U.S. patent number 3,670,193 [Application Number 05/037,433] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-13 for electric lamps producing energy in the visible and ultra-violet ranges.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Duro-Test Corporation. Invention is credited to Louis J. Parascandola, Luke Thorington.
United States Patent |
3,670,193 |
Thorington , et al. |
June 13, 1972 |
ELECTRIC LAMPS PRODUCING ENERGY IN THE VISIBLE AND ULTRA-VIOLET
RANGES
Abstract
Electric lamps having spectral radiation characteristics
approximating natural daylight with a controlled amount of energy
in the near and middle ultraviolet ranges which also produce light
of sufficient intensity and proper color to make them usable as
general illuminants.
Inventors: |
Thorington; Luke (Berkeley
Heights, NJ), Parascandola; Louis J. (North Bergen, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Duro-Test Corporation (North
Bergen, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
21894310 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/037,433 |
Filed: |
May 14, 1970 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
654148 |
Jul 18, 1967 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
313/487; 313/485;
313/112; 313/642 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09K
11/0838 (20130101); C09K 11/71 (20130101); C09K
11/68 (20130101); C09K 11/66 (20130101); H01J
61/44 (20130101); H01J 61/42 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
61/42 (20060101); H01J 61/38 (20060101); C09K
11/66 (20060101); C09K 11/67 (20060101); H01J
61/44 (20060101); C09K 11/70 (20060101); C09K
11/71 (20060101); C09K 11/08 (20060101); C09K
11/68 (20060101); H01j 061/44 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/108,109,112,227
;240/1.1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
fluorescent Lamps and Lighting, edited by W. Elenbaas, Philips
Technical Library Netherlands, 1962 Article by A. A. Kruithof pgs.
31-33, 42-44, 62-64 TK4386E47 .
Luckiesh, Artificial Sunlight, N.Y., D. Van Nostrand, 1930 pgs. 5-9
TH7703L7A.
|
Primary Examiner: Lake; Roy
Assistant Examiner: Demeo; Palmer C.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 654,148, filed July
18, 1967, and now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electric lamp for general illumination purposes operable from
a source of voltage comprising an envelope capable of transmitting
light in the visible, and middle and near ultraviolet ranges, a
pair of electrodes for connection to said voltage source and an
ionizable medium within said envelope, said electrodes and said
ionizable medium upon operation of the lamp producing an electrical
discharge, means cooperating with the radiant power of the
electrical discharge for producing radiation having a spectrum in
the visible light range with a C.I.E. color rendering index of at
least 80, radiation in the near ultraviolet range, and radiation in
the middle ultraviolet range, said visible and said ultraviolet
radiation produced being transmitted through said envelope in the
quantities of between about 6-50 microwatts of middle range
ultraviolet radiation and between about 150-700 microwatts of near
range ultraviolet radiation per lumen of visible light with the
radiant power ratio of near ultraviolet/middle ultraviolet
radiation being in the range from between about 8 to 40, said
ultraviolet radiation transmitted through said envelope being of a
total quantity substantially the same per lumen of visible light
transmitted through said envelope as found in natural daylight of
the same correlated color temperature.
2. An electric lamp as in claim 1 wherein said means cooperating
with the radiant power of the electrical discharge produces
respective quantities of radiation transmitted through said
envelope in each of said middle and near ultraviolet ranges per
lumen of visible light which are substantially the same as that
found in the corresponding ranges of natural daylight for the same
correlated color temperature.
3. An electric lamp as in claim 1 wherein said means cooperating
with the radiant power of the electrical discharge produces
ultraviolet radiation transmitted through said envelope in the
middle ultraviolet range which is of a quantity less than that
which would produce minimum perceptible erythema on an average
untanned caucasian skin during exposure for an eight-hour period at
a 100 foot candle level.
4. An electric lamp as in claim 1 wherein said envelope is of a
material which substantially blocks the transmission of radiation
below 290 nanometers.
5. A fluorescent lamp for general illumination purposes operable
from a source of voltage comprising an ultraviolet and visible
light transmitting envelope, a pair of electrodes for connection to
said voltage source, an inert gas and an ionizable medium within
said envelope for producing an electrical discharge upon operation
of the lamp, means including a blend of phosphors internally coated
on said envelope for producing upon operation of the lamp and in
cooperation with the radiant power of the electrical discharge
radiation which is transmitted through said envelope including
visible light having a C.I.E. color rendering index of at least 80,
and an ultraviolet emission of radiation in both the near and the
middle ultraviolet ranges which is transmitted through said
envelope in the quantities of between about 6-50 microwatts of
middle range ultraviolet radiation and between about 150-700
microwatts of near range ultraviolet radiation per lumen of visible
light with the radiant power ratio of near ultraviolet/middle
ultraviolet radiation being in the range from between about 8 to 40
and the quantity of total ultraviolet radiation being substantially
the same per lumen of visible light transmitted through the
envelope as found in natural daylight of the same correlated color
temperature.
