U.S. patent number 3,673,375 [Application Number 05/165,941] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-27 for long arc column plasma generator and method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Technology Application Services Corporation. Invention is credited to Salvador L. Camacho.
United States Patent |
3,673,375 |
Camacho |
June 27, 1972 |
LONG ARC COLUMN PLASMA GENERATOR AND METHOD
Abstract
A long arc column plasma generator and method provide a means
and method for initiating and sustaining an exceptionally long
transferred arc. The improved vortex strength, mass flow rate and
radial pressure gradient are obtained by a new relationship between
the nozzle length, the nozzle diameter, and the vortex chamber
width.
Inventors: |
Camacho; Salvador L. (Raleigh,
NC) |
Assignee: |
Technology Application Services
Corporation (Raleigh, NC)
|
Family
ID: |
22601116 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/165,941 |
Filed: |
July 26, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/121.36;
313/231.01; 219/75; 219/121.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05H
1/48 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05H
1/24 (20060101); H05H 1/48 (20060101); B23k
009/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/75,76,121P
;313/231 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Staubly; R. F.
Assistant Examiner: Reynolds; B. A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus adapted to generate a long arc high-temperature
plasma between the apparatus and an electrical conductor in an arc
circuit comprising, in combination:
a. a cylindrical shaped electrode;
b. a gas-directing nozzle axially aligned with, forwardly spaced
and insulated from said electrode and having an internal diameter
designated C and a length designated B and with said electrode
providing a vortex forming gas chamber of a width designated A,
said dimension A being selected as the minimum width at which a
vortex strength of 0.25 Mach is obtained when B is of minimum arc
sustaining width and C is equal to the internal diameter of said
electrode, and B and C having the relationship B/C > 0.2 for the
transferred mode and B/C .gtoreq. 4 for the non-transferred mode;
and
c. gas supply means for introducing an arc gas into said chamber to
produce a vortical flow in said chamber and nozzle.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including means to direct
said plasma against a workpiece comprising an electrical conductor
and which is in the arc circuit.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including electrical
conducting means spaced forward of and axially aligned with said
nozzle and effective to direct the plasma against a workpiece
comprising an electrical non-conductor and said electrical
conducting means is in said arc circuit.
4. A method of constructing and operating a long arc
high-temperature plasma generator of the type having a cylindrical
shaped electrode, a gas directing nozzle, a vortex forming gas
chamber and gas supply means, said method being with respect to the
vortex chamber width, the nozzle internal diameter and nozzle
length comprising the steps:
a. while maintaining the nozzle internal diameter at a dimension
designated C which is equal to the internal diameter of the
electrode and maintaining the nozzle length designated B at a
minimum arc sustaining width, determining the minimum vortex
chamber width designated A at which a vortex strength of Mach 0.25
is obtained; and
b. then while maintaining said vortex chamber width A as so
determined, operating said generator in the transferred mode with
said dimensions B and C having the relationship B/C > 0.2 and in
the non-transferred mode with said dimensions B and C having the
relationship B/C .gtoreq. 4.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for obtaining arc
plasma and particularly to the relationships of the geometric
configuration of the nozzle length, bore and vortex chamber
width.
2. Description of Prior Art
Methods and apparatus for generating high voltage arc plasma and
for incorporating material to be treated by such plasma as part of
the electrical circuit which generates the plasma has been known
for some time. It has also been known to operate the arc in a
transferred mode in order to deliver the maximum heat energy to the
workpiece.
In what is perhaps the closest prior art to the present invention
there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,194,941 to Robert J. Baird a
high voltage arc plasma generator. In the Baird patent recognition
is given to the importance of the relation between the nozzle
length and the nozzle diameter and which relation is shown to have
an effect both on heat and energy transfer in the transferred mode
and also in minimizing electrode erosion.
While the Baird disclosure represents an advance in the art such
disclosure was primarily directed to the relationship of the nozzle
length and nozzle diameter but did not take into account the
equally important dimension of the vortex chamber width. For
example, in the Baird disclosure it is stipulated that the ratio of
the nozzle length to the nozzle diameter must be greater than 1.2
and less than 3 with 2 being the recommended value. When this
teaching is followed the chamber width is necessarily too wide for
stable operation with long arcs, greater than 12 inches.
