U.S. patent number 3,670,164 [Application Number 05/064,713] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-13 for personnel plutonium monitor.
Invention is credited to Richard W. Hardy, Robert B. Knowlen, William C. Plake, Cecil W. Sandifer.
United States Patent |
3,670,164 |
Hardy , et al. |
June 13, 1972 |
PERSONNEL PLUTONIUM MONITOR
Abstract
A system for monitoring a zone for the presence of a source of
plutonium in which the updated background level of gamma rays is
compared with the readings obtained when a possible carrier of a
gamma ray source enters the zone. Counting is initiated, and an
alarm is sounded when the counting after a predetermined period of
time accumulates to a value in excess of the background total plus
a significant statistical deviation as a factor of the background
total.
Inventors: |
Hardy; Richard W. (Santa
Barbara, CA), Knowlen; Robert B. (Goleta, CA), Sandifer;
Cecil W. (Santa Barbara, CA), Plake; William C. (Santa
Barbara, CA) |
Assignee: |
|
Family
ID: |
22057799 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/064,713 |
Filed: |
August 18, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
250/366 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01T
7/12 (20130101); G01T 1/178 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01T
1/00 (20060101); G01T 1/178 (20060101); G01T
7/12 (20060101); G01T 7/00 (20060101); G01t
001/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/71.5R,83.3R,83.6R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
3344277 |
September 1967 |
Smith et al. |
|
Primary Examiner: Lawrence; James W.
Assistant Examiner: Willis; Davis L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A gamma ray source detection system for use in a monitoring zone
comprising:
a. means for measuring and maintaining continuously the updated
background count rate of gamma rays in said monitoring zone;
b. means responsive to the movement of a possible source of gamma
rays into said monitoring zone for holding the then background
count rate;
c. means for producing a first signal corresponding to the sum of
the held background count rate and a preselected factor of said
held background count rate;
d. means for taking a second signal of polarity opposite to that of
said first signal from said measuring means corresponding to the
count rate of gamma rays in said zone;
e. means also responsive to the aforesaid movement for cumulatively
counting the sum of said first and second signals; and
f. means responsive to the movement of said possible source of
gamma rays out of said monitoring zone for indicating that said
possible source is an actual gamma source when said cumulatively
counting means produces an output corresponding to the same
polarity as said second signal.
2. The detection system of claim 1 in which said indicating means
delivers an alarm signal warning of the presence of a gamma source
when said source leaves said zone.
3. The detection system of claim 1 in which the preselected factor
is a multiple of the square root of said held background count
rate.
4. The detection system of claim 3 in which the means responsive to
the movement of a possible source of gamma rays includes a switch
initiated by said movement, the release of said switch when said
possible source leaves said zone causing termination of the
aforesaid cumulative counting and indicating of the presence of the
gamma ray source.
5. The detection system of claim 4 having means to change said
multiple.
Description
SOURCE OF THE INVENTION
The invention described herein was made in the course of, or under
a contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Based upon economic as well as strategic considerations, the
control and security of nuclear materials is important to all
parties responsible for handling and using them. One of the
materials subject to this degree of concern is plutonium which,
aside from its significance from the point of view of national
security, is employed in appropriate form for the manufacture of
fuels for certain types of nuclear reactors.
In facilities which handle or process this material the plutonium
is present largely in the metallic, oxide, fluoride, or nitrate
form with a few percent abundance of Pu.sup.240 in Pu.sup.239.