6. A fluorescent lamp as in claim 5 wherein said means including
the blend of phosphors which cooperates with the electrical
discharge produces respective quantities of radiation transmitted
through said envelope in each of said middle and near ultraviolet
ranges which are substantially the same as that found in the
corresponding ranges of natural daylight for the same correlated
color temperature.
7. A fluorescent lamp as set forth in claim 5 wherein the envelope
is of a material which limits the transmittance of the short
wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation produced substantially to
above 290 nanometers.
8. A fluorescent lamp as set forth in claim 5 wherein the phosphor
blend comprises at least the following phosphors:
Strontium Calcium Orthophosphate:Tin
Magnesium Tungstate
Barium Silicate:Lead
Zinc Silicate:Manganese.
9. A fluorescent lamp as set forth in claim 8 wherein the phosphor
blend comprises at least the following phosphors at substantially
the weight percentages of the total blend indicated:
to produce a lamp having a color rendering index of visible light
of about 91 at about 5500.degree. K color temperature.
10. A fluorescent lamp as set forth in claim 5 wherein the phosphor
blend comprises at least the following phosphors:
Strontium Calcium Orthophosphate:Tin
Magnesium Tungstate
Calcium Tungstate
Magnesium Fluorogermanate
Yttrium Vanadate:Europium
Barium Silicate:Lead
Calcium Zinc Phosphate:Thallium
11. A fluorescent lamp as set forth in claim 8 wherein the phosphor
blend comprises at least the following phosphors at substantially
the weight percentages of the total blend indicated:
to produce a lamp having a color rendering index of visible light
of about 96 at about 7500.degree. K color temperature.
12. A fluorescent lamp as in claim 5 wherein the visible light
produced has a color temperature of between about 5000.degree. K
and about 8000.degree. K.
13. A fluorescent lamp as in claim 5 wherein said means including
said blend of phosphors for cooperating with said electrical
discharge produces light in the visible range with a ratio of the
yellow to red components thereof being substantially less than 10:1
at about 5500.degree. K color temperature.
14. A fluorescent lamp as in claim 5 wherein said means including
said blend of phosphors for cooperating with said electrical
discharge produces light in the visible range with a ratio of the
yellow to red components thereof being substantially less than 7:1
at about 7500.degree. K color temperature.
15. The fluorescent lamp as in claim 5 wherein said means including
said blend of phosphors which cooperates with the electrical
discharge produces substantially no infra-red radiation.
16. A fluorescent lamp as in claim 5 wherein the phosphor blend is
substantially uniformly distributed on the internal surface of the
envelope.
17. A fluorescent lamp as in claim 5 wherein said means including
said blend of phosphors which cooperates with the electrical
discharge produces light having a C.I.E. color rendering index of
at least 85.
Description
As is known, existing illuminants for general use have very
distorted spectra in the visible as well as the ultraviolet
wavelength ranges when compared to natural daylight. This is shown
in Table I below which lists values of color, color rendering index
(CRI), color temperature, and ultraviolet output per lumen for
typical sources heretofore available. ##SPC1##
In Table I, the following definitions apply to the column
headings:
x and y are the coordinates on the standard chromaticity diagram of
the ICI (International Commission on Illumination) also known as
the CIE (Commissione International De Clairrage)
Cri is the so-called color rendering index adopted by the CIE which
measures the color properties of a source related to the
corresponding color temperature of a black body radiator or natural
daylight. Generally, the number 100 represents the reference
illuminant (black body or daylight), so the closer the CRI to 100,
the more accurate a match to the reference illuminant the light
source has. This is described in "Interim - Method of Measuring and
Specifying Color Rendering of Light Sources", Illuminating
Engineering, Vol. LVII, No. 7, p. 471 (July 1962)
Color Temperature -- The temperature at which light from a complete
radiator (black body) matches in chromaticity the light from a
given source
Middle UV -- the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum of natural
daylight in the range of 290-320 nm. (nanometers)
Near UV -- the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum of natural
daylight in the range of 320-380 nm.
Uv microwatts/lumen -- the amount of ultraviolet energy present per
lumen of light output of the source. The values on the Table in
parenthesis () are estimated and are extrapolations from the
standard, black body, temperature curve locus.
The values listed in Table I are for typical lamps which are
commercially available. While there may be some variance in the
values given, due to manufacturing and material differences, the
listed values are believed to be typically representative of the
various types of sources.
