U.S. patent number 3,672,172 [Application Number 05/124,044] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-27 for simplified supercharged internal combustion engine with emissions control.
Invention is credited to Gary L. Hammond.
United States Patent |
3,672,172 |
Hammond |
June 27, 1972 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
SIMPLIFIED SUPERCHARGED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH EMISSIONS
CONTROL
Abstract
Internal supercharging of non-radial, reciprocating internal
combustion engines is achieved by means of a unique form of
crankcase compression. The engine includes a sealed crankcase and a
first one-way valve in fluid communication with the crankcase and
disposed so that external air is induced into the crankcase upon
movement of the piston in one direction. An air reservoir is
provided in fluid communication with the crankcase and a second
one-way valve is disposed between the crankcase and the air
reservoir so that air in the crankcase is forced into the reservoir
upon movement of the piston in the reverse direction, the net
effect being a positive displacement supercharger. Passageways are
provided for introducing the resulting pressurized air into the
cylinder and separately into the exhaust for afterburning purposes,
a pressure regulator proportioning the airflows thereto. The
pressurized air also pressurizes the fuel tank and thus the fuel
supply to the engine. In a particular embodiment a lubricating oil
reservoir is provided adjacent the air reservoir with air-oil
separator means therebetween.
Inventors: |
Hammond; Gary L. (Macomb,
IL) |
Family
ID: |
22412427 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/124,044 |
Filed: |
March 15, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
60/282; 60/304;
123/317; 60/307 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02B
1/00 (20130101); F01N 3/22 (20130101); F02B
25/00 (20130101); F01N 3/30 (20130101); F01M
11/08 (20130101); F02B 33/26 (20130101); F02B
2720/133 (20130101); Y02T 10/12 (20130101); Y02T
10/20 (20130101); F02B 2075/027 (20130101); F02M
2700/4385 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02B
33/26 (20060101); F02B 25/00 (20060101); F02B
33/02 (20060101); F01M 11/00 (20060101); F01N
3/22 (20060101); F01N 3/30 (20060101); F01M
11/08 (20060101); F02B 1/00 (20060101); F02B
75/02 (20060101); F01n 003/10 (); F01n
007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;123/75CC,75RC,139A,119C
;60/282,280,272,287,288,289,290,291,299,309,307 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Burns; Wendell E.
Claims
Having described the invention, what is claimed is:
1. A supercharged internal combustion engine comprising in
combination:
a. a cylinder with inlet and exhaust passages;
b. a piston reciprocally disposed within said cylinder, said piston
having a piston rod secured thereto;
c. a crank assembly secured to said piston rod for translating
reciprocating movement of the piston into rotary movement, said
crank assembly being housed within a crankcase sealed pressurewise
relative to said cylinder;
d. a first one-way valve means in fluid communication with said
crankcase and disposed so that external air is induced into said
crankcase upon movement of said piston in one direction;
e. an air reservoir in fluid communication with said crankcase;
f. a second one-way valve means disposed between said crankcase and
said air reservoir so that air in said crankcase is forced into
said reservoir upon movement of said piston in the reverse
direction; and
g. a passageway for pressurized air between said air reservoir and
said inlet and exhaust passages.
2. The engine of claim 1 including a vessel for a fuel supply in
fluid communication with said inlet passage and passageway between
said air reservoir and said vessel whereby pressurized air
pressurizes the fuel supply therein.
3. The engine of claim 1 including an oil reservoir adjacent said
air reservoir and an air-oil separator means therebetween.
4. The engine of claim 1 wherein said valve means comprises
reed-type check valves.
5. The engine of claim 1 including pressure regulating means
controlling the pressure in said air reservoir.
6. The engine of claim 5 wherein said pressure regulating means
bypasses pressurized air from said air reservoir to said exhaust
passage when the air pressure in said air reservoir incipiently
increases above a predetermined value.
7. The engine of claim 1 including override means on said air
pressure regulator to drop the pressure to ambient conditions upon
shutdown of said engine.
8. The engine of claim 7 wherein said override means comprises a
solenoid-controlled dump valve.
9. The engine of claim 2 including one-way pressure relief valves
in said exhaust passage and in said fuel supply vessel.
