U.S. patent number 3,665,883 [Application Number 05/026,231] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-30 for flotation apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to George Sege.
United States Patent |
3,665,883 |
Sege |
May 30, 1972 |
FLOTATION APPARATUS
Abstract
A spherical pressure vessel, to add buoyancy to a submersible
vehicle, is designed to withstand a fraction of the maximum ambient
sea pressure to be encountered. The sphere is filled with a
pressurized gas and as the vehicle descends the gas is heated to
increase its pressure in proportion to the absolute temperature. As
the submersible ascends, the gas is cooled to decrease its
pressure. The heating and cooling of the gas are so controlled that
the difference between the internal gas pressure and the external
pressure of the ambient sea is always within a broad safe range.
Pressurization of the sphere before a descent allows attainment of
a certain depth without the requirement for heating the gas.
Inventors: |
Sege; George (Potomac, MD) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
21830608 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/026,231 |
Filed: |
April 7, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
114/331;
114/336 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B63G
8/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B63G
8/22 (20060101); B63G 8/00 (20060101); B63g
008/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;114/.5,16,16E |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Blix; Trygve M.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. Flotation apparatus for imparting buoyancy to a submersible unit
capable of descending and ascending in an ambient medium,
comprising:
a. a pressure vessel for containing a gas under pressure;
b. means for charging said pressure vessel with a predetermined
mass of gas;
c. heating means contained within said pressure vessel for heating
said gas for increasing the pressure thereof;
d. means for cooling said heated gas for reducing the pressure
thereof whereby in combination with said heating means the pressure
of said gas is maintained within a predetermined pressure range
with respect to the pressure of the ambient medium;
e. said mass of said gas and the volume said gas remaining constant
during said heating and cooling.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
a. said heating means is an electric resistance heating
element.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
a. said pressure vessel is spherical.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 which includes:
a. insulating means for insulating the interior of said pressure
vessel from the surrounding ambient medium.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein:
a. said insulating means is disposed on the inside of said pressure
vessel.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1 which includes:
a. safety valve means operable to open upon a predetermined
exceeding of said pressure range for communicating the inside of
said pressure vessel with the ambient medium.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 which includes:
a. a plurality of other similar pressure vessels;
b. said safety valve means on said pressure vessels being
collectively operable to open at different values of pressure
differential.
8. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
a. cooling of the gas within said pressure vessel is effected by
deactivation of said heating means.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein:
a. said heating means is an electrical heating means; and which
includes
b. a source of electric power remote from the submersible unit;
and
c. cable means for connecting said source of power with the
submersible unit for supplying said heating means with electric
energy.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
Flotation apparatus for imparting buoyancy to submersible vehicles
or the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Because of the high ambient sea pressures, at great depths, deep
diving submersible vehicles ordinarily are built so that in the
absence of special provisions they have an effective density
greater than sea water. Buoyancy apparatus is generally
incorporated in such vehicles to insure its ascent at the
termination of a dive and in addition to attain approximate neutral
buoyancy at their operating depth. The lighter the flotation
apparatus, the greater its merit.
One type of buoyancy material which is used for submersible
vehicles is syntactic foam, with densities in the vicinity of 40
lb./cu. ft. currently available and densities in the 35 lb./cu. ft.
vicinity as current development goals. A lighter material under
consideration is in the form of multi-inch diameter glass spheres
embedded in a syntactic foam carrier which provides an effective
density of approximately 30 to 35 pounds per cubic foot. A still
lower density is attainable through the use of free glass spheres
or radially oriented fiber glass spheres. However at present there
is an inherent danger of sympathetic implosion propagation from
sphere to sphere, with the employment of glass spheres, whether
free or embedded in foam.
A liquid flotation material in use is gasoline which has a density
of 44 pounds per cubic foot. In addition to the great amount of
gasoline required for a dive and it unattractively high
compressibility, gasoline presents a dangerous problem in
handling.
