U.S. patent number 3,672,463 [Application Number 05/196,914] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-27 for acoustical system employing tubular resonators.
Invention is credited to Frank O. Gehry, Christopher Jaffe.
United States Patent |
3,672,463 |
Jaffe , et al. |
June 27, 1972 |
ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM EMPLOYING TUBULAR RESONATORS
Abstract
Improved dispersion of the sound from an orchestra toward an
audience and reinforcement of the lower frequencies in said sound
are achieved through the use of tubular resonators positioned
around and above the orchestra. Resonating chambers are formed in
the ends of the tubes by means of transverse partitions.
Electrically-driven speakers may be positioned in said tubes.
Inventors: |
Jaffe; Christopher (Norwalk,
CT), Gehry; Frank O. (Santa Monica, CA) |
Family
ID: |
22727264 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/196,914 |
Filed: |
November 9, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
181/30;
181/145 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04R
27/00 (20130101); H04R 1/2857 (20130101); H04R
2227/007 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04R
1/28 (20060101); H04R 27/00 (20060101); F01n
001/02 (); E04b 001/99 (); H04r 001/28 () |
Field of
Search: |
;181/30,33G,31A,33C,33D,33GD,33K,48,59 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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|
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|
|
687,525 |
|
Apr 1930 |
|
FR |
|
337,900 |
|
Nov 1930 |
|
GB |
|
647,840 |
|
Dec 1950 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Ward, Jr.; Robert S.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A system for improving the dispersion of sound toward an
audience, said sound being produced by an orchestra on a stage, and
for reinforcing low frequencies in the spectrum of said sound
during the initial portion of reverberation, comprising vertical
tubes on said stage at the sides and rear of said orchestra and
horizontal tubes supported above said stage in a direction
transverse to said stage and said orchestra, at least some of said
vertical tubes having a chamber with one open end formed at the
upper end of said tube by a transverse partition, and at least some
of said horizontal tubes having a chamber with one open end formed
at each end of said tube by transverse partitions, the lengths of
said chambers in the different tubes varying in approximately equal
steps from about 1/4 of the wave-length of the highest frequency to
be reinforced to about 1/4 of the wave-length of the lowest
frequency to be reinforced.
2. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein said tubes have a
diameter of 1.5 to 4.0 feet.
3. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein an open end of at least
one chamber in a tube, forms an angle with the axis of said tube
sufficiently different from 90.degree. to cause said chamber to
reinforce a band of frequencies.
4. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein said chambers range in
length from about 4 feet 5 inches to about 8 feet 9 inches.
5. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one
electrically-driven speaker is mounted in a tube, a panel having
been cut from the cylindrical wall of said tube to permit
transmission of sound through the resultant opening.
6. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein said vertical tubes are
about 1 foot apart.
7. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein said horizontal tubes
lie close to a plane which is lower toward the rear of the stage
and higher toward the front of the stage, the frontward extension
of said plane passing above the highest portion of said
audience.
8. A system as defined in claim 7, wherein said horizontal tubes
are positioned in groups of three, the most forward tube in each
group lying above said plane by about one-half the diameter of said
tubes, the central tube of each group lying close to the other
tubes of said group, said forward tube being thus positioned for
the purpose of increasing the fraction of said sound dispersed
toward upper portions of said audience.
9. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein said vertical tubes have
lengths between 13 and 30 feet and said horizontal tubes have
lengths between 35 and 75 feet.
10. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the diameter of said
tubes is about 2 feet, this diameter being optimum for dispersion
of sound.
11. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the diameter of said
tubes is about 3 feet, this diameter being optimum for bass
reinforcement.
12. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein said vertical tubes at
either side of said orchestra define two planes, which when
extended, include between them all individuals in said
audience.
13. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein said vertical tubes at
the rear of said orchestra are disposed in a plane.
14. A system as defined in claim 1, wherein the exterior surfaces
of said vertical tubes are spaced, one from the other, by a
distance no more than 1/3 the diameter of the tubes.
15. A system for improving the dispersion of sound toward an
audience, said sound being produced by an orchestra on a stage, and
for reinforcing low frequencies in the spectrum of said sound
during the initial portion of reverberation, comprising vertical
tubes on said stage at the sides and rear of said orchestra, at
least some of said vertical tubes having a chamber with one open
end formed at the upper end of said tube by a transverse partition,
the lengths of said chambers in the different tubes varying in
approximately equal steps from about 1/4 of the wave-length of the
highest frequency to be reinforced to about 1/4 of the wave-length
of the lowest frequency to be reinforced.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is frequently the case that in an auditorium where an orchestra
is to perform for an audience, the acoustics may be such that
certain frequencies or ranges of frequencies may be reinforced or
may be diminished to such an extent that the sound of the
orchestra, as heard, is seriously impaired. This unbalance may be
the result of designing the enclosure principally for speech. For
the understanding of speech it is desirable that low frequencies be
reduced; this is effected by the use of dropped acoustic ceilings
and perforated ply-wood panels. The same effect is noted in large
halls.