The particular area of concern with respect to these isotopes found
to be the most difficult security problem is that of the
unauthorized removal of plutonium in relatively small amounts,
i.e.,down to 0.1 gram of Pu.sup.239/240, carried by plant
personnel. The extent of the monitoring problem is indicated by the
traffic encountered in one typical installation, that of as many as
700 persons a day with a peak rate of 60 persons per minute passing
through standard 3-foot-wide doors and available for observation
for about 1 to 1.5 seconds. Physical examination of all those
persons on a regular basis is time consuming and inefficient while
the difficulty of monitoring by conventional radiation detection
instruments is indicated by the fact that these materials produce
passive radiation with the bulk of the energy being alpha emissions
which can be effectively shielded or blocked by the thinnest and
lightest of material. Gamma radiations, which are more penetrating,
peak out at levels which are about 10 percent of the alpha
energies. Conventional gamma detection instruments are sufficiently
sensitive to sense small amounts of plutonium. However,
conventional techniques are based on count rate measurements which
require either a decrease in effective sensitivity or an increase
in the false alarm rate.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes the major deficiencies of presently
available passive radiation detection systems for the monitoring of
personnel to detect the presence of plutonium in gram quantities.
It provides a unique arrangement capable of detecting gamma
radiation at low energy levels and at counting rates heretofore
considered to be incapable of being attained while maintaining a
low false alarm rate.
In accordance with the principles of this invention, a preferred
embodiment of the invention employs a small cluster of spaced gamma
ray detectors, a summing circuit to combine the sensed information,
and provision to accumulate or integrate the information received
during the period the subject is present in the zone of detection.
During the time when no subject is present within this zone, the
invention maintains an up-to-date reading of background gamma
information for the same energy levels. When the subject enters the
zone of detection, background information is frozen and maintained
until counting of the subject is completed. Background information
is then compared with the information taken from the subject in
accordance with a predetermined relationship which can be altered
somewhat by the operator to accommodate local conditions and
instant requirements. Based upon this comparison the presence of
plutonium may be indicated and an alarm sounded if desired.
In addition to obtaining high plutonium sensitivity, a system
embodying this invention has the additional advantages of
simplicity of operation making it feasible for use by people of
limited skills, minimum interference with plant operation and
personnel traffic, and low capital investment. Good system
reliability and the elimination of costly maintenance normally
associated with one-of-a kind components are obtained as a result
of utilizing as the components of the system readily available
commercial equipment.
It is thus a principal object of this invention to provide a
personnel monitoring system for plutonium sensitive to gram amounts
of the material.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will hereinafter
become evident from the following description of a preferred
embodiment of this invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a doorway arrangement for the
detectors utilized in a preferred embodiment of this invention;
and
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a system embodying the principles of
this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The plutonium to be monitored in accordance with this invention
appears as largely Pu.sup.239 with a few percent of Pu.sup.240
present in metallic, oxide, fluride or nitrate form. As shown in
the table, measurement of passive gamma radiation would be most
effective at 375 and 414 KeV for Pu.sup.239. Experiments and
studies have shown that at these energies the gamma radiation will
penetrate moderate shielding. By moderate shielding is meant
shielding equivalent to lead thickness not in excess of 1-2 cm. It
is assumed that for the detection of plutonium carried in shielding
of greater equivalent thickness normal visual surveillance
procedures provide adequate security. ##SPC1##
For a description of the overall system of a preferred embodiment
utilized for monitoring a doorway reference is made to FIGS. 1 and
2. Through doorway opening 10 pass the personnel or subjects
undergoing monitoring. As will be described later, initiation of
counting of subject is begun upon depression of floor mat switch 12
the length of which would be such as to provide the normal time
span pointed out below for a subject to cover in walking its entire
length.
In the particular embodiment, four detectors 16a, 16b, 16c, and 16d
are mounted flush in the side walls of opening 10 so that only the
entry to each detector is exposed. These detectors would be encased
in shielding entry to each detector as to have a 2.pi. directional
response as indicated by broken lines 18a, 18b, 18c, and 18d
effectively enhancing the source-to-background ratio. The use of
four detectors reduces average detector-source separation thereby
increasing sensitivity of the system. Subject 22 is carrying a
plutonium sample 24.
Detectors 16 a - d are conventional gamma counters and may be NaI
scintillation devices coupled to photomultipliers to view and
respond to the photon energy spectra from the Pu.sup.239/240.