As seen from Table I, none of the general types of prior art
illuminants listed match natural light in all of its
characteristics. For example, the so-called "daylight" fluorescent
lamp, which is the only source specifically designed by the
lighting industry to match natural daylight, matches it only with
respect to color temperature, that is, there is a phase of daylight
having a color temperature of the daylight lamp; though only rarely
the same chromaticity. The color rendering index for the "daylight"
fluorescent is only 75 vs. 100 for natural light and the energy it
produces in the near-ultraviolet image is only 37 microwatts/lumen
or only about 1/10 that present in natural light. The other sources
listed are of a low color temperature, have a poor color rendering
index, or have excessively low or high ultraviolet energy content,
as compared to natural light.
The present invention is directed to electric lamps which have
controlled amounts of ultraviolet energy output in the near and
middle ultraviolet energy range and which produce an amount of
light output at an acceptable color to be useful as a general
illuminant. In accordance with the invention, several types of
lamps are described in which the amount of ultraviolet energy in
the middle and near ultraviolet ranges is controlled to approximate
that of natural daylight. These lamps also have spectral radiation
characteristics which produce light having a color closely
approximating that of daylight and a relatively high color
rendering index.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a light
source having the characteristics required in a good illuminant and
at the same time having a controlled output of middle (290-320 nm.)
and near (320-380 nm.) ultraviolet radiation.
Another object of this invention is to provide a general illuminant
having a color rendering index over 50 in which there is
simultaneously present both middle range ultraviolet (290-320 nm.)
and near ultraviolet (320-380 nm.) in a radiant power ratio of
near-UV/middle-UV of between 8 and 40.
Another object is to provide a light source of high color rendering
index which also emits ultraviolet light in substantially the same
proportion per lumen as natural light for the purpose of showing
fluorescent objects and colors as they would appear under outdoor
light.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a general
illuminant which is also a plant growth lamp and which emits
ultraviolet radiation in the 290-320 nm. (middle-UV) range of 6-50
microwatts per lumen of visible light emitted and in the 320-380
nm. (near-UV) range of 150-700 microwatts per lumen of visible
light emitted and in which the ratio of near-UV/middle-UV lies
between 8 and 40.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become
more apparent upon consideration of the following specification and
annexed drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of a
fluorescent lamp made in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the transmittance characteristics of one
type of glass useful in making the lamp of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are graphs comparing lamps of the present invention
with prior art fluorescent lamps; and
FIG. 5 is a view, partially broken away, of a mercury vapor lamp
made in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 1 shows a typical fluorescent lamp constructed in accordance
with the present invention which produces an output which closely
matches the characteristics of natural daylight in the visible and
UV regions. As shown, the lamp 1 is of conventional construction
and includes an elongated tubular glass envelope 2 which is sealed
at each end, usually by a glass stem 3. A pair of lead-in wires 4,
5, are mounted in and extend through the stems 3, each supporting a
filament 6 which may be typically of tungsten. The filaments 6 can
be of the double or triple coiled types, or coiled-coil, and they
have the usual electron-emissive coating of an alkaline earth
oxide. A small amount of zirconium dioxide also may be used in the
filaments, as is conventional in the art.
The envelope 2 contains a fill of inert gas such as argon at low
pressure, for example, about 2 mm. of mercury. A small quantity of
an ionizable material such as mercury is also utilized so that the
lamp can be operated at a mercury vapor pressure of between about 2
and 10 microns, for example. A base 7, from which contact prongs 8
and 9 extend is cemented to each end of the envelope. The contact
prongs of each base are connected to the lead wires 4 and 5 and the
prongs on the two bases, in turn, are adapted to be inserted into
the sockets of a fluorescent lamp fixture. All of the features of
the lamp heretofore described are conventional and can be varied in
a manner well known to those skilled in the art.
To produce the desired spectral characteristics, the fluorescent
lamp 1 of the preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes an
envelope 2 having a transmittance characteristic suitable to pass a
substantial portion of any ultraviolet energy produced having a
wavelength above about 290 nm. The transmittance characteristic of
one suitable type of glass, which is commercially available from
Corning Glass Works of Corning, New York as Code 0080 glass, is
shown in FIG. 2. Corning Glass 9821 also may be utilized. As seen,
the transmittance increases from zero at about 270 nm. to about 50
percent at 300 nm. and then to substantially the maximum value of
90 percent at about 345 nm. The main requirements of any glass
utilized are that it can pass energy above 290 nm. and block any
substantial UV energy below the range, which might be harmful.
The inside of the envelope 2 is coated with a phosphor material 10
which produces the light in response to the resonance radiation of
the ionized mercury.