10. A supercharged internal combustion engine comprising in
combination:
a. a cylinder with inlet and exhaust passages;
b. a fuel supply vessel in fluid communication with said inlet
passage;
c. a piston reciprocally disposed within said cylinder, said piston
having a piston rod secured thereto;
d. a crank assembly secured to said piston rod for translating
reciprocating movement of the piston into rotary movement, said
crank assembly being housed within a crankcase sealed pressurewise
relative to said cylinder;
e. a first one-way valve means in fluid communication with said
crankcase and disposed so that external air is induced into said
crankcase upon movement of said piston in one direction;
f. air and oil reservoirs in fluid communication with said
crankcase, the air and oil reservoirs being separated by air-oil
separator means;
g. a second one-way valve means disposed between said crankcase and
said air reservoir so that air in said crankcase is forced into
said air reservoir upon movement of said piston in the reverse
direction;
h. passageways for pressurized air between said air reservoir and
said inlet and exhaust passages and said fuel supply vessel;
and
i. pressure regulating means controlling the pressure of the
pressurized air.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a simplified, supercharged reciprocating
internal combustion engine with emissions control. More
specifically, it relates to a reciprocating internal combustion
engine wherein the crankcase is incorporated into the induction
system by means of an air reservoir and multiple valve means
whereby pressurized air for supercharging, fuel system
pressurization and emission control is efficiently generated by
crankcase compression.
While the present invention will be described with particular
reference to two- and four-stroke cycle gasoline-fueled internal
combustion engines, it should be understood that the invention is
not limited thereto. The supercharging, pressurization and
emission-control concepts disclosed herein can also be adapted for
use with other internal combustion engines burning various engine
fuels, including diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gases and other
fuels not yet in widespread use, as those skilled in the art will
recognize in the light of the present disclosure.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The history of the internal combustion engine to its present stage
of high development reflects continued and protracted efforts by
the automotive and aircraft industry to increase the efficiency
thereof, particularly in terms of power output per unit of fuel and
power output per unit of weight. Thus, for example, there has been
progressive increase in compression ratios and power output over
the years and corresponding increase in the octane number of the
gasoline fuels to accommodate the same. Supercharging is becoming
more prevalent.
More recently, ecological consideration have resulted in greater
emphasis being placed upon the pollution problems associated with
the internal combustion engine. The private automobile, for
example, has been blamed for more than half the pollutants in the
atmosphere adjacent large population centers in the United States,
the pollutants including crankcase and fuel supply emissions as
well as the more obvious exhaust emissions. These interrelated and
sometimes conflicting efforts to increase engine output and yet
control emissions are reflected in the prior art.
Connolly et al. U.S. Pat. No. 1,283,399, for example, discloses a
two-cycle engine in which pressurized air from the crankcase is
routed to ejector nozzles in the exhaust and fuel inlet passages to
induce the more rapid flow of the exhaust gases and air fuel
mixture respectively. The object is to more effectively exhaust and
scavenge the cylinder of the engine than in two-cycle engines of
conventional design, thereby increasing engine output. Such
two-cycle engines, however, burn a mixture of gasoline and
lubricating oil, making effective emission control
non-feasible.
Another approach is reflected in Spencer U.S. Pat. No. 1,812,566,
which discloses a four-cycle engine having a separate
centrifugal-type supercharger driven by the engine crankshaft. At
least a portion of the air-flow to the supercharger passes through
the crankcase whereby the latter is ventilated and cooled
simultaneously. The addition of a separate supercharger and the
attendant complexity increases the weight, initial cost and
operating expenses of the engine and aggravates the maintenance
problems.
Still another approach is reflected in Kylen U.S. Pat. No.
2,067,715, which discloses a four-cycle engine having a rotary
valve and special ductwork whereby pressurized gases from the
crankcase can be introduced directly into the cylinder when the
piston reaches the bottom of its stroke. In addition to added
complexity, the supercharging gases pulsate in pressure unduly
because no reservoir space having valved separation from the
crankcase is provided. Also, the introduction of the supercharged
gas at the bottom of the cylinder could interfere with the
introduction of the fuel supply via the conventional valve inlet at
the top of the cylinder. Additional complexity results from the
fact that the lubrication system is independent of the
crankcase.
Another approach, which is directed specifically to supplying air
to the exhaust system for afterburning and exhaust emission
control, is disclosed in Schrag U.S. Pat. No. 3,491,533. An air
blower drawing air from the air filter is driven by belt drive from
the crankshaft. The output of the air blower is then introduced
into the exhaust system. This approach does not provide engine
supercharging and involves a separate blower system. It results in
a lower loss in exchange for limited exhaust emission control.
Still other efforts are disclosed, for example, in the article
entitled "GM's New Supercharger" in the April 1970 edition of
"Science & Mechanics". It involves separate dual compressors
with intercoolers and aftercoolers, 3,000 psi trunk compartment
tanks, a third valve for each cylinder, and associated hardware and
controls. While only useful when accelerating for passing and
emergency situations, it illustrates the extreme complexities to
which designers will go to obtain problem free supercharging. Yet
it doesn't control emissions continuously or effectively.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore a general object of the present invention to
provide a combined supercharging and emission control system for
internal combustion engines which has the advantages of prior art
approaches without certain of the disadvantages thereof. It is
another general object to provide simplified supercharging for
reciprocating, non-radial internal combustion engines along with a
completely closed induction system and total emissions control.
