U.S. patent number 3,669,891 [Application Number 05/041,105] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-13 for chemical compositions.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Lever Brothers Company. Invention is credited to John Malcolm Greenwood, David Howard Stokes.
United States Patent |
3,669,891 |
Greenwood , et al. |
June 13, 1972 |
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
Cleansing compositions adapted to emit visible light during use,
and which are thereby capable of conveying useful information to
the user, are disclosed.
Inventors: |
Greenwood; John Malcolm
(Arlington, MA), Stokes; David Howard (Llanllwch,
Carmarthen, WA) |
Assignee: |
Lever Brothers Company (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
10260003 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/041,105 |
Filed: |
May 27, 1970 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
May 30, 1969 [GB] |
|
|
27,463/69 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/10.1;
510/100; 510/378; 510/500; 510/395; 510/375; 510/314; 510/369;
510/372; 252/700; 436/2; 436/39; 436/136; 436/163; 436/172 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09B
5/62 (20130101); C11D 3/42 (20130101); C09K
11/07 (20130101); A23L 3/045 (20130101); C11D
9/448 (20130101); Y10T 436/207497 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
A23L
3/04 (20060101); A23L 3/02 (20060101); C11D
9/44 (20060101); C11D 3/40 (20060101); C11D
9/04 (20060101); C11D 3/42 (20060101); C09K
11/07 (20060101); C09B 5/00 (20060101); C09B
5/62 (20060101); C11d 017/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;252/90,186,188.3,408,95 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Welsh; John D.
Claims
We claim:
1. A chemiluminescent detergent composition consisting essentially
of, by weight:
a. from about 0.05 to about 10 percent of a chemiluminescer
selected from the group consisting of chemical compounds having the
structural formula:
and sodium, potassium and lithium salts thereof, wherein R is
selected from the group consisting of:
Nh.sub.2
nhch.sub.3
nhc.sub.2 h.sub.5
nhch.sub.2 c.sub.6 h.sub.5
nhcoch.sub.2 cl
Nhcoch.sub.2 nh.sub.2
n(ch.sub.3).sub.2
n(c.sub.2 h.sub.5).sub.2, and
N(ch.sub.2 c.sub.6 h.sub.5).sub.2 ;
b. from about 0.05 to about 40 percent of an oxidizing agent
selected from the group consisting of sodium perborate, potassium
perborate, sodium percarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, zinc peroxide,
barium peroxide, calcium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, the sodium,
potassium, lithium and ammonium salts of the peroxyphosphates of
orthophosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and tripolyphosphoric
acid, the peroxyhydrates of sodium sulphate and potassium sulphate,
the sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium
salts of the peroxyhydrates of alpha-amino phosphoric acids and the
hydrogen peroxide addition products of urea, biuret and amides;
c. from about 0.05 to about 10 percent of a halogen source; and
d. from about 0.5 to about 60 percent of a detergent active
material selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic,
cationic and zwitterionic detergent active materials, said
chemiluminescer being maintained out of contact with said halogen
source until said composition is dispensed.
2. A chemiluminescent detergent composition according to claim 1
wherein said chemiluminescer comprises from about 0.1 to about 2.5
percent by weight of said chemiluminescent detergent composition,
said oxidizing agent comprises from about 0.1 to about 40 percent
by weight of said chemiluminescent detergent composition, and said
halogen source comprises from about 0.1 to about 2.5 percent by
weight of said chemiluminescent detergent composition.
3. A chemiluminescent detergent composition according to claim 2
wherein said halogen source is a chlorine source.
4. A chemiluminescent detergent composition according to claim 1,
wherein
a. said chemiluminescer comprises from about 0.1 to about 2.5
percent by weight of said chemiluminescent detergent composition,
and is selected from the group consisting of chemical compounds
having the structural formula:
and sodium, potassium and lithium salts thereof, wherein R is
selected from the group consisting of:
Nh.sub.2
nhch.sub.3
nhc.sub.2 h.sub.5
n(ch.sub.3).sub.2, and
N(c.sub.2 h.sub.5).sub.2
b. said oxidizing agent comprises from about 0.1 to about 40
percent by weight of said chemiluminescent detergent composition,
and is selected from the group consisting of sodium perborate,
potassium perborate, sodium percarbonate and hydrogen peroxide;
and
c. said halogen source comprises from about 0.1 to about 2.5
percent by weight of said chemiluminescent detergent composition,
and is selected from the group consisting of sodium hypochlorite,
potassium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite,
trichloroisocyanuric acid, dichloroisocyanuric acid, sodium
dichloroisocyanurate, potassium dichloroisocyanurate, dichloro
glycolurils, dichloro dimethyl hydantoins, and chlorine-exchange
resins.
5. A chemiluminescent detergent composition according to claim 1,
wherein said detergent composition is in powder form.
6. A chemiluminescent detergent composition according to claim 1,
wherein said detergent composition is in liquid form.