Table II below, lists two typical phosphor mixes which can be
utilized with the lamps of the subject invention to produce desired
spectral radiation characteristics:
TABLE II
Phosphor Composition Used For Fluorescent Lamps
Mix A Mix B Weight % Phosphor 7500.degree.K 96 CRI 5500.degree.K 91
CRI
__________________________________________________________________________
Strontium Calcium Orthophosphate:Tin 44.7 68.3 Magnesium Tungstate
20.8 22.2 Calcium Tungstate 13.7 Magnesium Fluorogermanate 6.8
Yttrium Vanadate:Europium 3.3 Barium Silicate:Lead 9.0 5.0 Calcium
Zinc Phosphate:Thallium 2.0 Zinc Silicate:Manganese 4.5
__________________________________________________________________________
As indicated in Table II, phosphor Mix A operating in conjunction
with the glass envelope of transmittance shown in FIG. 1, produces
a lamp having a color temperature of 7500.degree. K and a color
rendering index of 96. The spectral distribution of this lamp is
shown in FIG. 3 (dotted line 20) compared with natural daylight
(Judd reconstituted) at the same color temperature (solid line 22).
Wavelength is plotted along the x axis and energy in terms of
average microwatts per 10 nm. per lumen along the y axis. The 10
nm. designation refers to the width of the spectrum of energy
measured at a given time and integrated. The integrated areas are
depicted in block form for the sake of clarity rather than in the
more conventional continuous curve form. As seen, the lamp of the
subject invention produces a close match to daylight at the same
color temperature. It also has a CRI of 96, which is close to that
of natural daylight.
Phosphor Mix B, used with the envelope material whose transmittance
characteristics are depicted in FIG. 2, produces a lamp having a
color temperature of 5500.degree. K and a color rendering index of
91. The spectral characteristics of this lamp are shown in FIG. 4
(solid line 30) as compared to a standard "cool white" lamp (dotted
line 32). It should be noted that the lamp of the invention has
considerably more energy output in the near UV, violet, blue, green
and red ranges and less in the yellow range.
Table III below is a comparison of the spectral characteristics of
the lamps produced by phosphor Mixes A and B and the glass with
transmittance characteristics of FIG. 2, natural daylight at the
same color temperatures and a so-called "cool white" fluorescent
lamp.
TABLE III
Microwatts per Lumen
Wavelength 5500.degree.K 5500.degree.K cool 7500.degree.K
7500.degree.K Region 91 CRI natural white 96 natural light CRI
light
__________________________________________________________________________
Middle-UV (280-320 nm.) 20 10.7 26 26 28 Near-UV (320-380 nm.) 254
255 30 530 535 Violet (380-450 nm.) 543 567 363 610 898 Blue
(450-500 nm.) 835 882 554 1144 1128 Green (500-570 nm.) 1077 937
735 1014 993 Yellow (570-590 nm.) 787 704 1070 658 682 Orange
(590-610 nm.) 735 743 760 681 671 Red (longer than 610 nm.) 620 824
246 605 681
__________________________________________________________________________
The data for Table III and FIGS. 3 and 4 was computed in the manner
described below. A relative spectral power distribution normalized
to equal lumens for each light source was plotted on graph paper
for each of the light sources. Mercury lines were computed for a 10
nanometer bandwidth and plotted separately. The power distribution
curves were separated into the respective bands by drawing vertical
lines from the wavelength axis to the continuum thus giving an
enclosed area for each band under the curve. The total area under
the entire curve and the areas of each separate band where then
measured using a compensating polar planimeter. The areas for each
band were then divided by the spectral bandwidth in tens of
nanometers giving an average height for each band. The absolute
value in microwatts per lumen per 10 nanometers for the near-uv
band was then determined as follows:
where:
J.lambda. = average radiant flux in microwatts per lumen per 10
nm.
A.sub.uv = area of near-uv band
A.sub.s = total area under spectrum
685 lumens/watt = electrical equivalent of light at 555 nm.
L = luminosity factor = .SIGMA. J.lambda.y/.SIGMA. J.lambda.
j.lambda. = relative spectral power at wavelength .lambda..
Y = CIE 1931 Standard Observer Function.
Values of microwatts per lumen per 10 nm. for the remaining bands
were then computed using the ratio J.lambda..sub.uv /A.sub.uv as a
constant to convert the area measurements into the absolute
values.
As seen in Table III the 7500.degree. K, 96 CRI lamp provides a
relatively good match of the spectral radiation characteristics of
natural daylight at the same color temperature. The same holds true
for the 5500.degree. K, 91 CRI lamp.
Both the aforesaid lamps of the present invention also are suitable
as general illuminants. For example, both of these lamps
constructed in a 40 watt size produce approximately 2100-2300
lumens of light output as measured in a conventional manner. This
compares quite favorably with the more conventional fluorescent
lamps whose light output, for the same size lamp, is approximately
the same for so-called "deluxe" fluorescent lamps.
It should be understood that the phosphor Mixes A and B referred to
above are only typical of a number of phosphor mixes which can be
utilized. In the Mixes A and B, Barium Silicate:Lead produces
energy in the near-UV range and Calcium Zinc Phosphate: Thalium in
the middle UV range. In general, the necessary quantities of these
two phosphors are selected to produce the desired UV radiation
output and then the other phosphors blended to produce the proper
color and CRI. It should be understood that, in general, the
proportions of the phosphor mixes of the type described above using
the same constituents will vary due to changes in the relative
efficiencies of the different phosphors.
