U.S. patent number 3,666,982 [Application Number 05/021,259] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-30 for distributive cathode for flowing gas electric discharge plasma.
This patent grant is currently assigned to United Aircraft Corporation. Invention is credited to Walter J. Wiegand, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,666,982 |
Wiegand, Jr. |
May 30, 1972 |
DISTRIBUTIVE CATHODE FOR FLOWING GAS ELECTRIC DISCHARGE PLASMA
Abstract
A cathode emitting electrons to form an electric discharge
plasma in a flowing gas stream is oriented and disposed to cause a
substantially uniform distribution of the emitted electrons
throughout the gas stream. A segmented cathode embodiment permits a
large surface area, the large area in turn allowing a maximum
cooling effect from the flowing gas. The cathode segments are
dispersed and interspersed with insulating material to avoid the
current concentrations otherwise occurring at the intersections of
the individual cathode segments. Also cooling limitations require
that the cathode surfaces be substantially parallel to the flowing
gas stream. Various configurations are disclosed for providing a
proper cathode electron emission area within varying flow
cross-sectional areas.
Inventors: |
Wiegand, Jr.; Walter J.
(Glastonbury, CT) |
Assignee: |
United Aircraft Corporation
(East Hartford, CT)
|
Family
ID: |
21803233 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/021,259 |
Filed: |
March 20, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/613; 313/33;
313/231.01; 313/346R; 313/632; 372/58; 372/83; 372/87 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05H
1/48 (20130101); H01S 3/09705 (20130101); H05H
1/24 (20130101); F03H 1/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F03H
1/00 (20060101); H01S 3/097 (20060101); H05H
1/24 (20060101); H01j 017/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/33,205,211,346,210,217 ;315/111 ;331/94.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"Functional Ion Laser Based upon a Thermionic Hollow Cathode
Discharge," by D. A. Huchital et al.; The Review of Scientific
Instruments, Vol. 39, No. 10, October 1968, pp. 1472-1477. .
"Gaseous Conductors" by J. D. Cobine, Dover Publications, Inc., New
York, 1958, pp. 311 and 312..
|
Primary Examiner: Lake; Roy
Assistant Examiner: Hostetter; Darwin R.
Claims
Having thus described typical embodiments of my invention, that
which I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the
United States is:
1. Apparatus through which a stream of flowing gas is passed for
providing and utilizing an electric discharge plasma having a
current voltage characteristic that includes a negative resistance
region in which an increase in current causes a decrease in
voltage, comprising:
a wall structure adapted to constrain the stream of flowing
gas;
a distributive cathode comprising a metallic cathode segment
supported inwardly from the walls of said structure a sufficient
distance to dispose said cathode segment in the main stream of flow
and out of the flow boundary layer whereby the flow of gas can
provide substantial cooling for the cathode, said distributive
cathode having cross-sectional configurations without sharp corners
or bends which preclude electric field concentrations that are
sufficient in strength to initiate electric arcing in the stream of
the gas, the distributive cathode providing a substantially uniform
electric discharge plasma across substantially the entire stream of
gas; and
an anode supported from the walls of said structure and positioned
downstream of the cathode.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said cathode segment
comprises a metallic sleeve disposed in an insulating structure,
the volume contained by said sleeve comprising a passageway for the
flow of at least a portion of the gas in said wall structure.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said metallic sleeve
is only partially exposed to the gas flow and wherein the exposed
portions of said sleeve are rounded and thereby devoid of sharp
discontinuities in the metallic surfaces thereof.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 including a plurality of said
cathode segments; and further comprising:
insulating means holding said cathode segments, each segment being
displaced from an adjacent segment by said insulating means, the
distance between cathode segments being on the same order of
magnitude as the least dimension of one of the segments.
