 12,000 feet) and considering it as a
straightforward amplifier, the positive output from the
transistorized diode pump 14 is phase inverted to become a negative
amplified input to the variable gain pulse amplifiers 20, and when
summated with the triangular waveform output of 18 raises the
operating level of said triangular waveform by an amount equal to
the amplitude of the output from 19. Likewise, a negative output
from the transistorized diode pump 14 would suppress, or lower, the
operating level of the triangular waveform relative to the
switching level of the pulse amplifiers 20.
If and when the positive output of the transistorized diode pump 14
reaches a voltage of sufficient amplitude to raise the triangular
waveform above the built-in switching level of the pulse gain
amplifiers a pulsed output of mark/space ratio dependent on the
amplitude of the transistorized diode pump 14 output will be
obtained from the pulse gain amplifiers 20. This output, after
power amplification, energizes the coils of the two valves 2 and 5
for a period equal to the Mark, i.e., a time proportional to the
amplitude of the output signal voltage from the transistorized
diode pump.
The triangular wave oscillator 18, of course, produces a stable
signal which is fed into the two parallel variable gain pulse
amplifiers 20 and summated with the variable inputs of the
transducer 4 and partial pressure sensor 3.
At ground level the summated signal inputs to the variable gain
pulse amplifier 20 leave the triangular waveform below the
switching level of the two amplifiers, thereby giving no output
from 20 and leaving the valves 2 and 5 in a de-energized state.
While the oxygen content of the air breathed through the open valve
5 is sufficient, the valves remain de-energized. As the oxygen
content decreases the deficiency is detected by the partial
pressure sensor 3, thereby varying the summated signals to the
variable gain pulse amplifiers 20, and closing the gap between the
triangular waveform and the switching level of the amplifiers until
the oxygen content drops below the required level and part of the
triangular waveform is above the switching level of the amplifiers
20. Modulation continues so that, with less oxygen detected by the
partial pressure transducer 3, more of the triangular waveform is
above the switching level of the pulse gain amplifiers 20, thereby
giving a pulsed output from the amplifiers 20 proportional to the
oxygen content and breathing cycle of the user, the pulsed outputs
energizing valves 2 and 5 via power amplifiers 21 and 22. Oxygen
from valve 2 decreases the signal from the partial pressure sensor
3 via the pre-amp 16, thereby dropping the triangular waveform,
relative to the switching level, changing the mark/space ratio and
the quantity of oxygen supplied via valve 2. The oxygen content of
the mask thereby is kept substantially constant at varying
altitudes up to approximately 40,000 feet.
By summating both variable signal sources with the triangular
waveform output of 18, the ratio of the mark/space output of the
variable gain pulse amplifier 20 is proportional to the mask
pressure and oxygen content of the mask.
At approximately 12,000 feet, the safety pressure bias 19 comes
into operation, summating an additional signal to the output of the
transistor diode pump 14 and effectively setting a new datum to the
system by biasing the amplifier in 19, whereby the summated signals
to the variable gain pulse amplifiers 20 have the effect of raising
the triangular waveform toward the switching level of the
amplifiers 20, sufficient to ensure that the valve 2 remains open
long enough to maintain a pressure of approximately 1" water gauge
in the mask.
At approximately 40,000 feet the altitude reference sensor 15 is
operative, the output of which is summated with the signal inputs
to one of the variable gain pulse amplifiers 20, the one feeding
the power amplifier 21, thereby extending the open period of the
oxygen valve 2 over and above that period determined by the signals
received from the prior sources. As valves 2 and 5 are now open
together for a period, determined by the altitude above, and
relative to, 40,000 feet, oxygen under pressure flows through the
mask, maintaining the mask oxygen content and pressure at that of
40,000 feet. The altitude reference sensor does not vary the
operation of the expiratory/air-inlet valve.
* * * * *