The principles of the present invention are not limited to low
pressure fluorescent lamp types and other types of lamps can be
produced having a controlled amount of ultraviolet energy and still
be useful for general illuminant purposes. For example, by using a
subtractive filter to selectively reduce the ultraviolet radiation
from a high pressure mercury lamp (e.g., type H33-1CD as specified
by the American Standards Institute) the ultraviolet output per
lumen may be brought within the ranges found in natural light. This
can be achieved in one embodiment of this invention by adjusting
the coating thickness of an ultraviolet absorber such as manganese
activated magnesium fluorogermanate phosphor so as to transmit only
about 15 percent of the middle- and only about 30 percent of the
near-UV radiation. Heretofore this phosphor has been utilized (see
U.S. Pat. No. 2,748,303) for color improvement of this lamp type in
which case it is important that all ultraviolet be absorbed in
order to have the highest conversion of this radiation into red
luminescence. This contrasts with the present invention where it is
important to allow a controlled amount of the middle- and near-UV
to be radiated by the lamp so as to more closely match natural
light. By proper adjustment of this coating, it has thus been found
possible to achieve ultraviolet emission levels in this type lamp
of about 16 microwatts and 280 microwatts per lumen respectively
for the middle- and near-UV regions per lumen of visible light
emitted. This brings the lamp quite close to the UV ratios found in
natural light although the spectral distribution in the visible
range is not quite as good as that produced with the fluorescent
lamps described previously. The lumen output of such mercury vapor
lamps modified as described above is about 50 lumens per watt.
FIG. 5 shows a mercury vapor lamp constructed in accordance with
the present invention. Here, the otherwise conventional lamp has an
envelope 40 with a screw type base 42 in which is mounted an arc
tube 44 on a support 47. Lead wires 46 and 48 connect the
electrodes 50 and 52 of the arc tube to the electrical contacts of
the base. The arc tube contains a quantity of mercury which is
ionized to produce the light. The interior wall of envelope 40 is
coated with the UV absorbing phosphor 49 compound previously
described. It should be understood that the thickness of the
phosphor coating depends upon the phosphor particle size. Thus,
finer phosphor particles can be more densely packed and a thinner
coating used to produce the desired amount of absorption, than if
larger size phosphor particles are utilized.
Lamps such as high pressure sodium and metal-halide-mercury sources
also are correctable by means of either UV emitting phosphors on
the outer envelopes and/or additions of other vapor species to the
arc itself so as to radiate proportions of ultraviolet energy in
the ranges required to simulate what is found in natural light.
While such lamps with controlled UV/visible ratios of radiated
energy are within the scope of the present invention, they do not
represent the best illuminants by reason of their inferior color
rendering indexes and discontinuous spectra.
As indicated above, the lamps of the subject invention produce
ultraviolet energy in the middle and near ultraviolet ranges in
quantities per lumen comparable to natural daylight while at the
same time producing sufficient light output at an acceptable color
to serve as a general purpose illuminant, e.g., as a light source
where prior art fluorescent lamps are utilized such as in
factories, schools, homes, offices, etc.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, the
glass transmittance characteristics, such as types of glass
compositions and thickness and/or the phosphor mixes, and other
factors, are selected to produce a lamp: having a CRI of about 50
or greater; an output of middle UV energy in the range of 6-50
microwatts per lumen of visible light emitted; an output of near UV
energy in the range of 150-700 microwatts per lumen of visible
light emitted; and in which the ratio of near UV/middle UV energy
emitted is in the range between about 8 to 40.
The ranges of operation of the various output parameters specified
above are selected for the following reasons. First, a CRI of at
least 50 is preferable, for a lamp used as a general illuminant
since CRIs below this value have very poor color rendering and
therefore are poor from the standpoint of perception. Outputs of
6-50 microwatts of middle range UV and 150-700 microwatts of near
range UV energy per lumen of visible light emitted by the lamp and
maintenance of the ratio of near UV/middle UV in the range of from
about 8 to 40 is also desired. The reason for this is that this
range of energy outputs and ratios approximates the range of the
standard color temperature of natural daylight from about
5000.degree. K to about 8000.degree. K which is suitable for
illumination purposes. Too far a departure from these temperatures
would bring a lamp in the range to where its light output would
have a color unsuitable for general illumination purposes. As
should be apparent the color temperature of natural daylight varies
due to various external factors, including the seasons of the year,
and therefore it is impossible to fix upon any one color
temperature.