Furthermore, a plasma generator made according to the Baird
disclosure calls for a relatively high gas flow rate for any
desired power input level to the generator. This is necessary in
order to minimize the material erosion at the electrode and to
prevent undesirable internal arcing between electrode and nozzle.
Furthermore, a generator according to the Baird disclosure requires
a substantially high mass flow rate of gas in order to maintain a
stable operation. Also, in order to develop a proper radial
pressure gradient it is necessary that the nozzle length be
relatively long, at least 1.2 times the nozzle diameter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The apparatus and method of the present invention are directed to
an arc plasma generator in the same general sense of the previously
referred to Baird U.S. Pat. No. 3,194,941. In the present
invention, there is employed an apparatus having a cylindrical
electrode, a gas directing nozzle spaced from the electrode and a
chamber surrounding the space between the electrode and the nozzle
and which includes means for introducing an arc gas into the
chamber to produce a vortical flow in the chamber and in the gas
directing nozzle.
The apparatus of the invention basically includes cylindrical
electrode and a constricting nozzle which are separated by an
insulator and these three major components are positioned in axial
alignment with each other. The electrode and constricting nozzle
are spaced axially a distance designated A. The electrode-nozzle
spacing A has been found to be critical and should be one-fourth to
one-third of the actual length, designated B, of the nozzle. The
ratio of the nozzle axial length, designated B, to the nozzle
diameter, designated C, should be greater than 0.2 and while there
is no upper limit to this ratio the non-transferred mode takes
place when the ratio of the nozzle length to the nozzle diameter is
approximately equal to 4. A ratio value of 0.75 is recommended and
used in the transferred mode for which the invention is primarily
intended.
In addition to discovering new operating characteristics which can
be obtained by previously undiscovered relations between the nozzle
length and nozzle diameter, it has also been discovered that the
chamber width A should preferably be sized according to the plasma
generator current rating as later discussed in more detail.
In operation, gas is injected tangentially in the chamber space
defined by chamber width A to form a vortex with a radial gradient
toward the axis of the generator. An electric arc is initiated
between the cylindrical electrode and an external element in the
arc circuit. The vortical flow of gas in the chamber spacing A
stabilizes the arc on the axis of the generator and prevents any
undesirable current conduction through the nozzle. When the
dimensional conditions of the invention are satisfied a minimum gas
flow rate is required through the spacing A to prevent undesirable
internal arcing between the electrode and nozzle.
The method and apparatus of the invention, in general, satisfy the
long established requirement for initiating and sustaining an extra
long arc. In this regard, it is recognized that a long arc column
is particularly useful in plasma melting of steel scrap because of
the potential for eliminating complex equipment necessary for
raising the lowering heavy graphite electrodes as presently used in
electric arc furnaces. The complex equipment for raising and
lowering the electrodes is necessary because of the short arc
length possible with graphite electrodes. In the same regard, it
may be noted that the initial capital investment for electric
furnaces can be reduced significantly by eliminating the electrode
follower equipment. The long arc column is also desirable because
it makes possible a high power level operation at relatively low
current. As a result, the lower current operation increases the
life of the plasma generator.
The apparatus and method of the invention can be adapted for the
disintegration of both electrically conducting materials as well as
insulator materials. When used for the melting of high conductivity
materials like metallics, the workpiece itself serves as the
external circuit element. When used for the disintegration of
insulators such as rocks or glass and the like, the apparatus and
method depend upon employment of an additional electrode as the
external element in the arc circuit. In all instances, the
apparatus and method of the invention are concerned with a
transferred mode of operation and with relatively high voltage and
low current operation. It can thus be said that for plasma
generators having electrodes of the same internal diameter a
generator made according to the present invention will, for a given
gas flow rate, strike a substantially longer stable arc than is
possible with a Baird type generator.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a partially schematic section view taken through a plasma
generator made according to the invention and shown in a typical
application wherein the workpiece is of a conducting nature.
FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 but showing in a schematic diagram an
application of the invention with a workpiece of a non-conducting
nature.
FIG. 3 is a somewhat schematic diagram illustrating a prior art
construction.
FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 3 but illustrating, schematically, for
comparison the same dimensions according to the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A plasma generator made according to the invention incorporates
three basic elements, namely: a gas system, an electrical power
system, and a cooling system, and physical structure is provided
for each system. In the drawings there is shown a stainless steel
shell 10 secured by means of bolts 11 to a copper nozzle 12 which
provides a passageway 13 for the reception of cooling water as
indicated at 14 and for the discharge of the cooling water through
an exit 15. Nozzle 12 receives through a coarsely threaded
connection indicated at 20, an insulator 21 which may be made of
"Synthane" insulation or of a similar insulation material.