5. Apparatus through which a stream of flowing gas is passed for
providing and utilizing an electric discharge plasma having a
current voltage characteristic that includes a negative resistance
region in which an increase in current causes a decrease in
voltage, comprising:
a wall structure of dielectric material adapted to constrain the
stream of flowing gas transiting therethrough;
an insulating member which is supported by the wall structure and
forms an obstacle to the flowing gas, a member having a hole
therein through which the stream of gas is flowable thereby
allowing the flowing gas to transit said wall structure;
a distributive cathode comprising a metallic cathode section
supported by the insulating member and positioned in the hole, the
inner surface of said segment projecting beyond the boundary layer
of, and into the stream of, the flowing gas so that it cools the
segment and electric discharge plasma in the stream of gas
substantially beyond the boundary layer of the flowing gas, said
distributive cathode having cross-sectional profiles without sharp
corners or bends which preclude electric field concentrations that
are sufficient in strength to initiate electric arcing in the
stream of the gas, the distributive cathode providing a
substantially uniform electric discharge plasma across
substantially the entire flow field of the gas; and
an anode supported from the walls of said structure and positioned
downstream of the cathode.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to electric discharge plasmas, and more
particularly to improved cathodes for use with electric discharge
plasmas in flowing gas streams.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of electric discharge plasmas, particularly in a stream of
flowing gas, is old and well established in the art. However,
recent advances in high power gas lasers indicate the need for high
velocity flow and high gas pressure to create and extract maximum
optical power per unit of volume, weight, cost and gas consumption.
In an electric discharge gas laser, the efficiency of production of
upper energy states of energizing or lasing gases is directly
related to current density, electric field, and number density of
un-ionized particles in the gas stream, etc. The sheer power
extractable in a given laser configuration increases with pressure
since extractable power is a function of the number of
participating gas molecules, and the latter increases with
pressure. Enhancement of extractable power requires that
corresponding changes in other variables of the electric discharge
plasma accompanying the increase in pressure.
The control of optimized electric discharge plasmas in small, low
pressure flow configurations is relatively simple; however, such
control becomes extremely complex as the cross-sectional area of
flow and gas pressure are increased. Attempts to increase the
amount of the working gas in a flowing gas laser results in a
variety of complications in the maintenance of a stable electric
discharge plasma suitable for optimum excitation of selected levels
of the working gas through electron collisions within the plasma.
One such complication is the inability to maintain a proper
discharge in a plasma having a cross-sectional area with a least
dimension greater than about 3 or 4 inches; multiple electric
discharges, each with separate gas flow paths and electrodes have
been required to overcome the problem.
The phenomenon of localized arcing or streamering in an electric
discharge can also become critical at sufficiently high pressure.
Streamering or arcing is actually the result of an electrical short
circuit along the path of the streamer or arc with substantially
all of the current supplied to the plasma conducted through the
relatively small cross-sectional area of the streamer or arc.
Streamering reduces the effectiveness of a plasma to provide
electron collision excitation of the gas molecules flowing through
the electric discharge region because the high current conduction
of the streamer short circuits the remainder of the plasma region,
the presence of streamering or arcing essentially "puts out" the
plasma; furthermore, excitation of the gas molecule to upper energy
states through electron collision is accomplished most efficiently
in a properly optimized uniform plasma. In addition to the above
described localized arcing or streamering, high gas pressure or
large cross-sectional flow area interfere with the maintenance of a
uniform plasma because a non-uniform "attachment" of the plasma to
the cathode can occur. The non-uniform attachment of the plasma and
the consequent non-uniform distribution of the plasma relative to
the cathode, are caused partially by field concentrations resulting
from abrupt discontinuities in cathode surfaces, and partially by
variations in the thermal characteristics of the cathode.
Sufficient local heating of discrete areas on the cathode surface
can result in thermionic emission or vaporization of metal from the
cathode surface, the latter causing metal atoms to enter the gas
discharge region and thereby tending to induce arcing along the
metal atom path.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to provide a cathode capable
of sustaining a substantially uniform electric discharge plasma in
a flowing gas stream.
The invention is predicted in a significant part on my discovery
that heretofore recognized limitations in the maximum
cross-sectional area of a flowing gas electric discharge plasma
results from the emission of electrons into the boundary layers of
the gas flow, such as from a cathode circumscribing substantially
the entire wall surface. The invention is further predicted on my
discovery that a segmented cathode arranged in a geometry having
regions of contiguous segments, tends to develop concentrated
currents in such regions, the concentrated current resulting in
preferential heating of the electrode, thus tending to support
arcing and/or streamering as described hereinbefore. The invention
is also predicted on my discovery that in a prior art laser gas
discharge plasma, the amount of cathode surface area actually
involved in the electron emission process is less than the area
which would be involved if the plasma had a uniform distribution at
the cathode surface.