It is also desirable to limit the UV energy output to the ranges
specified above in order to prevent undue erythema (burning or
reddening of the skin) upon exposure to the lamp. It is preferred
that a person exposed to the lamp over a given period of time, say
an eight hour day, receive less than one MPE (minimum perceptible
erythema), which is the quantity of UV energy needed to produce
just noticeable reddening of the average untanned skin of a
caucasian human. Using the 5500.degree. K, 91 CRI fluorescent lamp
described above, a person exposed to a 100 footcandle level from
this lamp (the average level found in an office) over an eight hour
day would receive approximately one-third of an MPE.
To produce a lamp such as shown in FIG. 1 is a relatively simple
matter. Starting with a glass which can transmit UV energy above
280 nm. the phosphors emitting UV energy, such as in Mixes A and B
above, are first chosen in the quantity desired to produce the
needed amount of UV energy. Then the color emitting phosphors are
selected to produce the desired CRI. Adjustments of both can then
be made, if needed, to achieve both the desired quantity of UV
energy and proper CRI.
In the past certain special lamps have been developed for producing
certain types of energy for the purpose of of promoting specific
biological effects. For example, the fluorescent lamp described in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,287,586 is said to have been developed to improve
the growth of specific plants such as green beans and tomatoes. The
color (x = 0.392, y = 0.331) of this lamp departs considerably from
acceptable white sources so that the CIE Color Rendering Index is
very low or cannot logically be applied at all. Also, the lumen
output of visible light of a lamp of this type is quite low as
compared to conventional fluorescent lamp sources used for general
illumination purposes.
Similarly, fluorescent lamps have been developed for the specific
purpose of producing ultraviolet for sun tanning purposes. However,
these fluorescent lamps have no utility as general illuminants
whatsoever.sup.1. Other lamp types, such as the "RS Sunlamp", have
been designed as sources of ultraviolet energy. These "sunlamps"
are advertised as having health benefits in synthesizing Vitamin D
and aiding the growth of strong healthy bones and teeth. While
these "sunlamps" do have visible radiation, their color temperature
(see Table I) is so far from the black body locus as to prohibit
assignment of a meaningful color rendering index. Further, their
luminous efficacy (in the order of 9 lumens/watt) is so low as to
render them very poor choices as general illuminants. They also
could not be used for general illumination purposes even if it were
desired to do so because of the inherent danger to people of the
high ultraviolet intensities which accompany the visible light. For
example, to achieve an illumination level of 50 foot-candles with
such a source, a person receiving this amount of light would be
exposed to about 30 microwatts/cm.sup.2 of middle ultraviolet
energy in the range between 290 and 320 nanometers which produces
erythema. The maximum intensity tolerated by the American Medical
Association at face level for an 8-hour day is 0.5
microwatts/cm.sup.2..sup.2 This maximum intensity level was
actually specified for bactericidal UV (253.7 nanometers) but was
based on experience with wave-lengths in the 280-320 nm.
range..sup.3
In addition to serving as a general illuminant, it is believed that
the lamps of the present invention have advantageous
photobiological effects. For example, particularly good results
have been obtained with fluorescent lamps of the first example
(5500.degree. K and CRI of 91) in plant growth and seed
germination. The flower varieties of ageratum begonia, impatiens,
Iobelia, petunia, salvia, verbena, and vinca rosea were found to
germinate and grow particularly well. Seeds of these varieties
started two weeks after the normal sowing date, caught up to the
stage at which the same species were a year earlier at the same
time under energy from the lamps of U.S. Pat. No. 3,287,586. Early
germination and rapid early growth were also found for kidney beans
and dwarf marigolds under the fluorescent lamps of 5500.degree. K
and CRI of 91 of the present invention, and after 66 days, healthy
mature fruited and blossomed plants were obtained.
Considerable research work is presently being done on other aspects
of the photobiological effect of light. The lamps of the present
invention also produce energy in ranges where it has been shown
that other advantageous photobiological effects are produced. To
demonstrate these possibilities, the charts of FIGS. 3 and 4, which
show the spectral output of typical lamps of the present invention,
have been divided spectrally into known photobiologically active
regions from the shorter wavelength (middle) ultraviolet, to the
longer wavelength radiations between 625 and 700 nm. Radiation from
natural daylight in the former, shorter wavelength region has been
shown to form Vitamin D in the body. Energy from natural daylight
in the latter, longer wavelength region, which evokes the sensation
of red light in the human eye, has been shown to have pronounced
photoblastic effects upon seeds. Such photobiological effects
related to the various bands are shown in Table IV together with
pertinent literature references.
Since the different wavelengths of light found in natural daylight
and considered in the literature references of Table IV are present
in the lamps of the subject invention, it is believed that a number
of the same beneficial effects of natural daylight can be obtained
with these lamps. For example, it is believed that the lamp of
7500.degree. K color temperature and CRI of 96 has bactericidal
effectiveness in a manner comparable to that of natural light. As
described in one literature reference, 10, natural daylight
provides a lethal environment for such organisms as streptococci
even at ##SPC2## levels as low as 40-50 footcandles. This reference
describes that inactivation of certain bacteria (E. coli) by
sunlight is even more effective than ultraviolet alone (253.7 nm.)
in that the sunlight inactivated cells are least susceptible to
reactivation processes. Since the 7500.degree. K, CRI 96 lamp
spectral distribution closely matches that of natural light, it
should have a similar effectiveness. Thus, it would be a good
illuminant for use in general hospital illumination.