7. A substantially dry scouring powder comprising about 90 parts by
weight of an abrasive powder, the balance being a detergent
composition comprising
a. a detergent material selected from the group consisting of
anionic, nonionic, cationic, and zwitterionic detergent active
materials,
b. a chemiluminescer selected from the group consisting of chemical
compounds having the structural formula:
and sodium, potassium and lithium salts thereof, wherein R is
selected from the group consisting of:
Nh.sub.2
nhch.sub.3
nhc.sub.2 h.sub.5
nhch.sub.2 c.sub.6 h.sub.5
nhcoch.sub.2 cl
Nhcoch.sub.2 nh.sub.2
n(ch.sub.3).sub.2
n(c.sub.2 h.sub.5).sub.2, and
N(ch.sub.2 c.sub.6 h.sub.5).sub.2,
c. an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of sodium
perborate, potassium perborate, sodium percarbonate, hydrogen
peroxide, zinc peroxide, barium peroxide, calcium peroxide,
magnesium peroxide, the sodium, potassium, lithium and ammonium
salts of the peroxyphosphates of orthophosphoric acid,
pyrophosphoric acid and tripolyphosphoric acid, the peroxyhydrates
of sodium sulphate and potassium sulphate, the sodium, potassium,
lithium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts of the
peroxyhydrates of alpha-amino phosphoric acids and the hydrogen
peroxide addition products of urea, biuret and amides, and
d. a halogen source,
said chemiluminescer, oxidizing agent, and halogen source being
present in proportions by weight respectively of about 1 part,
about 2-5 parts, and about 0.6-1 part for 100 parts of said
scouring powder.
8. A scouring powder in accordance with claim 7 wherein said
chemiluminescer is encapsulated in pressure-rupturable
capsules.
9. A chemiluminescent detergent composition comprising, by
weight:
a. from about 0.05 to about 10 percent of a chemiluminescer
selected from the group consisting of chemical compounds having the
structural formula:
and sodium, potassium and lithium salts thereof, wherein R is
selected from the group consisting of:
Nh.sub.2
nhch.sub.3
nhc.sub.2 h.sub.5
nhch.sub.2 c.sub.6 h.sub.5
nhcoch.sub.2 cl
Nhcoch.sub.2 nh.sub.2
n(ch.sub.3).sub.2
n(c.sub.2 h.sub.5).sub.2, and
N(ch.sub.2 c.sub.6 h.sub.5).sub.2,
b. about 0.05 to about 40 percent of a first activator for said
chemiluminescer which is an oxidizing agent selected from the group
consisting of sodium perborate, potassium perborate, sodium
percarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, zinc peroxide, barium peroxide,
calcium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, the sodium, potassium,
lithium and ammonium salts of the peroxyphosphates of
orthophosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and tripolyphosphoric
acid, the peroxyhydrates of sodium sulphate and potassium sulphate,
the sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, mangesium and ammonium
salts of the peroxyhydrates of alphaamino phosphoric acids and the
hydrogen peroxide addition products of urea, biuret and amides,
c. from about 0.05 to about 10 percent of a second activator for
said chemiluminescer selected from the group consisting of a
transition metal chelate of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, and a
transition metal chelate of 1,10-phenanthroline, and
d. from about 0.5 to about 60 percent of a detergent active
material selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic,
cationic and zwitterionic detergent active materials, said
chemiluminescer being maintained out of contact with said
activators until said composition is dispensed.
10. A chemiluminescent air-freshener/germicidal composition
contained in a divided two-compartment package having a first and a
second compartment, said first compartment containing a solution
of, in parts by weight:
and 0.5 part by weight of said solution each of the monosodium salt
of 5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, and H.sub.2 O.sub.2,
and said second compartment containing an aqueous solution of
sodium hypochlorite, said solution having 0.5 percent available
chlorine.
Description
The present invention relates to cleansing compositions. The
invention provides cleansing compositions that contain one or more
chemical compounds that engage in a chemiluminescent reaction under
the conditions of use of the compositions, which reaction provides
the compositions with visual signalling characteristics. These
visual signalling characteristics facilitate the utilization of the
compositions.
The primary function of the compositions of the invention is to
cleanse, and not to produce light; thereby they are distinguished
from chemiluminescent compositions hitherto described. The
expression "cleansing composition" is used herein to encompass all
types of composition that can be employed to give a cleansing
effect, such as fabric washing compositions, personal washing
compositions, shampoos, hard surface cleaning compositions,
bleaching compositions, scourers, polishes, air fresheners,
disinfectant compositions and insecticidal compositions.
Chemiluminescence is essentially a transitory phenomenon, as it
arises during chemical change. It may be described as the emission
of radiation, occurring due to any cause other than high
temperature, produced by chemical action. A review of the
phenomenon of chemiluminescence is contained in chapter 3 of
"Light: Physical and Biological Action" (Seliger and McElroy,
Academic Press, 1965). In order for a chemical reaction to generate
chemiluminescence, two requirements must be satisfied. Firstly,
sufficient energy must become available in a single step during the
chemical reaction to leave a product molecule or intermediate
molecule in an electronically excited state. Secondly, the product
or intermediate molecule must be capable of emitting visible
radiation so that de-activation by fluorescence is a probable
event, in which case direct chemiluminescence is obtained, or else
efficient energy transfer must occur between the excited product
molecule or intermediate molecule and a fluorescent species, which
fluorescent species then emits visible radiation, giving rise to
sensitized chemiluminescence. Although the phenomenon of
chemiluminescence encompasses the emission of a wide range of
visible and invisible radiation, in the present specification the
term "chemiluminescence" is hereafter used solely to mean the
emission of visible radiation.
For a chemical reaction to generate chemiluminescence, a product
molecule or intermediate molecule must be produced in an
electronically excited state. A large number of processes have been
recognized as a source of suitable excited state species. For
example, electron removal from a radical anion, the addition of an
electron to a radical cation, or the reduction of charge-transfer
products may all yield excited state species. Particularly intense
chemiluminescence may be obtained during reactions which involve
the rupture of oxygen--oxygen bonds in cyclic peroxide
intermediates.