It is another general object to cope with the problems of prior art
efforts to achieve supercharging and emissions control in a more
efficient and less costly manner. It is still another general
object to provide a system of supercharging and emissions control
for internal combustion engines which can be applied thereto
without radical engine redesign or the requisite addition of
auxiliary blowers or the like.
It is a specific object to provide a low cost supercharging system
relying upon crankcase compression wherein the supercharging
pressures do not fluctuate to the same extent as on similar prior
art engines. It is another object to provide a supercharged
internal combustion engine of simplified design wherein excess
supercharging air is employed for exhaust emission control. It is
still another specific object to provide a supercharged internal
combustion engine relying upon positive-displacement crankcase
compression wherein the pressurized air is employed for
supercharging, emissions control and pressurization of the fuel
system.
These and other objects of the present invention will become
apparent as the detailed description thereof proceeds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These objects are achieved in a particular embodiment by a
reciprocating internal combustion engine primarily comprising
conventional elements and, in addition, new or modified elements
which make possible the many advantages of the present invention
without major additional cost or complexity. The engine comprises a
cylinder with inlet and exhaust passages, a piston reciprocally
disposed within the cylinder, the piston having a conventional
piston rod secured thereto, the latter driving a crank assembly for
translating reciprocating movement of the piston into rotary
movement.
The crankcase of the engine is sealed relative to said cylinder in
the sense that displacement of the piston will increase or decrease
the pressure within said crankcase depending upon the direction of
movement. The crankcase has a one-way inlet valve disposed so that
external air from the engine air intake, which is preferably
filtered, is drawn into the crankcase upon a compression or exhaust
strokes of the piston (in the four-cycle embodiment). The sealed
crankcase is in fluid communication with an air reservoir and
separated therefrom by means of a second one-way valve whereby air
in the crankcase is forced into said reservoir upon a power or
induction stroke of the piston. The pressurized air in the
reservoir becomes the source of air for supercharging, for exhaust
emissions control and for pressurizing the fuel system.
In a particular embodiment, there is a lubricating oil reservoir in
fluid communication with the crankcase and the air reservoir. To
avoid any undesired entrainment of oil in the supercharging air, an
air-oil separator such as, for example, louvered baffle, wire mesh
screen, loose packed metal shavings or the like, or combinations
thereof, is employed. The separator should not unduly restrict
airflow but should trap entrained oil.
To control pressure in the system, a pressure regulator is provided
whereby air pressure is maintained at a preset or predetermined
maximum value, e.g., 10-20 psig, as the case may be. This is
readily accomplished by a simple waste gate or dump valve which
proportions the pressurized air going to the engine and to the
exhaust system. Whenever the pressure incipiently increases above
the predetermined value, additional air is vented via the exhaust
system where it aids in exhaust emissions control. Thus, for
example, the dumped air would provide oxygen for combustion of
unburned hydrocarbons, that is, afterburning, and would dilute the
exhaust gases and thereby drop the temperature thereof or at least
offset the temperature rise resulting from afterburning.
In addition to supercharging and emissions control, the pressurized
air from the positive displacement crankcase supercharger may be
employed for pressurizing the fuel system, resulting in a
completely enclosed induction system. As will become apparent from
the drawings, the pressurized fuel system eliminates the escape of
fuel vapors into the atmosphere, a significant contributing cause
to pollution. At the same time it eliminates the pressure
differential between the carburetor inlet and fuel tank.
Another benefit is, of course, the cooling of the crankcase which
inherently takes place and the diversion of crankcase emissions,
including those resulting from piston blow-by, back into the
combustion chamber or, in part, to the exhaust where the
supercharger bypass air completes the combustion thereof.
Accordingly, the supercharging of the engine is accomplished by a
completely enclosed induction system and total emissions
control.
The one-way valves employed in the practice of the present
invention may comprise conventional valve means, including poppet
valves, rotary valves, reed-type check valves, and equivalents. The
reed-type check valves are preferred. They are inexpensive, long
lasting and fully adequate for the purpose intended.
The present invention is adaptable for use in connection with
either single cylinder or multi-cylinder installations. It is
particularly advantageously employed with opposed cylinder engines
such as encountered with the well-known Volkswagon and Corvair
engines. It may also be used in connection with inline engines and,
less advantageously, in connection with V-type engines. Radial
engines do not, of course, lend themselves to supercharging by the
present invention, as those skilled in the art will recognize.
Manifestly, in multi-cylinder engines crankcase sealing between
adjacent cylinders is required and, in many cases, such sealing
does not require a major engine redesign. A typical embodiment may
have a crankcase compression ratio of about 3 to 1.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will be more clearly understood from the
following detailed description of specific embodiments, read in
conjunction with accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic elevation view in section showing the
present invention as applied to a four-cycle engine; and
FIG. 2 is a similar diagrammatic view in section showing the
present invention as applied to a two-cycle engine.