Need for bass reinforcement may also arise where the orchestral
performance is to be recorded. Some widely-used types of
microphones have low efficiencies at the lower frequencies so that
again bass reinforcement is needed.
The need for improved dispersion of orchestral sound arises,
particularly, where the wall at the rear of the stage is parabolic
in shape. The output of instruments close to the focus of the
parabola is projected directly forward whereas the sound from
instruments away from the focus is projected to one side or the
other. As a result, there are so-called deadspots on the stage.
Devices to eliminate such deadspots and improve the dispersion of
the sound produced are therefore necessary.
Devices for the improvement of dispersion are also needed for
open-air performances. Without the means to assure dispersion in
the proper directions, a major portion of the sound output is
lost.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a device for improving the
dispersion of sound toward an audience from an orchestra on a
stage, and for reinforcing low frequencies in the spectrum of said
sound during the initial portion of reverberation. Vertical tubes
are located on the stage at the sides and rear of the orchestra and
horizontal tubes are supported above the stage in a direction
transverse to the stage and the orchestra. Some of the vertical
tubes have chambers formed at the upper open end of a tube by a
transverse partition. Also, some of the horizontal tubes have
chambers formed at each open end of the tube by transverse
partitions. The lengths of the chambers in the different tubes vary
in approximately equal steps from about 1/4 of the wave-length of
the highest frequency to be reinforced to about 1/4 of the
wave-length of the lowest frequency to be reinforced.
The upper ends of some of the vertical tubes may be cut at an angle
in order to broaden the band of wave-lengths reinforced by the
tubes. The same may be done with the ends of some of the horizontal
tubes. The tubes may be used to house loud-speakers.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide
improved means to reinforce desired frequencies in the spectrum of
sound produced by an orchestra.
Another object of the present invention is to provide means to
improve the dispersion of sound produced by an orchestra in order
to avoid loss of sound energy to regions not occupied by an
audience.
A further object of the present invention is to provide means to
produce reinforcement of sound in the lower frequencies without the
need for supplying electrical energy.
Still another object of the invention is to achieve reinforcement
of desired frequencies and improved dispersion of sound with a low
cost device.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be
obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction,
combination of elements, and arrangement of parts which will be
exemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth, and the
scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to
the following description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a stage and reflecting shell
showing the disposition of vertical and horizontal tubes for
reinforcing and dispersing sound in accordance with the
invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view in partial section of the shell and tubes of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a view taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is an elevational view in cross section of a vertical tube
showing the mode of establishing the length of a reverberation
chamber; and
FIG. 6 is an elevational view in cross section of a vertical tube
wherein the open end of a reverberation chamber is cut at an
angle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In accordance with the present invention, the dispersion of sound
from an orchestra performing on a stage to an audience is improved
by suitable disposition of large vertical tubes at the back and
sides of the orchestra and by horizontal tubes disposed above the
same orchestra. Moreover, using suitably placed transverse
partitions within the vertical and horizontal tubes to form
reverberation chambers, each having an open end, selected bands of
frequencies in the spectrum of sound coming from the orchestra can
be reinforced.
A stage having a reflecting shell and tubes disposed in accordance
with the present invention is shown in FIG. 1, where shell 11
surrounds the sides, top and rear of stage 12. Vertical tubes 13
rest on stage 12 and are placed at the sides of the space to be
occupied by an orchestra. Shell 11 is typical of one form of
existing concert environment.
Horizontal tubes are placed above the area to be occupied by the
orchestra and at a height such that mobility of the orchestra
members is not hampered. As is evident from FIGS. 1 and 2, the
horizontal tubes run transverse to the stage 12, that is, from side
to side.
The diameter of the tubes, whether horizontal or vertical, may vary
from about 1.5 feet up to about 4.0 feet. For dispersion of sound,
the optimum diameter is about 2 feet, whereas for reinforcement of
bass frequencies in the sound spectrum, a diameter of about 3 feet
is optimum. However, dispersion and bass reinforcement are achieved
over the entire specified range.