Other proposals include the use of a liquidized gas as a buoyancy
material by expanding the gas to equalize the pressure in the
interior of a float chamber to that of the surrounding sea water.
Such an arrangement is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,112,724. The
heat of the surrounding sea, or a heating means may be provided for
evaporating the gas, the rate of which is controlled to maintain an
equilibrium pressure and during a subsequent assent the evaporated
gs is released to the surrounding sea. To eliminate the need for
replenishing the liquid gas, means for recompressing the gas may be
provided. Such system requires the chamber to be communicative with
the ambient sea and in addition is either wasteful of liquid gas or
alternatively, requires additional recompressing apparatus, which
adds undesired weight to the system.
In another arrangement described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,171,376 a
liquid gas is vaporized by the surrounding sea or an electric
heater and the vaporized gas is conducted to a ballast chamber to
expel ambient water therefrom. Such system whether utilizing a
liquid gas (or a highly compressed gas) requires a change of state
(or volume) and accordingly is a one time operation, or
alternatively requires the extra weight of recompressing
apparatus.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The flotation apparatus of the present invention includes a
pressure vessel for containing a gas under pressure with one or
more such vessels being utilized in conjunction with submersible
apparatus such as a vehicle to impart buoyancy thereto. The
pressure vessel is designed to withstand a certain differential
pressure and contained within the vessel is a heating means for
heating the gas to increase the pressure thereof to maintain the
pressure differential within a predetermined range as the
submersible descends. The pressure vessel additionally includes
insulating means to insulate the inside of the pressure vessel and
means for cooling the gas to reduce the pressure thereof upon
ascent, to maintain the pressure differential within the prescribed
range. In normal descent and ascent operations the vessel is
completely closed to the ambient sea water and the gas mass and
volume remain constant.
By pressurizing the vessel at the surface descent may take place to
a prescribed depth without the requirment for activating the
heating means.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates the apparatus in conjunction with a submersible
vehicle.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one of the flotation
devices in accordance with one embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 3 is a temperature distribution curve;
FIG. 4 is a chart illustrating the operation of the present
invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates another submersible unit which may incorporate
the present invention; and
FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a flotation device for
the use in the apparatus of FIG. 5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The flotation apparatus of the present invention may be utilized
with a variety of submersible units such as large deep submergence
submarines, submersible vehicles, cable controlled object recovery
vehicles, unmanned instrumentation platforms, to name a few. FIG. 1
is illustrative and shows a submersible vehicle 10, hereinafter
referred to as a submersible. The submersible includes a pressure
hull 12 serving as a crew compartment, normally operative at a
1-atmosphere environment, and which includes control systems for
operation of the submersible 10. An outer shell 14, open to the
ambient medium e.g. sea water, is provided to afford protection to
various equipment and to give the submersible a hydrodynamic shape.
Not shown in FIG. 1 are various propulsion, control, battery and
ballast systems.
Flotation devices 16 are provided for imparting buoyancy to the
submersible and a typical flotation device 16 is illustrated in
FIG. 2. The flotation device 16 includes a pressure vessel 20 which
for maximum buoyancy with minimum weight, is preferably
spherical.
The pressure vessel 20, hereinafter referred to as a pressure
sphere, or sphere, unlike the pressure hull 12 of FIG. 1 is
designed to withstand only a fraction of the maximum ambient sea
pressure to be encountered. The choice of materials for the
fabrication of the pressure sphere 20 may include such metals as
titanium alloy 6Al- 4V, aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and steel alloy
HP-9-4-20, to name a few.
The pressure sphere 20 contains a constant mass and volume of gas
under pressure and is designed to withstand a certain positive and
negative pressure differential of magnitude p, that is, the
pressure of the gas within the sphere 20 may be p units greater
than the pressure of the ambient medium outside of the sphere as
measured at the uppermost portion thereof, or alternatively the
pressure of the ambient medium, as measured at the lowermost
portion of the sphere, may be p units greater than the internal
pressure of the sphere.
