U.S. patent number 3,663,307 [Application Number 04/705,507] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-16 for thermoelectric device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Cecil J. Mole.
United States Patent |
3,663,307 |
Mole |
May 16, 1972 |
THERMOELECTRIC DEVICE
Abstract
A thermoelectric pellet is disposed between and attached to two
metal plates by suitable means, such as metallurgical bonding. A
structural member, such as an annulus composed of an epoxy resin
having a characteristic of shrinking when cured, surrounds the
pellet and is bonded to the metal plates, thereby sealing it from
the atmosphere. The structural member is so arranged that the
pellet is maintained under a substantial compression load at all
times and the complete structure is both rigid and strong.
Inventors: |
Mole; Cecil J. (Monroeville,
PA) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
24833784 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/705,507 |
Filed: |
February 14, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
136/204;
136/212 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L
35/30 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01L
35/30 (20060101); H01L 35/28 (20060101); H01v
001/32 () |
Field of
Search: |
;136/203,204,205,211,212,230 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Quarforth; Carl D.
Assistant Examiner: Behrend; Harvey E.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. In a thermoelectric heat exchanger, in combination, a plurality
of electrically conductive spaced support members each having a
surface thereon, said surfaces of adjacent support members being
respectively opposed to one another, a plurality of pellets secured
directly to said surfaces of adjacent support members,
respectively, and tubular means formed at least in part from
insulating material extending between and adherently bonded
directly to said support members, the insulating material being
composed at least in part of a material having a characteristic of
shrinking when cured to exert forces on said adjacent members
tending to move said surfaces toward each other to exert a
compressive force on said pellets, respectively.
2. The combination defined in claim 1, wherein the means is in an
elastic condition after being bonded to the support members.
3. The combination defined in claim 1, wherein the material is a
thermosetting resin.
4. The combination defined in claim 1, wherein the material is a
cold curing resin.
5. The combination defined in claim 1, wherein the means is an
annulus surrounding each pellet.
6. The combination defined in claim 5, wherein the annulus is
divided into a plurality of sections.
7. The combination defined in claim 6, wherein the sections of the
annulus are adherently bonded together.
8. The combination defined in claim 1, including electrically and
thermally conductive heat exchange means supported by said support
members.
9. The combination defined in claim 8, wherein said heat exchange
means are respectively attached directly to surfaces of the support
members opposite the pellet.
10. A thermoelectric heat exchanger comprising a plurality of
spaced electrically conductive support members each having a
surface thereon, said surfaces being opposed to one another,
thermoelectric pellets secured directly to said surfaces, said
pellets being arranged in pairs with one pellet of each pair having
positive thermoelectric characteristics and the other having
negative thermoelectric characteristics, an electrically and
thermally conductive heat exchange unit disposed between and
secured to the pellets of each pair of said pellets formed at least
in part from insulating material, and means extending between and
adherently bonded directly to said support members, said insulating
material being composed at least in part of a material having a
characteristic of shrinking when cured to exert forces on said
members tending to move said surface toward each other to exert a
compressive force on said pellets and on said heat exchange
unit.
11. The thermoelectric heat exchanger defined in claim 10,
including additional thermally and electrically conductive heat
exchange units attached directly to said support members.
12. The thermoelectric heat exchanger defined in claim 10, wherein
the support members on opposite sides of the electrically and
thermally conductive unit have arms extending toward each other and
the insulating means is bonded to said arms.
13. The thermoelectric heat exchanger defined in claim 11, wherein
the support members on opposite sides of the electrically and
thermally conductive units have arms extending toward each other
and the insulating means is bonded to said arms and wherein said
arms are composed of insulating material and are common to a
plurality of said units.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates, generally, to thermoelectric devices and,
more particularly, to encapsulated thermoelectric pellets for use
in thermoelectric heat exchangers.
The physical weakness of thermoelectric materials results in
inherent problems in heat exchanger module construction. The
thermoelectric pellets and related joints should be kept in
compression at all times and protected from appreciable tensile,
shear and bending loads. Since different alloys are used at each
joint between pellets and adjacent parts, good sealing is necessary
to prevent the entrance of moisture at the joints with resulting
corrosion problems. The problems of maintaining an array of
thermoelectric pellets and connections in heat exchangers in
compression with handling, assembly, shock and vibration are
difficult and heretofore have required heavy and expensive
structures with complex sealing arrangements.
An object of this invention is to provide a capsule in which a
thermoelectric pellet is maintained under a compression load at all
times.
Another object of the invention is to provide an encapsulated
thermoelectric assembly which can be used as a structural member is
thermoelectric apparatus.
Other objects of the invention will be explained fully hereinafter
or will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a
thermoelectric heat exchanger includes a pair of spaced metal
support members with at least one thermoelectric pellet extending
between and secured to opposed surfaces of the support members. An
epoxy resin annulus surrounds the pellet and is bonded to the
support members in a manner to exert forces on the members tending
to move the surfaces toward each other, thereby sealing the pellet
and maintaining it under a compression load at all times.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
For a better understanding of the nature and objects of the
invention, reference may be had to the following detailed
description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in
which:
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are views, in section, showing successive steps in
the procedure for providing an encapsulated thermoelectric pellet
embodying principal features of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a view, in section, taken along the line IV--IV in FIG.