Insulator 21, in turn, is mounted on a stainless steel jacket 22
which is spaced from a concentrically mounted cylindrical copper
tube 23 which acts as the main electrode of the generator.
Stainless steel jacket 22 is supported within the shell 10 by a
plurality of fin members 25 having a sliding fit as indicated at 26
and 27. The notch arrangement also indicated at 27 prevents
relative lateral motion between the stainless steel jacket 22 and
fin members 25. An annular ring 28 secured by bolts 29 is fitted to
the fin members 25. Fin members 25 are preferably made of an
insulating material, e.g. nylon, and ring 28 may be of metal, e.g.
aluminum. Stainless steel jacket 22 mates with an electrode
manifold 30 and the two pieces are secured together by a metal
clamp nut 31 having a threaded connection with manifold 30 as
indicated at 32. Manifold 30 is generally cylindrical and provides
a path for the reception of an appropriate pressurized arc gas,
e.g. air, argon, carbon monoxide, oxygen, et cetera, which follows
the path generally indicated in dashed lines as at 35, 36, 37 and
38. Typical gas pressures are generally several atmospheres and
may, for example, be from 2 to 10 atmospheres. Manifold 30 is
connected to a high voltage power supply which may vary from, say,
100 volts AC for a small-length arc to 1,000 volts AC for a
long-length arc. Connection is made through a plurality of lines 40
secured by bolts 41.
At the back end of the torch there is provided a water manifold
structure generally represented at 50 and which provides means (a)
for connecting a water supply as at 51, (b) for distributing that
water supply by electrically non-conducting flexible hose, not
shown, to appropriate input points in the nozzle such as previously
mentioned at 14 and (c) for receiving the heated water back through
appropriate electrically non-conducting flexible hose, not shown.
The heated water is, in turn, discharged through portions of
manifold 50 which are kept separate for hot water discharge
distinct from cold water intake. Since the invention is primarily
concerned with the front or nozzle end of the generator and since
the specific cooling arrangements are generally known in the plasma
generator art and may vary substantially, no further details are
deemed necessary concerning the manifold structure.
Prior to discussing the operation of generator, brief mention will
be made of the physical assembly prior to operation. Stainless
steel shell 10 and manifold 50 are integrally formed and are
detachably secured to nozzle 12 by bolts 11. This then represents a
nozzle sub-assembly. A separate sub-assembly consisting of
insulator 21 is screwed to stainless steel jacket 22. Next,
electrode 23 is screwed to manifold 30 by an appropriate threaded
connection as indicated at 60. Clamp nut 31 is then tightened on
mainfold 30. Centering guides 25 are next assembled on jacket 22
and are secured to retaining ring 28. A flexible electrically
non-conducting gas hose, as indicated at 61, is connected and
electrical power lines 40 are appropriately connected by bolts 41.
These last mentioned components, as a separate subassembly, are
then slid into the interior of stainless steel shell 10 with
appropriate notches, not shown, being provided in the manifold as
at 62 to allow passage of the centering guides 25. Upon insulator
21 making contact with nozzle 12 the two subassemblies are "mated"
and are threadably connected by the previously mentioned threaded
connection 20. To replace the electrode 23 it will be noted that
all that is required is to unscrew the threaded connection 20,
remove the electrode sub-assembly, install a new electrode 23 and
replace the sub-assembly as previously explained.
The description next proceeds to a description of a typical
operation and later will deal with a more specific comparison of
those dimensions and their relationships both in the prior art as
well as in the present invention which are deemed critical. At the
outset it may be noted that the generator of this invention while
operable in a non-transferred arc mode is primarily intended to
operate in a transferred arc mode. Furthermore, the workpiece or
material against which the plasma is directed may be either of
electrically conducting or of an electrically non-conducting
material. Both modes will be subsequently discussed.
In FIG. 1 a typical electrically conducting external electrode or
workpiece is indicated at 70. This might be, for example, a
material to be subjected to extreme heat for research purposes. In
another instance, it might be a charge of scrap metal to be melted
and recycled into finished steel.