The sphere 20 is designed to include an extra margin of safety,
however, it may be stated that there exists a safe pressure
differential range from +p to -p. The pressure of the gas within
the sphere 20 is a function of its absolute temperature and to
maintain the pressure differential within the prescribed range
there is provided heating means for increasing the temperature, and
accordingly for increasing the pressure of the gas. Although
various heat exchange systems may be provided, a simple method of
heating the gas is by means of an electrical resistance heating
element 21 that transfers heat directly to the gas. The use of
resistance heating element 21 simplifies and minimizes the type and
number of penetrations required. It has no moving parts and for its
weight provides an extremely high efficiency.
If the pressure sphere 20 has descended to a great depth which
required the heating of the internal gas to increase the pressure
thereof, then upon an ascent the gas must be cooled to decrease the
pressure thereof so that the design differential pressure will not
be exceeded. Accordingly, means are provided for cooling the gas
for reducing the pressure thereof so that during operation of the
submersible the cooling means in conjunction with a heating means
maintains the pressure of the gas within the pressure sphere 20
within a certain differential pressure range with respect to the
pressure of the ambient medium.
Various methods exist for cooling the gas including the use of a
heat exchanger within the sphere suitably valved to the external
sea water or by circulating the gas through an external heat
exchanger. FIG. 2 illustrates the preferred arrangement.
Insulating means may be provided for insulating the pressure sphere
20 from the ambient medium and in the embodiment of FIG. 2 the
insulating means 22 is disposed on the inside of the pressure
sphere 20 and is divided into two sections, outer section 23 and
inner section 24, radially spaced to define a cooling passage 26
therebetween. The determining factors for choosing a particular
insulation basically, beside its ability to withstand the
temperature and other conditions of its operating environment, are
its density .rho. and its thermal conductivity k. The best thermal
insulation theoretically has the minimum product of .rho.k for a
fixed insulation weight. One such insulation which may be utilized
is known as Q-Felt which is a quartz fiber material having a .rho.
k factor of 3.75.
Assuming that resistance heater 21 has been activated to increase
the temperature of the gas within the pressure sphere 20, there
will exist a certain temperature distribution from the relatively
hot central core 30, defined by the insulating means, to the
relatively cool outer wall of the pressure sphere 20. This
temperature distribution is graphically illustrated in FIG. 3
wherein the vertical axis represents temperature and the horizontal
axis represents radius. The temperature remains at a constant value
T within the core 30 and thereafter rapidly decreases due to the
insulating means 22, the interstices of which, typically, contain a
portion of the gas. A different temperature gradient is experienced
between the inner and outer walls of the sphere 20 and the final
temperature value designated T.sub.a is approximately the
temperature of the cool ambient medium. Anywhere between the core
30 and the ambient medium, the temperature within the sphere 20 is
less than the temperature of the core. The cooling passage 26 is
located such that its position on the temperature distribution
curve of FIG. 3, results in a temperature T.sub.c which is less
than T and somewhat greater than T.sub.a.
Referring once again to FIG. 2, in order to effect cooling of the
gas within the core 30, means are provided to communicate the core
30 with the cooling passage 26. This is accomplished by the
provision of passageways 32 and 33 extending through the insulation
section 24 between the core 30 and cooling passage 26 and being
normally closed by means of respective movable plugs 35 and 36.
Upon activation of electrically operated solenoids 38 and 39
movable plugs 35 and 36 will be moved to the dotted positions shown
allowing free flow of gas between the core and cooling passage 26
to effect a reduction in gas temperature, and accordingly a
reduction in gas pressure.
With the orientation illustrated and plugs 35 and 36 in the
position shown dotted, there is established a convective heat flow
path from the core 30 to the cooling passage 26. When the hot gas
from the center of the sphere 20 flows through the passageway 32,
heat is transferred to the ambient sea through section 23 of the
insulation and the wall of the sphere 20. The cooled gas will then
flow back to the core 30 via the lower passageway 33 thereby
completing the convection circuit.