Chemiluminescent compounds have been employed in temporary marking
compositions which have found great utility in search and rescue
operations conducted at night. The compounds usually employed for
this function are those which chemiluminesce by the action of air
oxidation, one of the most commonly used being
tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (I).
the rate of oxidation of such compounds is controlled by
incorporating them into wax based solids and gels, where the
oxidation reaction is dependent on the rate of diffusion of oxygen
through the composition. Certain of these compositions have been
formulated such that oxidation of the surface material produces a
protective skin which is impervious to oxygen and therefore stops
further oxidation taking place until the surface material is
removed, and this is utilized in chemiluminescent marking crayons.
Certain chemiluminescent compounds have been utilized as indicators
for the photometric titration of solutions of high opacity.
Chemiluminescence is not to be confused with the phenomenon which
is conventionally described as "fluorescence," namely the
absorption by certain chemical compounds of radiation at one
wavelength and the subsequent emission of radiation at a longer
wavelength. Hitherto much use has been made of fluorescent
materials to provide visual effects, but such effects are of a
lasting nature as a fluorescent material does not alter chemically
when it emits light. For example, it is now common practice to
include fluorescing agents, called optical brighteners, in
household detergent powders; the fluorescing agent is deposited on
fabrics during the washing process, and subsequently gives the
fabrics a bright and clean appearance. A permanent fluorescent
effect is also utilized in certain dyes and paints, which are used
to provide striking visual effects in warning notices and
advertisements.
Visual effects have been produced in particulate detergent
compositions by the use of non-fluorescent pigments. All or part of
a detergent powder can be colored, and thereby distinguished from
other common household powdered materials.
The present invention provides a cleansing composition
incorporating one or more chemical compounds that engage in a
chemiluminescent reaction under the conditions of use of the
cleansing composition.
Hereafter, the term "chemiluminescer" is used to mean a chemical
compound which can directly contribute to a chemiluminescent
reaction by being converted, during the course of the reaction,
into an electronically excited species which can then either emit
visible light itself, or transfer energy to a second chemical
compound which can emit visible light.
Certain chemiluminescers can be converted into a suitable
electronically excited species merely by, for instance, being
exposed to the atmosphere or by being added to water. However, in
general, it is necessary to incorporate into a cleansing
composition of the invention one or more chemical compounds which
will initiate or enhance in some way the chemiluminescent reaction,
and hereafter any such compound is referred to as an
"activator."
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the chemical compounds
that engage in a chemiluminescent reaction are a chemiluminescer
together with one or more activators.
The cleansing compositions of the present invention, by virtue of
their chemiluminescent properties, are capable of conveying to a
user information on their behavior. Typical instances of such
conveyance of information are (1) an indication that a spray
material has satisfactorily covered a surface, or (2) an indication
that a product has been allowed sufficient time to perform a
necessary function.
There are many cleansing compositions that require to be left in
contact with some substrate, when they are used, and in this
context materials with chemiluminescent properties have great
utility as job timers. Exemplary of such compositions are polishes,
surface cleaners and surface disinfectants which require to be left
in contact for a period of time with the surface to be treated, and
enzymatic fabric washing compositions where it is intended that the
fabric be soaked in the washing composition solution for some
extended period. In such instances the composition can be made
either to luminesce for a period of time such that cessation of the
luminescence indicates that the recommended contact period has
ended, or the commencement of the chemiluminescence can be made to
occur at the termination of the required period and therefore the
first appearance of the light gives an indication that the
composition has been given sufficient time to perform its
function.
The chemiluminescent effect may be used to indicate satisfactory
dispersal of a composition through the atmosphere or satisfactory
achievement of solution. Emission of light by an aerosol or spray
composition released from a container into the air can indicate the
volume of air that has been penetrated by the composition. When a
solid composition is being dissolved a cessation of luminescence
can be made to indicate that the composition has completely
dissolved.
A major problem inherent in the incorporation according to the
invention of chemiluminescent materials into cleansing compositions
is delaying the onset of the chemiluminescent reaction until the
signalling function is desired. It is necessary to have the
composition in some form where the chemiluminescent function is
latent, and to have some arrangement that will trigger off the
light-producing reaction at the desired moment. Chemiluminescence
may be initiated, for instance, by the action of water on a solid,
by the mixing of liquid or by exposure to air. The latency of the
chemiluminescent function may be maintained by the choice of
suitable packaging and encapsulation techniques.
Although this is not an essential feature of the invention, various
forms of encapsulation can be used to produce differing light
releasing arrangements, and also to provide enhanced stability of
any ingredient in any of the compositions according to the
invention where this is deemed to be necessary. Encapsulation can
provide compositions with, for instance, varying speeds of light
release or pH- or temperature-dependent release arrangements.
The incorporation into a composition of a chemiluminescer or an
activator coated such that it is only released above a certain
temperature can enable a composition to be formulated that only
emits light when a desired usage temperature has been achieved. For
instance, a fabric washing powder can be made to emit light on
solution only when added to water hot enough for efficient washing
performance; alternatively, for example, the emission of light can
be made to indicate that washing conditions are too hot for certain
synthetic fabrics.
Pressure-rupturable capsules of chemiluminescent compounds,
incorporated into, for example, a scouring powder, may be employed
to indicate that the composition is being applied with sufficient
vigor, the capsules being prepared so that they rupture (and
thereby initiate the chemiluminescent reaction) when a certain
pressure is exceeded.
