U.S. patent number 3,665,535 [Application Number 05/063,541] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-30 for swim fin.
Invention is credited to James B. Picken.
United States Patent |
3,665,535 |
Picken |
May 30, 1972 |
SWIM FIN
Abstract
A swim fin having a rigid or flexible web pivotally mounted on a
rigid frame extended forwardly from the toe of the user. The rigid
web is pivoted intermediate its longitudinal ends. A flexible web
is controlled with respect to longitudinal curvature. Both forms
are limited in the extent of angular movement available.
Inventors: |
Picken; James B. (Spokane,
WA) |
Family
ID: |
22049919 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/063,541 |
Filed: |
August 13, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
441/64 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B
31/11 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63B
31/00 (20060101); A63B 31/11 (20060101); A63c
031/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;9/304,301,305,309,303 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Blix; Trygve M.
Claims
Having thus described my invention, I claim:
1. In a swim fin:
first means for attachment to the foot of a swimmer;
a support secured to said first means and extending longitudinally
outward therefrom in a forward direction relative to the toe of
said first means;
a rigid web frame pivotally connected to said support about a
transverse axis located thereon spaced forwardly from the toe of
said first means;
said rigid web frame comprising an integral rigid plate having a
transverse width in excess of its length and presenting oppositely
facing solid smooth surfaces for water contact, said transverse
axis being located through the plate at a location intermediate the
ends thereof;
and means operatively connected between the support and web frame
for limiting the extent of angular movement of said web frame
relative to said support about said axis.
2. A swim fin as set out in claim 1 wherein said support
comprises:
a pair of transversely spaced arms having their respective ends
fixed to the first means and pivotally connected to said plate at
said axis.
3. In swim fin:
first means for attachment to a foot;
a fin-like member in the form of a web having a controllable
configuration during use;
rigid frame means fixed to said first means for supporting said
fin-like member, said frame means including a pivotal connection to
said fin-like member about a transverse axis located across the
fin-like member;
and means operatively connected between said frame means and said
fin-like member for limiting pivotal movement of said fin-like
member relative to said frame means about said axis.
4. In a swim fin:
first means for attachment to a foot;
a rigid frame fixed to said first means and extending forwardly to
the toe thereof along a path substantially parallel to the leg of a
swimmer when using the fin;
a web in the form of a transverse sheet of flexible material;
web frame means pivotally mounted to said rigid frame about a
transverse axis forward of said first means for forming the web in
a longitudinal concave configuration in response to kicking motion
of the foot and directed toward its direction of movement in the
water;
and means operatively connected between the web frame means and
said rigid frame for limiting angular motion of said web frame
relative to said rigid frame about said axis.
5. A swim fin as set out in claim 3 wherein said fin-like member
comprises:
a transverse frame element pivotally connected to said rigid frame
means at said axis;
a plurality of transversely spaced guides fixed to and extending
forwardly from said transverse frame element, each guide having
longitudinally convex upper and lower surfaces facing one another
and respectively aligned across said transverse frame element;
said web being flexible and secured across the rear ends of said
guides between the upper and lower surfaces thereof.
6. A swim fin as set out in claim 5 wherein said rigid frame means
comprises a pair of transversely spaced arms having their
respective ends fixed to said first means and pivotally connected
to said transverse frame element at said axis.
7. In a swim fin:
first means for attachment to the foot of a swimmer;
a rigid support secured to said first means and extending
longitudinally outward therefrom in a forward direction relative to
the toe of said first means;
a rigid web frame pivotally connected to said support by a free
pivotal connection between the web frame and said support about a
transverse axis located on the support at a position spaced
forwardly from said first means;
and means operatively connected between the support and web frame
for permitting free pivotal movement of the web frame relative to
the support about said transverse axis, while limiting the maximum
amount of such movement to each side of said support.
8. A swim fin as set out in claim 7 wherein said rigid web frame
comprises:
an integral rigid plate having a transverse width in excess of its
length and presenting oppositely facing solid smooth surfaces for
water contact.
9. A swim fin as set out in claim 7 wherein said rigid web frame
comprises:
an integral rigid plate having a transverse width in excess of its
length and presenting oppositely facing solid smooth surfaces for
water contact;
and perpendicular rigid guide fins at the respective transverse
sides of said plate extending outwardly beyond the surfaces
thereof.
10. A swim fin as set out in claim 7 wherein said rigid web frame
comprises:
a transverse frame element pivotally connected to said support at
said axis;
a plurality of transversely spaced guides fixed to and extending
forwardly from said transverse frame element, each guide having
longitudinally convex upper and lower surfaces facing one another
and respectively aligned across said transverse frame element;
a flexible web secured across the rear ends of said guides between
the upper and lower surfaces thereof.