All of the above described lamps of this invention (both
fluorescent and vapor types) will supply ultraviolet energy at
reasonable footcandle levels which has shown in the literature to
be sufficient to cure and/or prevent rickets in humans and growing
chicks..sup.7
In recent years considerable research work has been done which
leads to the conclusion that natural light is the most important
environmental factor controlling and molding life on earth..sup.19
This has been universally understood for a long time in the case of
plant life where light directly powers the remarkable process of
photosynthesis. Here carbon dioxide and water are converted into
the basic building blocks of all life. As might be expected, the
intensity, periodicity, and spectral composition of light used for
growing plants can have drastic effects upon them. However direct
effects of light upon mankind and animal life have not been so
obvious. Only now is the complexity of the interrelations between
light and these forms of life beginning to unfold.
Research conducted at the National Institutes of Health in the last
several years has revealed that a small gland near the center of
the brain responds to light entering the eye. This response is
independent of and apart from the normal visual process. Under
stimulation of light entering the eye, this gland, called the
pineal gland, controls the synthesis and release of chemical
substances (hormones, enzymes) into the bloodstream to be carried
to any one of several target sites in the neuroendocrine system
including the brain, the pituitary, and the gonads..sup.16 Earlier
work had already indicated retinal stimulation of the
hypothalamus-pituitary system which regulates vital autonomic
function of the body. Before this discovery, there had been
numerous observations of biological effects of light and its
spectral composition on people and animals although the exact
processes were not understood. These go back over 40 years when it
was discovered.sup.20 that slate-colored junco could be made to
migrate north in the fall by simply varying the light-dark cycle to
which they were exposed before release.
Subsequent reports of photobiological effects have ranged from
those involving regulation of the water, carbohydrate, blood, and
hormone (including insulin and ACTH).sup.17, 21, 22 balance in
humans to those involving grotesque effects upon animals of
spectrally distorted light sources. The latter include such effects
as abnormal gonadal development.sup.17 and cancer.sup.23, 24.
Studies of blind people as compared with seeing people have shown
remarkable differences in age of sexual maturity.sup.25 and in the
size of the pituitary gland..sup.17
Light also has direct beneficial effects upon the human body when
absorbed through the skin. These are well known effects such as the
formation in the body of vitamins by ultraviolet and improved lime,
phosphorus, and carbohydrate metabolism..sup.4 Then there is the
greatly sought after cosmetic effect of skin tanning long
associated with a healthy condition of the body. These are
extremely complex reactions affected drastically by the balance of
ultraviolet between the shorter wavelengths (middle UV) and the
longer wavelengths (near UV and visible). For example the short
wavelengths alone can cause a burning (erythema) of the skin while
the longer wavelengths alone cause a direct pigment darkening
without burning..sup.5 Only with simultaneous exposure to both
types of light in proper balance does one get the natural skin
responses. Remarkably it has been found only recently that the oral
administration of Vitamin D could not replace the effects of
ultraviolet absorbed by the skin in forming the same
vitamin..sup.6
Effects of light on bacteria are also complex. Shorter wavelengths
of ultraviolet alone inactivate them while longer wavelengths seem
to repair the damage to certain types. Simultaneous irradiation
with all wavelengths as present in sunlight therefore has a very
complex effect..sup.11 Viruses alone on the other hand show no
repair effects under longer wavelengths -- they are inactivated by
ultraviolet alone or in combination with longer wavelengths.sup.8
unless they are incorporated within a host cell showing
photo-repair characteristics. Recent studies on full spectrum
natural sunlight have demonstrated its effectiveness against both
viruses and bacteria..sup.9, 10
The action spectra for bacterial inactivation and erythemal
effectiveness have been determined of necessity by isolating the
various UV wavelengths and measuring their biological
effectiveness. They are not realistic for sources in which longer
wavelengths of ultraviolet-and visible-radiation are simultaneously
present. There results a more complex interplay of biological
effects in full spectrum radiation such as found in natural light
than is observed for monochromatic or narrow band sources. Such
phenomena extend to the visual process which itself is
photo-biological in nature. For example, it has recently been
reported that the visual pigment rhodopsin- known to photodecompose
upon absorption of light giving rise to rod stimulation is actually
photoregenerated by the action of near-UV and violet wavelengths
upon the intermediates formed during the bleaching process..sup.15
This has its analogue in the plant world where photoblastism, that
is, the influence of light upon seed germination shows remarkable
reversible effects. Germination of certain seeds is inhibited by
one wavelength (730 nm.) and stimulated by another (660 nm.).