As briefly pointed out above, the system functions to count
integrally and to compare with a continuously updated background
level. The comparison is automatically made at a preselected number
of standard deviation intervals. Mathematically, the system solves
the relation
(1) S.sub.c + B.sub.c > B'.sub.c + N .sqroot.B'.sub.c
where
S.sub.c = source counts
B.sub.c = background counts
B'.sub.c = stored background counts
.sqroot.B'.sub.c = standard deviation of background counts
N = integral multipler, for selecting the number of standard
deviation intervals considered to be significant.
In other words, the above mathematical statement becomes true and
plutonium is presumed to be present on the subject when the
cumulative counts taken from the subject during the prescribed
interval exceeds the sum of the stored background counts for a like
interval and the preselected number of standard deviations of the
stored background counts.
Referring to FIG. 2 for the system for obtaining relation (1) and
carrying out the principles of this invention, it will be seen that
the outputs of detectors 16a - 16d are summed in amplifier 26 and
amplified in amplifier 28, single channel analyzer (SCA) 32
selecting and passing on pulses representing the particular channel
selected. Pulses from analyzer 32 are fed to a monostable
multivibrator 34 whose amplitude is fixed and whose width is
adjustable depending on the setting of range switch 36. The output
of multivibrator 34 is passed first through a low-pass filter 38
whose 10-second time constant is long compared to the second or so
that the subject is in the counting area but short compared to any
changes in average background count rate. This produces an analog
voltage that is proportional to the average background rate. A
digital voltmeter (DVM)42 reads this output voltage and displays
the results.
When a subject enters the area or zone of counting, switch 12 is
stepped on and actuated, causing a flip-flop 44 to place a hold on
DVM 42 at its last reading which is for the purpose of subsequent
computation the average stored background B'.sub.c.
Digital-to-analog converter (D/A) 46 continuously produces a
negative analog voltage proportional to the stored voltage so that
when switch 12 is depressed the negative voltage then produced by
D/A 46 is representative of the average background gamma
condition.
As the same time that switch 12 sets flip-flop 44, it also
initiates 8-second timer 48, reset timer 52, and 20-second timer
54, the purposes of all of these to be explained below.
A data integrator 56, which is reset to zero by reset timer 52 when
mat switch 12 is closed, receives positive pulses through resistor
R.sub.1 from multivibrator 34 representing, during the counting
period just begun, background plus possible signal counts (S.sub.c
+ B.sub.c) from the subject. These positive pulses cause integrator
56 to produce a "stair-step" count in the negative direction (due
to a polarity reversal). At the same time as the preceding occurs,
the stored background data from D/A 46 combined with the output of
a sigma circuit 57 to be described, in the form of a steady DC
negative voltage by way of leads 58 (including balance rheostat 62)
and 59, causes integrator voltage to rise as a linear ramp in the
position direction. Those two-inputs cause the output voltage from
data integrator 56 to average zero. Since the background pulse rate
is random the output voltage will look like noise with an average
DC value of zero. This will cause red and green output lights 64
and 66, respectfully, to flash alternately.
It will be seen that stored background current is fed by lead 59 to
integrator 56 as already noted from sigma circuit 57 consisting of
a passive diode squareroot circuit 68 and a two part attenuator
circuit 72. The latter is provided with a range switch S.sub.1 to
set sigma proportional to the range being used and a switch S.sub.2
to select the number (N) of sigmas to be added.
Date integrator 56 serves the dual purpose of accepting the
difference between data pulses (S.sub.c + B.sub.c) from
multivibrator 34 and the stored and modified background counts
(B.sub.c + N.sqroot.B'.sub.c) from D/A 46 and sigma circuit 57, and
integrating the results. The time of integration is not critical,
but longer times gives more accurate results.