It should be understood that these drawings are diagrammatic and
graphic symbols are employed therein and that the drawings are not
necessarily to scale. While much mechanical detail has thus been
omitted, the simplified presentation is believed to be more
readable and readily understandable by those skilled in the art. It
should also be understood, of course, that the invention is not
limited to the particular embodiment illustrated.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS, INCLUDING PREFERRED
EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, the four-cycle internally supercharged
gasoline-fueled engine comprises cylinder 10 with spark plug (not
shown), fuel inlet valve 12 and exhaust outlet valve 14 with
corresponding fuel inlet passage 16 and exhaust outlet passage 18,
respectively. As piston 20 reciprocates, piston rod 22 rotates
crank 23, crank counterweight 24 and crankshaft 25 within crankcase
26.
As piston 20 travels upward on either the compression stroke or
exhaust stroke, air from air cleaner 28 is induced via air intake
30 and one-way truncated pyramid-shaped reed valve 32 into the
crankcase and lower portion of the cylinder. As piston 20 travels
downward on the power stroke or fuel induction stroke, the air in
the crankcase is compressed and forced via reed-type valve 34 and
air-oil separator screen 36 into air reservoir 38. It should be
recognized that air reservoir may be larger or smaller or
configured differently to suit particular situations and various
design parameters.
Lubricating oil reservoir 40 is separated from the pressurized air
reservoir 38 by means of air-oil separator screens 42. The air-oil
separators 36 and 42, which may of any efficient conventional
design, as aforementioned, are required to separate the lubricating
oil from the induction system.
Pressurized air from reservoir 38 communicates via duct or pipe 44
with carburetor inlet passage 46 and bypass passage 48 which in
turn communicates with exhaust passage 18 via reed-type check valve
50. The proportion of pressurized air diverted to carburetor inlet
passage 46 and by pass passage 48 is determined by the position of
waste gate or dump valve 52. Gate 52 is pivotally mounted at axis
54 and is moved by lever arm 56 which is in turn positioned by arm
58 of pressure regulator 60, which senses the pressure at the inlet
to carburetor 62 by means of probe 64.
Fuel tank 66 is pressurized by pressurized air which communicates
therewith via passageway 68. Fuel tank 66 is pressure-sealed by
means of reed-type valve 70. Fuel from the fuel tank enters
carburetor 62 via line 72.
To relieve all trapped pressure when the engine is not operating,
pressure regulator 60 is overridden by a solenoid (not separately
shown) at engine shutdown. This allows the pressurized air to enter
exhaust manifold 18 via bypass passage 48.
Referring to FIG. 2, the two-cycle supercharged engine of the
present invention comprises cylinder 100 having spark plug 102 and
intake port 104 and exhaust port 106. Piston 108 having deflectors
110 and 112 reciprocates within cylinder 100 whereby connecting rod
114 rotates crank 116 and thus crankshaft counterweight 118 and
crankshaft 120. Crankshaft 122 is sealed to cylinder 100 whereby,
as in the four-cycle engine of FIG. 1, air from engine intake 124
is induced into crankcase 122 via one-way reed-type valve 126 upon
the compression stroke of piston 108. Thus, when piston 108
descends during a power stroke, the entrapped air is compressed and
forced into air reservoir 128 via reed-type valve 130 and air-oil
separator screen 132.
Air reservoir 128 is separated from lubricating oil reservoir 134
by louvered baffle 136. Still further air-oil separation is
achieved by means of loosely packed metal shavings 138 which are
held in place by screens 140 and 142.
Pressurized air from supercharging and emissions control passes
from reservoir 128 via passageway 144. The proportions which pass
into carburetor inlet passageway 146 and bypass passageway 148 are
determined by the position of pressure control means 150, which in
this exemplar may be a diaphragm-actuated pressure control valve
with pressure sensing at the carburetor inlet (not shown).
A pressurized fuel system may be employed as in FIG. 1 wherein
pressurized fuel is introduced to pressurized carburetor 152 and
thence to inlet port 104. Bypassed air enters exhaust manifold 154
via bypass 148 for purposes of afterburning.
Lubricating oil is circulated from oil reservoir 134 to the engine
air intake 124 by means of engine-driven oil pump 156 and oil line
158. If an external supercharger were mounted on the engine air
intake, the engine-driven oil pump 156 could be eliminated, the oil
being adequately circulated by the resulting pressure
differentials.
From the above description it is apparent that the objects of the
present invention have been achieved. While only certain
embodiments have been set forth, alternative embodiments and
various modifications will be apparent from the above description
to those skilled in the art. These and other alternatives are
considered equivalents and within the spirit and scope of the
present invention.
* * * * *