The need for reinforcement of low frequency tones arises from a
number of factors, as described above. Where the auditorium is
designed primarily for speech, the introduction of tubes above and
around the orchestra in accordance with the present invention tends
to rectify the imbalance caused by the construction of the
auditorium. Also, where the performance of the orchestra is being
recorded, the proper disposition of tubes in accordance with the
invention compensates for the non-linear characteristic of the
microphones. It should be noted that the reinforcement of the low
tones persists for only about 250 microseconds, the rate of decay
of each tone being more rapid when bass reinforcement is used.
The need for improved dispersion is particularly great in the case
of outdoor performance. Under such conditions, the amount of
reverberation is relatively low and sound intensity as heard by the
audience is likewise low. Properly placed tubes help to confine the
sound leaving the orchestra to the region occupied by the audience.
Improved dispersion is particularly needed where the shape of the
reflecting shell is essentially parabolic. With such a shell,
movement of a player's head over a distance of a few inches can
result in a sharp increase or decrease in the sound reaching the
audience. The tubes of the present invention prevent such an
effect.
Bass reinforcement results from placing a transverse partition in a
tube as shown in FIG. 5. Chamber 15 is formed in tube 16 by means
of partition 17. Since the chamber 15 has an open end 18, the
chamber will reinforce a tone having a wave-length four times as
great as the length of the chamber 15. Where it is desired to
reinforce a band of frequencies ranging from say 37 cps to about 67
cps, the chambers should range in length from about 4 feet 5 inches
to about 8 feet 9 inches, preferably in roughly equal steps. The
frequency reinforced by a given chamber can be broadened into a
band by cutting the open end of a chamber diagonally as shown at 19
in FIG. 6.
Where electronic amplification is desired, speakers may be
installed in tubes as shown at 21 in FIG. 1. The removal of a panel
from each tube in front of the speaker is necessary prior to
installation of a speaker. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the
speakers are installed in tubes 22 in what are termed off-side
tubes. However, speakers may be installed if desired in any of the
horizontal tubes or the other vertical tubes which are essentially
contiguous to the orchestra. Also, speakers should not be installed
in tubes having a transverse partition to form a reverberation
chamber because specific frequencies would then be too strongly
reinforced.
As indicated above, the exteriors of the tubes aid in the
dispersion of the orchestral sound. For maximum efficiency in this
regard, tubes should be separated by no more than about 1/3 their
diameter. Also, it is preferable that the tubes at either side of
the orchestral space be aligned as shown in FIG. 2, roughly
defining two divergent planes. The angle between the planes should
be such as to include the entire audience space, but should not
greatly exceed this value. Additional vertical tubes are placed at
the rear of the orchestra with the particular objective of
preventing anything resembling specular reflection from the rear of
enclosure 11. The vertical tubes 22 are exterior to planes 23 and
24 defined by the vertical tubes at the sides of the orchestra.
These tubes provide some reverberation using sound reflected from
the audience space or from rear and side walls and ceiling if
present. In some applications, vertical tubes only may be used; in
such applications, horizontal tubes may be omitted because of lack
of overhead space or because the vertical tubes alone give
sufficient reinforcement and control of dispersion for the required
purposes.
Horizontal tubes may be hung above the orchestral space in such
relation as to define a plane passing somewhat above all
individuals in the audience space. In a preferred arrangement,
however, the horizontal tubes are disposed in groups of three as
shown in FIG. 3. In each group of three, the middle tube makes
contact with the tube in front and the tube to its rear. The
rearward tubes in each group define a plane 31 which passes over
the heads of all members of the audience. Such tubes are 26, 27, 29
and 30 in FIG. 3. However, the frontward tube in each group here
exemplified by 25 and 28 is displaced upward by about half the
diameter of the tubes. Surprisingly, this arrangement has been
found to give superior dispersion of orchestral sound toward the
audience, and particularly toward the upper part thereof.
Tubes which have been found to be satisfactory for the objectives
of the present invention are manufactured by Sonoco Products of
Hartsville, S. C., under the name of Sonotubes. The tubes are used
as concrete forms, are cylindrical and can be had over a range of
lengths. For convenience in shipping, tubes can be used in
relatively short lengths and coupled together where needed.
The foregoing invention is especially useful in existing
environments to substantially improve acoustical qualities for
musical performances. The concepts of the invention are equally
adaptable for permanent and temporary installation in new and
existing structures.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those
made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently
attained, and since certain changes may be made in the above
construction without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention, it is intended that all matter contained in in the above
description or shown in the accompanying drawing shall be
interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended
to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention
herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention
which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall
therebetween.
* * * * *