When sufficient cooling and pressure reduction has taken place, the
operator may activate the solenoids to close the passageways 32 and
33 which preferably are vertically diametrically opposed. In order
that the operator may properly control the heating and cooling of
the gas within the pressure sphere 20, there is provided sensing
means in the form of a thermal sensor 40 for providing a
temperature signal, and a pressure transducer 41 for providing a
pressure signal.
To avoid a possible large pressure differential across the section
24 of insulating means 22, when passageways 32 and 33 are closed,
there is provided a plurality of bleed ports 43 for equalizing
pressure. The bleed ports are of an extremely small diameter so
that heat transfer therethrough is minimized.
Accessibility of internal components of the sphere 20, for
maintenance or replacement is desirable. Accordingly, there is
provided a relatively large plug or closure 50 which is threadably
engage with the lower portion of the pressure sphere 20 and through
which mechanical and electrical penetrations are made. Carried by
the closure 50 is a valve means 53 communicative with the inside of
the sphere 20 whereby the sphere may be initially charged with a
constant mass of gas under pressure. The valve means 53 is
communicative with the inside of the sphere 20 by means of valve
passage 54 which extends into the sphere only so far as the cooling
passage 26 in order to reduce heat leakage from the high
temperature core 30.
A malfunction of the heating or cooling means could cause the
flotation apparatus to exceed its design pressure differential. In
order to obviate a consequent explosion or implosion there is
provided safety valve means in the form of a safety valve 57
operable to open upon exceeding of a predetermined positive
differential pressure so that gas may be expelled to the ambient
sea, and safety valve 58 operable to open upon exceeding a
predetermined negative pressure differential to allow the ambient
sea water to enter the sphere 20. A typical submersible would
normally be provided with a plurality of such spheres 20 and loss
of one due to operation of safety valve 57 or 58 would not result
in a catastrophic buoyance loss.
In order to prevent a possible systematic failure from affecting
all the spheres carried by the submersible, the safety valve means
on the pressure spheres can be set so that they are collectively
operable to open at different values of pressure differential. For
example, instead of having valve 58 (or 57) on each pressure sphere
open at the same value of differential pressure, their settings may
be staggered by increments. Alternatively a large number of spheres
can be separated into groups, with the spheres in each group having
the same safety valve setting, but having staggered settings from
group to group.
By proper segmenting of the lower portion of insulation means 22
the internal components of the lower half of sphere 20 may be
removable as a unit, with removal of the closure 50, thus
facilitating maintenance or replacement.
Operation of a typical flotation device 16 is illustrated to good
approximation in the chart of FIG. 4. The left-hand column of FIG.
4 represents depth; the next column depicts the sphere 20 and the
pressure therein; the next column specifies the ambient pressure at
the particular depth in the first column; and the last column
designates the differential pressure at that depth. At the surface,
represented by the depth zero, the outside pressure (gauge) is
zero. The sphere 20 which is designed to withstand a pressure
differential of .+-.p may be initially charged to a pressure p such
that the pressure differential at the surface of the sea is +p.
After descending, a depth D is reached where the ambient sea water
pressure is p and consequently the pressure differential is zero
since the inside of sphere 20 is maintained at pressure p. At depth
2D the ambient pressure is 2p resulting in a pressure differential
of -p. It is therefore seen that with the gas initially under
pressure within the sphere 20, and with a design differential
pressure of .+-.p, the apparatus may descend to a depth where the
outside pressure is twice the inside pressure without activation of
the heating or cooling means previously described.