As will be described below, certain chemiluminescent reactions only
take place efficiently under strong oxidizing conditions,
particularly those conditions frequently produced by bleaching
compositions. Thus certain chemiluminescent reactions can be used
to provide a positive indication that a bleaching action is taking
place, thereby reassuring a user that a bleaching compositions is
working efficiently and that it has not deteriorated during
storage.
Sensitized luminescence occurs according to the present invention
when a cleansing composition incorporates one or more fluorescent
compounds, such as, for example, fluorescein, in addition to a
chemiluminescent compound. This may be advantageous for two
reasons. Firstly, the production of visible light may be enhanced
by the presence of a fluorescent compound, particularly if the
chemiluminescent compound emits light which is partially
ultra-violet. Secondly, the color of the visible light emitted by
the composition may be modified by careful selection of the
fluorescent compound used. The net emission of light from any
composition according to the invention is affected by all the
luminescent species present in the composition, whether they be
excited chemiluminescent molecules or excited fluorescent
molecules.
Although a great number of chemical compounds are known to be
capable of undergoing reactions during which chemiluminescence is
generated, the choice of such compounds suitable for inclusion in
compositions of the present invention is limited by several
factors.
An important property of any chemiluminescer is its quantum yield,
which is a measure of its efficiency as a light-producer in terms
of the amount of light emitted per molecule of the chemiluminescer
employed. In order to produce a visible effect in use, a cleansing
composition of the invention must generate light of strong
intensity. Since the primary function of a composition of the
invention is to cleanse, the bulk of the composition will consist
of materials required to perform the cleansing, and therefore the
amount of chemiluminescer, and any necessary activators, employed
in the composition must be kept to a minimum. Hence, those
chemiluminescers which have a higher quantum yield, and are
therefore efficient light-producers, are preferred.
In addition, since it is envisaged that a major proportion of the
compositions in accordance with the present invention will be
formulated or employed in aqueous media, any chemiluminescer
incorporated into these compositions should ideally be
water-soluble. This second factor introduces a further limitation,
as chemiluminescent efficiencies are generally reduced in aqueous
media and, in fact, many good chemiluminescent systems are
completely inactive in aqueous media.
The great majority of compounds which are known to be capable of
undergoing reactions which produce chemiluminescence have been
found to be unsuitable for the present invention because they do
not comply with the above requirements.
One group of compounds that does meet these requirements is the
2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-diones of structural formulae II and III
below.
wherein R can be any of the following groups:
NH.sub.2 NHCH.sub.3 NHC.sub.2 H.sub.5 NHCH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5
NHCOCH.sub.2 Cl (N-chloroacetamido) NHCOCH.sub.2 NH.sub.2
(N-glycylamido) NHCOCH.sub.2 NHNH.sub.2 (N-hydrazineacetiamido)
N(CH.sub.3).sub.2 N(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2 N(CH.sub.2 C.sub.6
H.sub.5).sub.2
5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (formula II wherein R =
NH.sub.2) is known as luminol.
It is sometimes preferable to utilize these compounds as their
alkali-metal salts, generally as their monosodium salts, because
these salts tend to be more readily water-soluble than the
compounds themselves. The potassium or lithium salts can be
employed instead of the sodium salts. The monosodium salt of
luminol is believed to possess the structural formula IV.
these compounds chemiluminesce by means of the peroxide
decomposition mechanism referred to earlier, and for this reaction
to occur with sufficient efficiency for the purposes of the present
invention they require the presence of two activators, one of which
should be an oxidizing agent and the other should preferably be a
halogen source.
Examples of oxidizing agents suitable as activators are: sodium
perborate; potassium perborate; sodium percarbonate; hydrogen
peroxide; zinc peroxide; barium peroxide; calcium peroxide;
magnesium peroxide; the sodium, potassium, lithium and ammonium
salts of the peroxyphosphates of orthophosphoric acid,
pyrophosphoric acid and tripolyphosphoric acid; the peroxyhydrates
of sodium sulphate and potassium sulphate; the sodium, potassium,
lithium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts of the
peroxyhydrates of .alpha.-amino phosphonic acids; and the hydrogen
peroxide addition products of urea, biuret and amides.
Examples of halogen sources suitable as activators are: sodium
hypochlorite; potassium hypochlorite; lithium hypochlorite; calcium
hypochlorite; trisodium phosphate hypochlorite; trichlorocyanuric
acid; sodium dichlorocyanurate; potassium dichlorocyanurate and
dichlorocyanuric acid. Further examples of suitable halogen sources
are active halogen compounds such as N-halohydantions, for instance
N-monochloro-5-ethyl-3-methyl-hydantion,
N,N'-dichloro-5-pentamethylene-hydantion,
N,N'-dichloro-5-carboxyethyl-5-methyl-hydantion,
N,N'-dichloro-dimethyl-hydantion, and analogous N-bromo and N-mixed
halogen compounds; N-halomelamines, for instance
N.sup.1,N.sup.2,N.sup.3 -trichloromelamine; N-halosulphonamides,
for instance sodium N-chloro-benzenesulphonamide, sodium
N-chloro-toluenesulphonamide, p-N,N-dichloro-sulphamyl benzoic
acid, N,N'-dichloro-toluene-2,4-disulphonamide, and the
corresponding N-bromo and N-mixed halogen compounds;
N-haloglycolurils, for instance N.sup.1,N.sup.3,N.sup.4,N.sup.6
-tetrachloro-2,5-diimino-7,8-dimethyl-glycoluril,
N.sup.1,N.sup.3,N.sup.4 -trichloro-7,8-diphenyl-glycoluril and
corresponding N-bromo and N-mixed halogen compounds;
N-halohydrouracils; N-halodiketopiperazines; N-halobiguanides, for
instance N-chlorinated-N-tetra-methyl-substituted biguanides;
N-halogenated imides, for instance N-chloro-succinamide,
N-chloro-phthalimide, N,N'-dichloro-pyromellitic diimide and
N,N'-dichloro-bicyclo-azole-2,5-dione, and analogous N-bromo and
N-mixed halogen compounds; N-haloquinazolinediones;
N-halotriazines; and N-halogenated acid amides, for instance
N-chloroacetamide, N,N'-dichlorosuccinamide,
N,N'-dichloro-2-chloro-N,N'-dimethyl-adipic-diamide,
N-chloro-N-methyl-benzamide, N,N'-dichlorophthalic-diamide,
N,N'-dichloro-2-methoxy-N,N'-dimethyl-terephthalic-diamide, and
corresponding N-bromo and N-mixed halogen compounds. Other halogen
sources are disclosed in British Pat. No. 1,014,654.