Simultaneous irradiation by both wavelengths with white light gives
results dependent upon which wavelength is preponderant. Such
complex photobiological effects are closely attuned to natural
light. Another researcher.sup.26 has concluded that "I have no
doubt that adaptation to sunlight is one of the principal
circumstances that govern the action spectra of photo-biological
processes."
It has also been recently discovered that small quantities of
ultraviolet light bring about profound changes in living cells.
Thus, while ultraviolet may bring about in living skin the
formation of a small amount of melanin according to reactions such
as have been demonstrated in vitro, the skin might be pretty
thoroughly burned before the quantity reaches the proportion of
suntan. On the other hand, a very small amount of ultraviolet
radiation might, by eliciting changes in the cell, lead to the
ultimate production of a good deal of melanin..sup.27 Melanin is
the pigment responsible for skin darkening. The foregoing relates
to actual synthesis of melanin in the malphigian layer of the skin
due to middle-UV exposure. Near-UV as mentioned earlier has the
property of eliciting direct pigment darkening due presumably to
oxidation of existing melanin in the outer layers of skin.
As on other important aspect of photobiological effects, it should
be considered that up to now, scientists thought the body's
biological clock mechanisms operate independently of external
influences. Now the discovery of the pineal's direct neural
connection with the eyes and the influence of light on synthesis of
hormones exposes the error of the theory..sup.28
It is also known that quantities of UV energy have been
successfully used to promote the general health of humans and
animals.
As can be reasonably concluded from the above, it is believed that
the lamps of the present invention, whose spectral radiation
characteristics closely match natural daylight, could have
significant utility in producing various beneficial
photo-biological effects. This is so because the lamps produce a
full spectrum of energy containing energy in the specific range, or
ranges, which have been shown in the literature to produce some
photobiological activity. The plant growth tests already conducted
with the lamps of the present invention, have already substantiated
a portion of this conclusion.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described
above, it will be understood that these are illustrative only, and
the invention is limited solely by the appended claims.
APPENDIX
1. wollentin, et al, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 97(1),
p. 29 (1950).
2. Jo. of American Medical Assoc. 137, 1600-1603.
3. Radiation Biology, Vol. II, p. 53, McGraw-Hill (1955) Ed. by
Alexander Hollaender.
4. IES Lighting Handbook, fourth Edition, p. 25-14 (1966).
4a. ibid p. 25-12.
5. Blum, H. F., ref. No. 23, p. 487.
6. Seidl, E., "Influence of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Healthy
Adult", Max-Planck-Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie (paper presented
at Conference on Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation held at
Temple University Sciences Center, Aug. 1966).
7. Luckiesh, Matthew, "Applications of Germicidal Erythemal, and
Infrared Energy," Van Nostrand (1946) p. 135-136.
8. Luria, S. E., ibid, p. 333.
9. Harm, Walter, Radiation Research Supplement 6, p. 215 Academic
Press (1966).
10. Buchbinder, L. et al, J. Bacteriology, Vol. 42, 1941, p.
353-366.
10a. IES Handbook, fourth Edition, FIG. 25-23.
11. dulbecco, Renato, ref. No. 23, p. 455.
11a. Rupert, Claud S., Photophysiology, p. 283, Academic Press
(1964) Ed. by A. C. Giese.
12. Rushton, W. A. H., ref. 13a., p. 126
13. Clare, N. T., Radiation Biology Vol. III, p. 693, McGraw-Hill
(1956).
14. Blum, H. F., Photo-Dynamic Action & Diseases caused by
Light, Hafner Pub. Co. (1964).
15. Pak, W. L. and Boes, R J., Science, Vol. 155(3766), p. 1131
(1967)
16. Wurtman, R. J. and Axelrod, J., Scientific American 213(1),
July 1965.
17. Hollwich, F., Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences 117,
p. 105-127.
18. Benoit, J., ref. 17, p. 204.
19. Evenari, M., Recent Progress in Photobiology, p. 161, Blackwell
Scientific Publications (1965).
20. Rowan, William, Nature 155:p. 494-495 (1925).
21. Jones, E., Deut. Arch. Klin. Med. 175:244 (1933).
22. Radnot, M. and Wallner, E., ibid p. 244-253.
23. Blum, H. F., Radiation Biology Vol. II, p. 529, McGraw-Hill
Book Co. (1955).
24. Ott, John N., Illuminating Engineering, Vol. LX, p. 254
(1965).
25. Wurtman, R. J. and Zacharias, L., Science Vol. 144(3622), p.
1154.
26. Wald, George, Ref. No. 1, p. 336.
27. Harold F. Blum, ref. 23, p. 507.
28. Chemical & Engineering News, May 1, 1967, page 40.
* * * * *