For starting the plasma generator, water flow is initiated to cool
the nozzle 12. Next air flow is established through flexible
electrically non-conducting gas hose 61 to cool electrode 23 and
provide the necessary gas constricting vortex. A potential is
applied between electrode 23 and nozzle 12. A small pilot arc of
relatively small current between electrode 23 and nozzle 12 is
established by means of inserting a suitable electrically
conducting, easily ionizable material, e.g. a metal scouring pad.
This pilot arc initiates the conduction column for the high current
main arc between 23 and workpiece 70. The pilot arc egresses from
the nozzle to establish electrical contact with the workpiece. The
electric arc so formed will protrude through nozzle 12. A potential
is next applied between electrode 23 and workpiece 70. The
generator next is positioned near the workpiece 70 to establish the
main arc column between electrode 23 and workpiece 70. The nozzle
12 is then disconnected from the electrical circuit. The gas vortex
centers the arc column axially inside the plasma generator thus
preventing an undesirable internal arc between nozzle 12 and
electrode 23.
As previously mentioned the generator of the invention is
applicable to heating or melting both electrically conducting as
well as electrically non-conducting workpieces. The electrically
conducting workpiece application has been explained in connection
with FIG. 1. In FIG. 2 there is a diagrammatic view of the
generator applied to a workpiece of a non-conducting nature and in
which the electrode is schematically indicated at 80, the nozzle at
81, an external forwardly placed, axially aligned electrode at 82
and an electrically insulating workpiece, e.g. glass, at 83. In
this case, the plasma is formed between electrode 80 and the
external electrode 82, e.g. a water cooled ring. The plasma so
formed is the medium which melts the workpiece 83.
Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the tremendous
potential for using the generator in the configuration of FIG. 2
for rock excavation, rough drilling, soils treatment and the like.
Also, as will be seen from a later description which compares the
present invention to the prior art, the generator of the present
invention is vastly superior for this kind of application than is
the generator of the prior art. More specifically, with the present
invention in use for this kind of application there is a
substantially higher efficiency and substantially less consumption
of gas required.
The description next refers to FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 3 in
diagrammatic form shows the prior art construction of FIG. 4 in
diagrammatic form shows the construction of the present invention.
Both figures show the dimension A representing the gas chamber
width, dimension B representing the nozzle length and dimension C
representing the nozzle bore diameter. In the previously referred
to Baird Patent the following relation is stipulated: 1.2 < B/C
< 3, with B/C = 2 recommended and used in the preferred
embodiment of the Baird Patent. While the Baird Patent was
admittedly a recognizable advance in the art the stipulated
relationship has been found by reason of the present invention to
have restricted further advances in the art. More specifically, the
discovery of the present invention is, effectively, that not only
must the nozzle length dimension B and nozzle diameter dimension C
be considered for purposes of efficiency, stable operation and arc
length but also there must be taken into account the chamber width
dimension A and its relation to the nozzle length dimension B and
nozzle diameter dimension C. The Baird Patent has called for the
chamber width dimension A to be substantially too wide. In order to
obtain the required vortex strength, the gas flow rate must be high
and/or the nozzle dimension B must be exceptionally long in order
to develop the proper radial pressure gradient.
In the present invention the chamber width dimension A was
intentionally sized by the method later explained to achieve the
required vortex strength independent of the nozzle length dimension
B. This change in concept lead to the important discovery that the
gas flow rate normally required for stable operation could be
substantially reduced in half. In particular, according to the
present invention the relation of nozzle length dimension B to
nozzle diameter dimension c for the transferred mode is stipulated
as: B/C > 0.2 with B/C = 0.75 recommended and used, and has no
upper limit. The non-transferred mode, according to the invention,
takes place according to the relation: B/C .gtoreq. 4.
In addition to providing a new structure, the invention also
provides a method of fabricating a long arc plasma generator. This
method is essentially directed to the steps followed to determine
the dimension A, B and C. As a first step, B is reduced to its most
minimum thickness, say in the order of one-eighth inch, with B at
minimum thickness and C at some fixed value equal to the electrode
internal diameter the value A is diminished until there is created
a vortex strength of at least 0.25 Mach. When the vortex strength
is obtained at 0.25 Mach and with minimum width A, the dimension B
is then increased with respect to C within the relationship B/C
> .2 for the transferred mode and within the relationship B/C
.gtoreq. 4 for the non-transferred mode.
* * * * *