Certain catalysts, such as haemin and transition metal organic
complexes such as cobalt chelates of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid and
1,10-phenanthroline, can be employed as the second activator. The
use of such catalysts will, in general, result in light emissions
which are of somewhat longer duration and lower intensity than the
light emission produced with the aid of halogen sources.
Although being suitable for inclusion in many cleansing
compositions according to the invention, luminol possesses one
disadvantageous characteristic in that it shows a tendency to
undergo side reactions, believed to involve the amino group of the
luminol molecule and the oxidizing agents necessary for the
chemiluminescent reaction, and this can result in the formation of
undesirable predominately brown-colored minor products. This
discoloration has not been found to be a problem in cleansing
compositions, such as fabric washing compositions, which are used
at low concentrations and which generally contain bleaches such as
sodium perborate which can counteract the effect of any such minor
products that may be formed. The substituted
amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-diones listed above show, in
general, a lesser tendency to discolor, and in particular, the
N-chloracetamido, N-glycylamido, N-hydrazineacetamido, diethyl and
dibenzyl derivatives of 5-amino- and
6-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione show little or no tendency
to discolor. The chemiluminescent efficiency of these substituted
compounds is, in general, less than that of luminol, and certain of
them, notably the dibenzyl derivative, are noticeably less
water-soluble than luminol. The factors governing the selection of
the most suitable chemiluminescer for inclusion in any given
cleansing composition will vary depending on the nature of the
composition. For instance, in a fabric washing composition,
water-solubility and chemiluminescent efficiency may be considered
to be the overriding factors, whereas in, for instance, a hard
surface cleaning composition, water-solubility may be considered
less significant, but lack of discoloration may be of utmost
importance. However, the man skilled in the art of formulating
cleansing compositions will be familiar with such considerations,
and will be able to select the chemiluminescer most appropriate for
his needs.
As has already been stated above, the quantity of chemiluminescer
in a cleansing composition should be kept to a minimum consistent
with obtaining an effective chemiluminescent effect, as, in
general, a chemiluminescer will not directly partake in the
cleansing operation which is the primary function of the
composition. The chemiluminescer should comprise from about 0.05 to
about 10 percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 2.5 percent,
by weight of the cleansing composition.
An activator should comprise a similar proportion of the cleansing
composition, unless it is a conventional ingredient of the
composition, in which case it may well be present in a considerably
greater amount. For instance, fabric washing compositions
frequently contain oxidizing agents, such as sodium perborate and
sodium percarbonate, in amounts varying from about 5 to about 40
percent by weight of the composition. In such instances, if the
oxidizing agent is an activator for the particular chemiluminescer
employed in the composition, no additional oxidizing agent is
likely to be required.
If it is desired that, either for the purposes of composition
stability or for the control of the chemiluminescent reaction, some
or all of the compounds involved in the chemiluminescent reaction
be protected by, for instance, being encapsulated or contained
within a noodle, the coating material should preferably be a
substance that will assist, or at least will not adversely affect,
the cleansing ability of the composition. Coating techniques are
now well known and commonly used in the cleansing composition art,
and it will be within the capabilities of the man skilled in this
art to apply these techniques to the present invention.
The present invention is applicable to any type of conventional
cleansing composition and, apart from the inclusion of the
chemiluminescer, and activators if necessary, there will in general
be no need to alter the formulation of any particular cleansing
composition in order to adapt it to emit light in accordance with
the invention. In the case of certain liquid compositions it may be
necessary to divide a composition into two or more separate
fractions, and to package the composition such that the fractions
are kept separate until the composition is dispensed, ready for
use, in order to retain the latency or stability of the
chemiluminescent action, but no overall change in the formulation
of the composition should be required.
A fabric washing composition adapted in accordance with the
invention can be in any of the common physical forms associated
with such a composition, such as a powder, granules, noodles,
flakes, briquettes, tablets, bars or liquids. The composition can
be made in any of the conventional ways of preparing fabric washing
compositions; in the case of a particulate composition this will in
general involve slurry-making and spray-drying steps, and it will
be usual for the chemiluminescer and activators to be dry-dosed
into the powder after the spray-drying step.