11. A swim fin as set out in claim 7 wherein said rigid web frame
comprises:
a transverse frame element pivotally connected to said support at
said axis;
a plurality of transversely spaced guides fixed to and extending
forwardly from said transverse frame elements, each guide having
longitudinally convex upper and lower surfaces facing one another
and respectively aligned across said transverse frame element;
a flexible web secured across the rear ends of said guides between
the upper and lower surfaces thereof;
said support comprising a pair of transversely spaced arms having
their respective ends fixed to the first means and pivotally
connected to said transverse frame at said axis.
12. A swim fin as set out in claim 7, wherein said rigid web frame
comprises:
an integral rigid plate presenting oppositely facing solid smooth
surfaces for water contact;
said axis being located through the plate at a location
intermediate the ends thereof;
said last-named means comprising a tension member connected between
said support and the end of said plate closest to said first
means.
13. A swim fin as set out in claim 7 wherein said rigid web frame
comprises:
a rigid plate having oppositely facing solid smooth surfaces for
water contact;
said axis being located through the plate at a location
intermediate the ends thereof;
said support comprising a pair of transversely spaced arms having
their respective ends fixed to the first means and pivotally
connected to said plate at said axis.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This disclosure relates to swim fins used for underwater swimming
and for generally improving swimming performance at the surface. It
is patterned somewhat on the natural tail structure of sea mammals.
Its purpose is to simulate the swimming action of such animals.
Prior swim fins have largely been comprised of molded enlarged
surfaces attached to the foot and extending forwardly therefrom.
These are cumbersome, both on land and in water. Because they
generally continue uninterrupted throughout their full length, the
turbulence of the water near the foot of the user detracts from the
full water contact desired along the outer portions of the fin.
Most such fins are relatively narrow, and are reduced in thickness
toward their outer ends. This provides considerable flexibility in
the fin and causes the fin to bend oppositely to the direction
imparted to it by kicking movement, whereby forward thrust is
substantially reduced.
According to the two embodiments of the present invention,
relatively wide fins are mounted at a spaced distance forward from
the toe of the user. They are carried by a rigid frame controlled
by a foot. They are pivoted about a controlled transverse axis and
the extent of pivoting movement is positively limited. Open space
exists between the toe of the user and the fin, thereby positioning
the fin beyond the turbulence created by the kicking action of the
foot. The fin has been scientifically designed to maximize forward
thrust.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention disclosed comprises means for attachment to the foot
of a swimmer, together with a support extending longitudinally
outward from the attachment means, a rigid web frame pivotally
connected to the support and means for limiting the extend of
angular movement of the web frame relative to the support. The web
frame can be in the form of a rigid plate or hydrofoil. It also can
be in the form of a flexible web whose curvature is controlled by
supporting frame members.
It is one object of the invention to provide a swim fin wherein a
controlled pivoting web is located outwardly from the foot of the
user for maximum thrust generation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a relatively simple
fin which can be readily used by any swimmer.
Another object of the invention is to provide, in a flexible fin
construction, increased forward thrust by positive control of the
longitudinal curvature of the web.
These and further objects will be evident from the following
disclosure, taken together with the accompanying drawings, which
illustrate two preferred forms of the invention. It is to be
understood that these forms are only presented by way of
illustration, and that they are not intended to limit the scope of
the invention set forth herein.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a top view of a first embodiment of the swim fin;
FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of the swim fin in its normal
attitude, the opposite angular limit of the fin movement being
shown in dashed lines;
FIG. 3 is an end view taken from the right in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a top view of a second embodiment of the swim fin;
FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of the swim fin in FIG. 4 in its
normal operating attitude, the opposite angular limit of movement
of the fin being shown in dashed lines;
FIG. 6 is an end view of the swim fin as seen from the right in
FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view illustrating the forces generated by the
swim fin illustrated in FIGS. 1-3; and
FIG. 8 is a similar schematic drawing relating the swim fin shown
in FIGS. 4-6.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIGS. 1- 3 show a first form of the swim fin, including a rigid web
or hydrofoil 10. The hydrofoil 10 is constructed in the form of a
rigid plate, or web frame either made of solid material to provide
an integral stiffening frame or having a skeletal interior frame
covered by top and bottom skins of solid material. The hydrofoil 10
is symmetrical in elevation (FIG. 3) and tapers to a relatively
thin leading edge at 11 and a similarly thin trailing edge at 12.
As illustrated, the leading edge 11 and trailing edge 12 are each
V-shaped, the included angle at the center of leading edge 11 being
smaller than that at trailing edge 12. The side edges of hydrofoil
10 are defined by upright blades 13 which protrude beyond both the
upper and lower surfaces of the hydrofoil 10. A center upright
blade 19 protrudes forwardly of the hydrofoil 10. The blades 13 act
as channeling guides for water contacted by the hydrofoil during
its up and down movement in use.