Descent below depth 2D, for example to depth 3D, requires the
activation of the heating means to increase the pressure within the
sphere 20. For example, to descend to depth 3D, where the outside
pressure is 3p, the gas within the sphere 20 is heated until its
pressure is 2p thereby resulting in a pressure differential of -p,
within the design range. If operation well within the design range
is desired, the gas within the sphere 20 from depth D down to
maximum operating depth may be heated to increase the pressure
within the sphere 20 to be approximately equal to the ambient
pressure so that a pressure differential close to zero is
maintained.
To serve as an illustrative example of an operative system, the
submersible 10 of FIG. 1 may be designed to descend to maximum
depth of 20,000 ft. for a 40 hour mission. For a required buoyancy
of e.g. 18,000 lbs. the flotation apparatus would include 18 of the
spheres such as illustrated in FIG. 2 each having a 44 inch outside
diameter and fabricated of titanium alloy 6Al-4V. The gas under
pressure would be helium and the design pressure differential p of
the shell would be .+-. 3,000 psi (lbs. per square inch.) Maximum
operating temperature would be 1,500.degree. F and the insulating
means 22 would be comprised of Q-Felt insulation, 12 inches thick
with section 23 being approximately 4 inches thick. Assuming that
the energy for heating the resistance heater is provided by a
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell the effective density of the flotation
apparatus including the apportioned weight of the fuel cell power
source would be approximately 25 lbs. per cubic foot. For an
operating depth less than 20,000 ft. the energy requirements would
be lessened to provide an effective density of 20 lbs. per cubic
foot, for example, for 12,000 ft. operation.
Another type of submersible in which the present invention finds
application is the manned or unmanned submersible which is supplied
with energy from a remote source. In FIG. 1, since the energy
source required to heat the gas must be carried by the submersible
10 the weight of such source must be considered in computing the
effective density of the apparatus. If supplied with energy from a
remote source, by means of a cable for example, the effective
density of the flotation apparatus may be reduced. One such
submersible is illustrated in FIG. 5.
The submersible 62 is unmanned and is utilized for the lifting of
large objects such as 64 from the sea bottom 65. The submersible 62
allows the inclusion of larger spheres 67 and since supplied with
energy from a towing surface vessel 69, the submersible 62 has
essentially a weightless power source. The remote power source,
which allows for thinner insulation since heat leak loss can be
tolerated and made up by supplying more energy to the heating
means, coupled with the use of larger diameter spheres result in a
reduction of effective density.
A typical flotation device 67 is illustrated in Sectional view in
FIG. 6. The pressure vessel is in the form of pressure sphere 74
having insulating means 76 on the inner wall thereof primarily to
prevent overheating of the sphere material, and is of much smaller
thickness than the insulating material described in FIG. 2. Heating
means in the form of a resistance heater 79 is supplied with
electrical energy from a remote source to heat the gas contained
within the sphere 74. As was the case with respect to FIG. 2, the
various elements such as resistance heater 79, a temperature sensor
81, a pressure transducer 82 and a charging and safety valving
arrangement 84 may be carried by a closure 86 threadably engaged
with the lower portion of sphere 74. Valve passage 90 is
communicative with the core 91 by means of bleed ports 93.
The cooling means for the arrangement of FIG. 6 includes the
relatively thin layer of insulation 76, which in some arrangement
may be eliminated, in conjunction with the turning off or
deactivation of resistance heater 79 whereupon a heat transfer
takes place through the insulation 76, through the wall of sphere
74 to the cool ambient sea water thus reducing the temperature
within the sphere.
By way of example, the submersible 62 in FIG. 5 with a requirement
for 20,000 lbs. of buoyancy for operation at a depth of 20,000 feet
would use 4 spheres as illustrated in FIG. 6 each sphere having a
70 inch outside diameter fabricated from titanium 6Al-4V metal and
designed to withstand 2,000 psi. 6 inches of Q-Felt insulation
would line the walls of the sphere which would be filled with
helium gas. Such an arrangement would result in an effective
density of approximately 16 pounds per cubic foot.
Various modifications may be made within the spirit of the
invention.
* * * * *