A fabric washing composition can contain any of the usual
ingredients of such compositions, such as detergent active agents,
foam boosters, detergency builders, inorganic salts acting as
fillers, corrosion inhibitors, bleaches, and, usually present in
minor amounts, bleach activators, bleach precursors, perfumes,
germicides, enzymes, fluorescers, pigments and antiredeposition
agents. The detergent active agents can include anionic detergent
active agents such as alkali-metal fatty acid soaps, derived from
fatty acids obtained from natural fats and oils such as tallows,
palm kernel oil, groundnut oil, tall oil, coconut oil and babassu
oil, and from synthetic fatty acids, alkali-metal alkyl aryl
sulphonates, for instance, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate,
alkali-metal alkyl sulphonates, alkali-metal fatty acid
isethionates, alkali-metal alkyl sulphates, for instance, sodium
tallow sulphate, mixtures of anionic detergent active agents
(commonly called olefin sulphonates) derived from the sulphonation
with sulphur trioxide, and subsequent neutralization and
hydrolysis, of alpha-olefins, and alkali-metal sulphates of
ethoxylated alcohols; non-ionic detergent active agents such as
ethyoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated
amines and ethoxylated amides and detergent active agents derived
from other alkylene oxides, such as propylene oxide, either alone
or in conjunction with ethylene oxide; cationic detergent active
agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds, for instance alkyl
trimethyl ammonium halides and dialkyl dimethyl ammonium halides,
and ethoxylated quaternary ammonium compounds; and zwitterionic
detergent active agents such as betaines, sulphobentaines,
taurines, for instance hydroxyalkyl methyl taurines, and amine
oxides. The foam boosters are usually ethoxylated fatty acid amides
such as palm kernel mono-ethanolamide and coconut di-ethanolamide.
The detergency builders may be condensed phosphates such as sodium
tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium
hexametaphosphate, simple phosphates such as sodium orthophosphate,
and non-phosphate materials such as sodium nitrilotriacetate,
sodium metasilicate, sodium ethylene-diaminetetraacetate, and
sodium alkyl dicarboxylates. The inorganic salts are generally
sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate and magnesium sulphate. The
bleaches are conventionally sodium perborate and sodium
percarbonate.
Hard-surface cleansing compositions are another group of cleansing
compositions particularly suited to the inclusion of a
chemiluminescent effect. Dry particulate compositions, such as
scouring powders, are most easily adapted to emit light, as their
anhydrous nature aids the stability and latency of the
chemiluminescent effect. A scouring powder typically contains one
or more detergent active agents, such as those listed above, a
chlorine source such as trichloroisocyanuric acid, and a large
proportion frequently about 90 percent by weight, of an abrasive
powder such as finely crushed silica, calcite or felspar. Liquid
compositions, such as dishwashing compositions and liquid abrasive
compositions, can either be non-aqueous in character, in which case
one or more of the agents necessary to produce the chemiluminescent
effect can be, for instance, encapsulated in a water-soluble
material so that the chemiluminescent effect is only initiated on
addition of the composition to water, or, in the case of
water-based compositions, the compositions can be stored in divided
packages so that the chemiluminescent effect is not initiated until
the compositions are dispensed. Dishwashing compositions are
generally water-based, and contain detergent active agents,
solvents (hydrotropes) and minor ingredients such as perfumes and
colorants in addition to the water.
Aerosol and spray compositions, such as air fresheners,
insecticidal sprays for domestic use and germicidal sprays for
disinfecting surfaces, generally comprise the necessary active
ingredients (germicides, insecticides and perfumes) together with
solvents such as glycols, aliphatic alcohols and water. They can be
dispensed in aerosol form from pressurized containers with the aid
of aerosol propellants, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, for
instance, dichlorodifluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane,
and hydrocarbons, for instance, propane, butanes and pentanes, or
they can be dispensed in spray form by means of a manually operated
pump.
If a cleansing composition of the invention includes detergent
active material, the detergent active material will in general
comprise from about 0.5 to about 60 percent by weight of the
composition.
The following examples, in which all parts and percentages are by
weight, illustrate various cleansing compositions in accordance
with the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
A detergent powder, prepared by conventional slurry-making and
spray-drying techniques and having the following formulation:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate 17 Coconut ethanolamide 2 Sodium
tripolyphosphate 32 Sodium perborate 20 Anhydrous alkaline sodium
silicate 8 Sodium sulphate 12 Fluorescers, perfumes,
antiredeposition agents and water to 100
was subsequently dosed with: Parts/100 parts Additive of the above
powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Noodled chemiluminescer.sup.1 2 Coated activator.sup.2 1.5
__________________________________________________________________________
When the powder was sprinkled into water at a temperature of less
than 35.degree. C, it behaved like any conventional powder. It
dissolved and produced a lather when the water was agitated, but
gave rise to no unusual visual effects.
However, when added to water at a temperature of at least
40.degree. C, the melting point of the activator coating material,
a few flashes of blue light were seen as soon as the powder hit the
water. However, after a few seconds had elapsed and the coating
material had melted, a strong emission of blue light was observed
when the surface of the water was agitated. The light was clearly
visible in daylight. Although the light emission ceased very
rapidly whenever the agitation of the water was stopped, further
agitation of the water produced light up to about 10 minutes after
the addition of the powder to the water. When viewed in subdued
daylight, the visual effects were even more pronounced, and at
times the whole body of the wash solution was observed to emit
light.
Although luminol was used as the chemiluminescer in this example,
no discoloration of the wash solution was observed.
The recommended temperature for hand-washing laundry, using the
above detergent powder formulation, is 40.degree.-45.degree. C.
Therefore the presence of the chemiluminescent effect gave a
positive indication that the washing temperature was not below the
recommended temperature.
The detergent powder of this example gave a washing performance
comparable with that of conventional detergent powders, and the
presence of the chemiluminescer and the activator produced no
adverse effects.