According to the present invention, the cathode of an electric
discharge plasma generating means is oriented and disposed
centrally of a flowing gas stream to allow the electron and ion
concentration contained by the flowing gas to follow the
streamlines of flow determined by the fluid mechanics involved, the
flowing gas thereby being capable of supporting a uniform electric
discharge plasma. In further accord with the present invention,
substantially all of the electron-emission surface of the cathode
is exposed directly to a stream of flowing gas, the gas flow across
the cathode surface having a substantial and uniform velocity, in
contrast with the low velocity boundary or eddy regions typically
found in fluid flow through the main flow channel. In still further
accord with the present invention, the surface of the distributive
cathode, having maximum cooling through direct contact with the
flowing gas, may be segmented and distributed across the
cross-sectional area of flow. In accordance further with the
present invention, the cathode structure is shaped and configured
to avoid acute surface discontinuities, thereby minimizing electric
field concentrations and reducing localized thermal heading of
cathode surfaces. Still further in accordance with the present
invention, in embodiments employing a segmented cathode structure,
unwanted current concentrations in the region of the plasma are
eliminated by physical separation of the distributed cathode
segments although the segments maybe interconnected electrically to
facilitate distribution of electric current.
The present invention provides means for extending the
cross-sectional area of an electric discharge plasma in a flowing
gas. The invention is particularly useful in the design of very
high power gas laser systems. This invention extends the operation
of electric discharge plasmas utilized for excitation of laser
working gases to higher pressures than have heretofore been
obtainable without mitigating the uniformity and stability of the
resulting electric discharge plasma.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the
present invention will become more apparent in the light of the
following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof, as
illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a simplified, partially broken away, sectioned, plan view
of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectioned side elevation taken on the line 2--2 of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a sectioned front elevation taken on the line 3--3 of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of electric discharge plasma
characteristics;
FIG. 5 is a sectioned side elevation of an alternative embodiment
of the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a simplified, partial, sectioned side elevation of a
circular embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIGS. 1-3, a laser incorporating the present
invention comprises a pair of side walls 20, 22 having holes 24, 26
disposed therein respectively, adjacent to which are a pair of
concave laser mirrors 28, 30. The mirrors 28, 30 may be clamped to
the walls 20, 22 by clamps (not shown) or other suitable securing
modalities, a number of which are well known in the art. To provide
a gas tight seal, O-rings or other suitable gaskets 32, 34 may be
employed as is known in the art. The wall structure 20, 22 may
comprise quartz, compressed mica, or other suitable insulating
material. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the laser chamber is of
rectangular configuration including a bottom wall 36 and a top wall
38 (broken away in FIG. 1 for clarity). The mirror 28 may have a
hole 40 therein to permit coupling optical power out of the cavity
or laser gain area formed between the mirrors 28,30. The flow of
gases in this embodiment is from left to right as viewed in FIGS. 1
and 3, and as illustrated by an arrow 42.
The cathode in accordance with the present invention is disposed on
an insulating block 44 which may consist of quartz, mica, or other
suitable insulating material, within which are disposed a plurality
of cathode segments 46, each of which is comprised of a suitable
cathode metal, such as copper. Each of the cathode segments 46 is
snugly fit into suitable holes 48 formed within the block 44, the
end of each hole 48 into which the cathode segment 46 is fitted (to
the right in FIGS. 1 and 3) being enlarged to receive the cathode
segments 46, so that the cross-sectional flow area is substantially
constant from one side of the block through the holes 48 and
segments 46 to the other side of the block. The exposed portions of
the cathode segments 46 are designed so as not to present any sharp
surface discontinuities which can promote field concentrations. For
instance, as seen in FIGS. 1 and 3 the exposed edges 50 of the
cathode segments are rounded, and as seen in FIG. 2 each cathode
segment 46, although of a generally rectangular design, is rounded
at the corners 52 sufficiently so as to avoid supporting
concentrations of electric field.