The hydrofoil 10 is mounted to the foot of a user by means of a
shoe 14 or other similar arrangement, such as straps or a
foot-receiving socket. A plate 15, preferably made of rigid or
semi-rigid material, extends along the bottom of the shoe 14 and
forms part of a support including transversely spaced arms 16 that
protrude forwardly from the toe of shoe 14 in an angular direction
substantially parallel to the leg of the user while swimming with
the device. At their outer ends, the arms 16 are pivotally
connected to the hydrofoil 10 about a transverse axis extending
through the hydrofoil plate and indicated at 17 (FIG. 2). The
position of the pivotal axis is preferably intermediate the ends of
the hydrofoil 10, but is not to be so limited as to location.
The angular position of hydrofoil 10 is limited by a tension member
in the form of a band 18 of rubber or other suitable material. The
band 18 is connected between the plate 15 and the leading edge of
hydrofoil 10 at a location forward of pivot 17. The band 18 permits
limited pivotal movement of hydrofoil 10 about the pivot axis at
17. It limits the angular extent of such movement as shown in FIG.
2.
In this embodiment, the hydrofoil 10 is rigid and the leading and
trailing edges 11, 12 are relatively thin to reduce water friction.
The illustrated angles of the leading and trailing edges of
hydrofoil 10 are similar in configuration to those of the tail
structure of whales, dolphins and porpoises. Hydrofoil 10 is of
greater transverse dimension than its length so as to reduce the
induced angle of attack during use in the water. The width of
hydrofoil 10 is perpendicular to its intended forward motion
through the water in operational use.
The support apparatus illustrated in the drawings locates the
leading edge 11 of hydrofoil 10 forward of the toe of the shoe 14.
This permits hydrofoil 10 to operate with its leading edge 11 in
water not disturbed by the turbulence created by the foot and shoe
14 and insures that proper contact of the hydrofoil surfaces by
water is not blocked by either the foot and shoe 14 or by the
relatively open support presented by arms 16.
A second embodiment of the swim fin is shown in FIGS. 4-6. In this
embodiment, the hydrofoil 20 comprises a web 21 of flexible
material, such as rubber sheeting of either constant or varied
thickness. The web 21 is mounted across a rigid web frame including
a forward transverse frame element 22 and a transverse frame
element 23 spaced slightly rearward of web 21. Web 21 is anchored
across transverse element 22. Transversely spaced across web 21 and
fixed to the respective transverse elements 22, 23 are a plurality
of longitudinal guides 24 each presenting open concave upper and
lower surfaces 25, 26 facing one another and in the flexible path
of movement of the web 21. The surfaces 25, 26 serve to define the
longitudinal configuration of web 21 in response to its up and down
movement during swimming use, whereby the web is alternately
maintained in the longitudinal concave configurations directed
toward its direction of movement in the water. whereby the web is
alternately maintained in the longitudinal concave configurations
directed toward its direction of movement in the water.
The transverse frame element 22 is pivotally connected to the outer
ends of support arms 27, which correspond to the previously
described arms 16 of the first embodiment. Arms 27 are mounted to
the foot of the user in substantially the same manner as previously
described. A band 29 is connected between the foot of the user and
a crank arm 28 fixed to the transverse member 22 at its center.
Band 29 serves to limit angular movement of the web frame comprised
of transverse members 22, 23 and guides 24 (FIG. 5).
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4-6, the operative camber line of
the hydrofoil 20 will be curved away from the high pressure side of
the hydrofoil in a manner similar to the configuration of a sail on
a boat. The curvature of web 21 will be controlled by the surfaces
25, 26 along guides 24 and will be just opposite to the normal
curvature of web 21 if not so restricted.
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the general nature of the forces exerted
on hydrofoils 10 and 20 respectively. The resultant vectors are
indicated by arrows L, which indicate lift and B, which indicate
forward propelling force. The point of rotation indicated at C is
located at the hips of the user, since the proper utilization of
the swim fin does not require pivoting of the swimmers knees or
ankles. The illustrated direction of movement in these figures is
from top to bottom or clockwise. It is to be noted that both
embodiments result in a positive forward thrust during the entire
length of the stroke. This also is true during the return
stroke.
In the case of the first embodiment, the leading edge of the
hydrofoil is free to rotate into the direction of motion, where the
water encountered by the leading edge is relatively undisturbed.
The leading edge of the fin is not fixed relative to the foot as in
most prior swim flippers. Furthermore, in both embodiments, water
is not prevented from being engaged by the leading edges of the
hydrofoils by channeling members on the foot which extend to the
flipper or by water channeling blades that converge into the foot
on the sides of the flipper or by the foot itself, as is the case
with most prior art flippers.
* * * * *