EXAMPLE 2
A soap powder, prepared by conventional slurry-making and
spray-drying techniques and having the following formulation:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Anhydrous sodium soap.sup.1 54 Tallow ethanolamide 3 Sodium
tripolyphosphate 12 Neutral sodium silicate 8 Sodium perborate 10
Fluorescers, perfumes, antiredeposition agents and water to 100
was subsequently dosed with: Parts/100 parts Additive of the above
powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Noodled chemiluminescer.sup.2 2 Coated activator.sup.3 1.5
__________________________________________________________________________
This soap powder behaved similarly to the detergent powder of
Example 1, giving a strong chemiluminescent effect in water above
40.degree. C, but giving no significant visual effects below that
temperature. As before, the presence of the chemiluminescent effect
indicated that the washing temperature was not below the minimum
ideal temperature for a hand wash.
As in Example 1, there were no observable discoloration effects
even though luminol was employed as the chemiluminescer.
The washing performance of this soap powder compared very favorably
with that of conventional soap powders, and the presence of the
chemiluminescer and the activator produced no adverse effects.
EXAMPLE 3
A mixed-active detergent powder, prepared by conventional
slurry-making and spray-drying techniques and having the following
formulation:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate 6 Tallow alcohol 18 ethylene
oxide condensate 4 Anhydrous sodium soap.sup.1 8 Sodium
tripolyphosphate 33 Sodium perborate 25 Anhydrous alkaline sodium
silicate 5 Sodium sulphate 8 Fluorescers, perfumes,
antiredeposition agents and water to 100
was subsequently dosed with: Parts/100 parts Additive of the above
powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Noodled chemiluminescer.sup.2 2 Coated activator.sup.3 1.5
__________________________________________________________________________
The release temperature for the activator was 50.degree. C, and so
this detergent powder was inactive, as far as the generation of a
chemiluminescent effect was concerned, in water at a temperature of
less than about 50.degree. C. 50.degree.-55.degree. C is a common
optimum working temperature for many fabric washing machines, and
so a chemiluminescent effect which is produced only at or above
this temperature can give an indication that a washing machine,
adapted to wash at this temperature, is working efficiently.
When added to water, this powder behaved similarly to the powders
of Examples 1 and 2, except that no chemiluminescent effects were
seen in water below about 50.degree. C.
This powder also gave a good washing performance which was not
adversely affected by the presence of the chemiluminescer and the
activator, and no discoloration of the wash solution was
observed.
EXAMPLE 4
A detergent powder, prepared by conventional slurry-making and
spray-drying techniques and having the following formulation:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Fatty alcohol ethoxylate 15 Anhydrous sodium soap.sup.1 2 Sodium
tripolyphosphate 40 Sodium perborate 25 Anhydrous alkaline sodium
silicate 7 Fluorescers, perfumes, antiredeposition agents and water
to 100
was subsequently dosed with: Parts/100 parts Additive of the above
powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Noodled chemiluminescer.sup.2 2 Coated activator.sup.3 1.5
__________________________________________________________________________
This detergent powder behaved similarly to that of Example 3. It
also produced a good washing performance which was not affected in
any adverse way by the presence of the chemiluminescer and the
activator, and produced no discoloration of the wash solution
EXAMPLES 5-7
The undosed detergent powder of Example 1 was dosed with
Parts/100 parts Additive of the powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Noodled chemiluminescer.sup.1 2 Activator.sup.2 1
__________________________________________________________________________
Unlike the powders of Examples 1-4, which only emitted light after
being added to warm water, the powders of Examples 5-7 produced a
strong blue light immediately on being added to cold water.
The intensity of the light produced by the powder of Example 5 was
similar to that produced by the powders of the four previous
examples. However, the powders of Examples 6 and 7, which
incorporated different chlorine sources as activators, produced
light emission of greater intensity and longer duration than that
of Example 5.
Examples 5-7 illustrate that different activators can produce
different chemiluminescent effects.
As the chemiluminescent effect could only be produced under
oxidizing conditions, the emission of the light showed that the
powders of Examples 5-7 possessed a bleaching ability.
The activators used in Examples 6 and 7 could have been coated as
in Examples 1-4, and thereby made to give an indication of the
washing temperature.
EXAMPLE 8
An air-freshener/germicidal composition was prepared by simple
admixture of the following components:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide 1 Oleyl di-betahydroxyethyl
methylammonium 1.5 methosulphate Propylene glycol 10 Triethylene
glycol 10 Isopropyl alcohol 65 Perfume 1 Water to 100
To this was added: Parts/100 parts Additive of the above
composition
__________________________________________________________________________
Chemiluminescer.sup.1 0.5 Activator.sup.2 0.5
__________________________________________________________________________
The mixture was stored in one compartment of a divided
two-compartment package fitted with a manually-operable pump
adapted to deliver equal quantities of liquid from each compartment
of the package simultaneously to a spray nozzle. The second
compartment of the package contained a dilute aqueous solution of
sodium hypochlorite having 0.5 percent available chlorine.
When the pump was operated, the contents of the two compartments
were mixed in the nozzle, and emerged as a luminous blue spray. The
blue light persisted for about 1 second, and was clearly visible in
daylight. When the spray was directed into the air, the luminous
nature of the spray gave an indication of the volume penetrated by
the spray. When the spray was directed onto a surface, the light
gave a very positive indication of the area covered by the
spray.
Any mutually compatible germicides, solvents and perfumes could
have been used in this example. Also, the composition could have
been packaged in a two-compartment aerosol dispenser instead of a
pump-operated dispenser.