The cathode segments 46 may be connected by suitable wiring 54 to a
proper, ballasted power supply 56, the other output of which is
connected to a suitable anode, which may comprise a portion of
metallic duct work 58. The electrical supply means 54-58 is
eliminated from all of the views except FIG. 1 for simplicity, in
view of the fact that such means are well known in the art.
The features of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3 all relate to the
provision of a uniform electric discharge plasma within a suitable
flowing gas. The characteristics of such a plasma include the
voltage current characteristic illustrated in simplified form in
FIG. 4. Therein, as the current in an electric discharge plasma is
increased from a relatively low value, there is initially no change
in voltage. Thereafter, an abnormal glow exists in which there is a
positive proportional relationship between voltage and current
followed by a negative proportional relationship. Thereafter, a
negative resistance region is reached wherein the voltage decreases
with increases in current; further increases in current cause the
plasma to change into an arc, as described briefly hereinbefore. In
the utilization of many plasmas, operation in the negative
resistance regime is required; this is particularly true in the
case of vibrationally excited molecular gas lasers. Thus, in high
power gas laser technology, the desired operation of the electric
discharge plasma is in the negative resistance region. However, as
described briefly hereinbefore, great care must be taken so as not
to cause any portion of the plasma to achieve a non-uniformly high
current and thus assume an arc, since this shorts out the entire
plasma. It is this, to which the present invention primarily
relates.
In the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3, a main feature of the present
invention is that the distributive cathode (comprised of segments
46 suitably isolated from one another the distance between cathode
segments being on the same order of magnitude as the least
dimension of one of the segments) provides a relatively uniform
field across the entire flow of gases. This contrasts with the
prior art which typically utilizes a cathode surrounding the
periphery of the gas flow which therefore introduces electrons into
boundary flow field rather than uniformly across the flow field.
Further, because the cathode segments 46 are isolated from one
another by suitable insulating material (such as the block 44)
there is no tendency to have high current concentrations at the
junction of cathode segments (as would be true in the case of a
simple metallic "egg crate" structure). Additionally, since there
are no sharp corners in the cathode segments 46 (either as viewed
in FIGS. 1 and 3 or as viewed in FIG. 2) there is no tendency for
individual cathode segments to support high field concentrations
which would cause abnormally high localized currents resulting in
localized arcing or streamering. Thus, the distributive cathode in
the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3 provides a fairly uniform electric
discharge plasma which can be maintained in the negative resistance
region across substantially the entire flow field of the gas.
Additionally, the cathode segments 46 include dimensions which are
sufficiently small with respect to the flow field so that there is
a substantial gas flow immediately adjacent the surfaces of the
segments 46, which tends to cause these segments to be cooled by
the gas flowing through the laser or other utilization apparatus.
This contrasts with prior art cathodes which surround the periphery
of the gas flow area and are thus located in the relatively low
velocity boundary layer of flow rather than in the higher velocity,
main stream of flow. Thus, the cathode segments in accordance with
the present invention are cooled by the gas flowing therethrough
and avoid localized heating which can result in arcing and
streamering and gross alterations in the electric discharge
plasma.
An alternative to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3 is illustrated in
FIG. 5 wherein a single cathode segment 46a is located within an
elongated slot formed in the insulating material 44a. This
embodiment is not comprised of segments, but it is distributive, in
that the cathode will be located in the main stream of flow (rather
than at the wall) and thus out of the boundary layer of flow
adjacent to the walls of the main flow structure. It is therefor a
distributive cathode in the sense that it distributes the plasma
into the stream of main flow rather than localizing it in the
boundary layer of main flow.
Another embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 6 is illustrative
of other configurations in which the present invention may be
practiced. Therein, three cathode segments 46b, 46c, 46d are
disposed on related insulating rings 44b, 44c, the rings being
separated by suitable insulating struts 60. This amounts to no more
than a coaxial, circular equivalent of the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3
and 5. Similarly, other polygonal or curvilinear configurations may
be chosen to provide a distributive, and if desired, segmented
cathode, having no field concentrations.
If desired, non-electrode gas passages may be provided to
facilitate a greater volume of gas flow through the cathode
structure. Similarly, although the invention has been shown and
described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it should
be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and
various other changes and omissions in the form and detail thereof
may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of
the invention.
* * * * *