The output of integrater 56 is fed to a comparator 74 which
continuously determines the polarity of the result. When the
subject leaves the counting area (releasing floor mat switch 12)
the comparator output is strobed. If the output is negative (as
noted, there is a polarity reversal in integrator 56) when mat
switch 12 is released the signal is passed through and "AND"
circuit 76 and alarm 78 is sounded.
Twenty-second timer 54 is designed to indicate sticking of mat
switch 12. If mat switch 12, upon being closed by a subject, does
not reopen within 20 seconds, then alarm 78 is sounded indicating
the possibility of a failure, or the placement of a heavy object on
the match switch 12.
The system just described operates in the following manner. When no
subject is within the monitoring area, DVM 42 continuously displays
and updates the average background count rate.
When a subject steps on mat switch 12, flip-flop 44 "holds" the
output of DVM 42, and data integrator 56 is reset to zero. Output
counts from analyzer 32, combined with the stored average
background count fed through D/A 46, squared in circuit 68,
multiplied by N in attenuator circuit 72 and added to the output of
D/A 46 is fed into integrator 56, causing the latter to integrate
the difference. Thus integrator 56 subtracts the stored and
modified background counts B'.sub.c + N.sqroot.B'.sub.c from the
data pulses S.sub.c + B.sub.c, and integrates the difference.
Switch S.sub.2 in attenuator circuit 72 may be used to alter the
multiple N to obtain the degree of selectivity desired.
Comparator 74 receives the output of integrator 56 and determines
continuously the polarity of the result. When the subject leaves
the counting area as indicated in "AND" gate from switch 12, the
output is passed to alarm 78 which is designed to go off when the
output is negative.
Background updating occurs at all times that there is no subject on
floor mat switch 12. This automatic feature is important for any
sudden changes in background due to movement of active materials in
the neighborhood. The pulses are averaged by low-pass filter 38.
The averaging period has no maximum value but would have a minimum
time, such as 5 seconds. If mat switch 12 is open for less than
this period, DVM 42 will not be strobed and the previous value will
be used.
Rheostat 62 is used as a balance control which equalizes the
electrical response of the low-pass filter 38, DVM 42, and D/A 46.
Consider a steady train of pulses at the input multivibrator 34.
Current from the multivibrator flows through 38, 42, 46, 62, 58 and
then to the integrator 56. Current also flows from the
multivibrator 34 through resistor R.sub.1 directly to the
integrator 56. Balance rheostat 62 is used to insure that these
currents are equal in magnitude although opposite in sign.
The output on connector 82 is used to monitor the short term
behavior of the integrator. Such things as analytically monitoring
the count rate during a counting period or adjustment of rheostat
62 can be accomplished.
It will be seen that the system as just described, which utilizes
commercially available components, functions with little or no
attention as there are no critical adjustments to be made during
its normal operation. The system is readily adaptable to regular
field use as it fits in with normal plant routines. The system will
detect unshielded plutonium samples in sizes from very large down
to less than 1 gram. It is unobtrusive and will provide a positive
warning signal for use by plant personnel in controlling
unauthorized plutonium removal.
In the event that an organized theft operation is suspected or to
be protected against, in which larger quantities of plutonium in
well gamma shielded containers would be carried out, a neutron
monitoring system can be integrated with the described system.
Detectors sensitive to neutron radiation would be added along with
an electronic system similar to the gamma detection system
described. In the neutron system the minimum source size detectable
might be as low as 17 grams. Any neutron shield capable of
effectively attenuating the spontaneous fission and (.alpha.,n)
neutrons from the Pu.sup.239/240 sample will be large and easily
detected by visual inspection.
It is thus seen there has been provided a unique system for the
personnel monitoring on a large scale of clandestine diversion of
small amounts of plutonium. The system as described which is
sensitive to gram quantities or less of plutonium makes it
unprofitable and risky for anyone to expend the labor and time
required for the unauthorized removal of an appreciable amount of
this material.
* * * * *