EXAMPLE 9
An aerosol hard-surface cleaner was made up as follows:
40 ml of an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, containing 33
percent by weight of sodium hypochlorite and having 15 percent
available chlorine, was placed in the center compartment of a
two-compartment 16 oz. aerosol can fitted with a Du Pont dual
dispensing valve. In the outer compartment of the can was placed
250 ml of a solution having the following constitution:
Component Amount
__________________________________________________________________________
Water 850 ml 10-volume hydrogen peroxide 10 ml
6-dimethylamino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine- 1,4-dione 1 gm Sodium
hydroxide 2 gm
__________________________________________________________________________
The can was charged with 50 ml of a 1:1 mixture of dichlorodifluoro
methane (I.C.I. Freon 12) and dichlorotetrafluoroethane (I.C.I.
Freon 114).
On discharge, the contents of the two compartments mixed and
emerged from the can as a luminous blue foam. The blue light faded
rapidly after the foam had emerged from the can. But, because the
chemiluminescent reaction can only take place under strong
bleaching conditions, the emission of the light gave an indication
that the foam possessed strong bleaching and germicidal
properties.
EXAMPLES 10-15
To a scouring powder having the following constitution:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate 3.7 Sodium sulphate and sodium
chloride 1 Sodium tripolyphosphate 2 Soda ash 1 Trichlorocyanuric
acid 1 Perfume 0.5 Crushed felspar 90 Water to 100
were added the following additives: Parts/100 parts Additive of the
above powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Chemiluminescer.sup.1 1 Sodium percarbonate 2
__________________________________________________________________________
The chemiluminescent properties of these scouring powders were
compared by using them to clean a white enamel kitchen sink.
The powders of Examples 10 and 11 both produced a strong blue light
when rubbed on the moist surface of the sink. The powders, which
were initially white, rapidly became light brown in color due to
side reactions involving the chemiluminescer. However, this brown
discoloration did not have any adverse effect on the cleaning
ability of the powders.
The powder of Example 12 produced light of similar intensity to
that produced by the two previous powders, but the degree of the
brown discoloration was slightly less.
The powders of Examples 13 and 14 produced less light than did the
powder of Example 12, although the light was still clearly visible
in daylight. However, the powder of Example 13 was discolored to a
negligible extent only, and the powder of Example 14 did not appear
to be discolored at all.
The powder of Example 15 only produced a faint blue light, but this
was still visible in daylight. There was no observable
discoloration of this powder.
All of the above scouring powders were very efficient cleaners. Any
discoloration of the powders did not affect their overall cleaning
ability and the brown color was washed away when the remains of the
powders were washed away after use.
The emission of the blue light indicated that the powders possessed
strong bleaching and cleaning ability.
EXAMPLES 16-25
To a scouring powder having the following constitution:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate 3.7 Sodium sulphate and sodium
chloride 1 Sodium tripolyphosphate 2 Soda ash 1 Trichlorocyanuric
acid 0.6 Perfume 0.5 Crushed felspar 90 Water to 100
were added the following additives (in parts/100 parts of the above
powder) Example Chemiluminescer.sup.1 Sodium percarbonate
__________________________________________________________________________
16 1.0 2 17 0.5 2 18 0.2 2 19 0.1 2 20 0.05 2 21 1.0 5 22 0.5 5 23
0.2 5 24 0.1 5 25 0.05 5
__________________________________________________________________________
The powders of Examples 16-25 were tested by being used to clean a
white enamel kitchen sink.
The powders of Examples 16-18 all produced a strong blue light when
rubbed on the wet surface of the sink. The intensity of the light
emitted by the powder of Example 18 was lower than that of the two
previous powders, but not significantly so. All three powders
became light brown in color during use, but, as in Examples 10-14,
this brown discoloration did not affect the overall cleaning
ability of the powders, and was washed away easily after use. The
degree of discoloration of the powder of Example 18 was slightly
less than that of the two previous powders.
The intensity of the light emitted by the powder of Example 19 was
noticeably less than that emitted by the powders of Examples 16-18,
but the powder was only slightly discolored during use.
The powder of Example 20 produced a very faint blue light, but this
was still visible in daylight. This powder was not noticeably
discolored during use.
The powders of Examples 21-25, incorporating a larger amount of
oxidizing agent, generally behaved in a similar manner to the
corresponding powders of Examples 16-20. The light emitted by these
powders was slightly more intense than that emitted by the previous
powders, although the degree of discoloration generally remained
the same.
EXAMPLE 26
The undosed detergent powder of Example 1 was dosed with
Parts/100 parts Additive of the powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Noodled chemiluminescer.sup.1 2 Activator 1
__________________________________________________________________________
This powder behaved similarly to those of Examples 5-7.
EXAMPLES 27 AND 28
To a scouring powder having the following constitution:
Component Parts
__________________________________________________________________________
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate 3.5 Sodium sulphate and sodium
chloride 1 Sodium tripolyphosphate 2 Soda ash 1 Perfume 0.5 Crushed
felspar 91 Water to 100
were added the following additives: Parts/100 parts Additive of the
above powder
__________________________________________________________________________
Chemiluminescer.sup.1 1 First activator.sup.2 2 Second
activator.sup.3 1
__________________________________________________________________________
The powder of Example 27 behaved similarly to that of Example 10,
giving a strong emission of light when coming into contact with
water. It became discolored during use, although this discoloration
did not affect its overall cleaning ability.
The powder of Example 28 emitted less light than did that of
Example 27, but was not discolored during use.
* * * * *