3;
FIG. 5 is a view, in section, of a heat exchange apparatus in which
encapsulated thermoelectric pellets of the type shown in FIG. 3 are
utilized;
FIG. 6 is a view, similar to FIG. 5, of a modified thermoelectric
heat exchange apparatus;
FIG. 7 is a view taken along the line VII--VII in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a view, similar to FIG. 4, of another modification of an
encapsulated thermoelectric pellet;
FIGS. 9 and 10 are views, in end and side elevation, respectively,
of a modified thermoelectric heat exchanger; and
FIGS. 11 and 12 are views, similar to FIGS. 9 and 10, of another
modification of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawing, particularly to FIGS. 1 to 4 inclusive,
the thermoelectric device or capsule 10 shown therein is an
improvement over prior devices, such as the one described in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,303,058, issued Feb. 7, 1967 to George Sonnenschein, in
which a metal bellows is utilized to enclose a thermoelectric
pellet. As shown in FIG. 3 the thermoelectric device 10 comprises a
lower support member 12, a thermoelectric pellet 14, an upper
support member 16, an annulus 18 and bonding material 20. The
support members 12 and 16 are composed of a material, such as
copper, having good heat and electrical conductivity. The pellet 14
may be formed from either thermoelectrically positive or
thermoelectrically negative materials which are well known in the
art. The annulus 18 may be composed of an epoxy resin of a
thermosetting type having a relatively high coefficient of
expansion and a characteristic of shrinking when cured. A suitable
epoxy resin for this application is diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A
and epichlorohydrin with two hardeners, meta-phenylenediamine and
methyl nodic anhydride with catalytic curing agents BF.sub.3
monoethylamine. The bonding material 20 is available on the market
under the trade name "Delta Bond". Numerous other suitable bonding
materials are also available on the market.
As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the device 10 may be constructed by
attaching the pellet 14 to opposed surfaces 13 and 15 of the
support members 12 and 16, respectively, by soldering or other
methods of metallurgical bonding. A fillet of bonding material 20
is applied around the step of the pedestal type support member 12.
The epoxy ring 18 is then placed over the upper support member 16
and seated firmly on the step of the lower support member 12 so
that the complete circumference is sealed by the bonding material
20. Note that a small hole 22 is provided in the epoxy annulus or
ring 18. A fillet of bonding material 20 is then applied around the
top of the epoxy ring 18 to completely seal it to the upper support
member 16. The encapsulated pellet is then placed in an oven at a
relatively high temperature, for example 400.degree. F. for curing.
During the curing process the ring 18 is bonded to the support
members 12 and 16.
As previously explained, the annulus 18 has the characteristic of
shrinking when cured. Thus, forces are exerted on the support
members 12 and 16 tending to move their opposed surfaces 24 and 16
toward each other to exert a compression force on the pellet 14.
After the capsule has been cured completely, removed from the oven,
and cooled to room temperature the small hole 22 is sealed with a
dab of the bonding material 20.
The epoxy annulus 18 functions as an insulating member to avoid
electrically shunting the pellet 14. The ring or annulus 18 also
functions as a structural member to make the capsule strong and
rigid, thereby making it suitable for utilization in thermoelectric
heat exchangers. Since the pellet 14 is maintained under
compression at all times by the force exerted by the annulus 18,
the pellet is protected from tensile, shear and bending loads.
Furthermore, the pellet 14 is completely sealed, thereby preventing
moisture from entering the capsule which could result in corrosion
at the joints between the different metals utilized in the capsule
or device 10.
As explained hereinbefore, the strength and rigidity of the capsule
10 makes it suitable for use in thermoelectric heat exchangers,
such as the exchanger 30 shown in FIG. 5. The exchanger 30 includes
two capsules or devices 10, one having positive characteristics and
the other negative characteristics, connected in series-circuit
relation, and heating or cooling fin structures 32, 34 and 36 which
are electrically and thermally conductive. The fin structure 32
comprises a plurality of metal fins 38 spaced between and attached
to metal plates 40 and 42. The fins 38 may be attached to the
plates by brazing, or other suitable means. The plate 42 is
attached to the lower support members 12 of the capsules 10
opposite the pellets 14, as by brazing. Each one of the fin
structures 34 and 36 comprises a plurality of fins 38 spaced
between and attached to metal plates 44 and 46. Each plate 44 is
attached to the upper support member 16 of one of the capsules or
devices 10. Air, or other fluid, may be circulated through the fin
structures by any suitable means. The exchanger 30 may be utilized
to create temperature differences in the circulated fluid by
applying suitable electric power to the exchanger through
conductors 48 and 50. If desired, the exchanger may be utilized to
generate an electric current in a manner well known in the art by
circulating a fluid of different temperatures through the fin
structure 32, 34 and 36.
In the modified exchanger 30' shown in FIG. 6, a generally
rectangular member 12' functions as the lower support member for
two capsules 10'. The fins 38 for the fin structure 32' are
attached directly to the support member 12'. Likewise, the fins 38
for each of the fin structures 34' and 36' are attached to one of
the upper support members 16' for one of the capsules 10'. In this
manner the height of the exchanger 30' is reduced by omitting the
plates 42 and 44 from the structure.
As shown more clearly in FIG. 7, two generally rectangular epoxy
resin bars 52 are disposed at opposite sides of each thermoelectric
pellet 14 between the support members 12' and 16'. The epoxy bars
52 are bonded to the members 12' and 16' in the manner hereinbefore
described. Therefore, they maintain a compressive force on the
pellet 14 as previously explained. The exchanger 30' is suitable
for use where it will not be subjected to moisture and dirt,
thereby not requiring the capsules 10' to be completely sealed. The
bars 52 add rigidity and strength to the structure as previously
explained.
If it is desired to seal the pellet 14 in the structure 30', this
may be done by utilizing an annulus or ring 18' which is divided
into two sections with the sections being bonded together by
bonding material 20 as shown in FIG. 8. The ring 18' or the bars 52
are installed and cured in the manner hereinbefore described.
Therefore, they function to maintain a compressive load on the
thermoelectric pellet 14.
Instead of using a thermosetting epoxy resin as hereinbefore
described, a cold curing epoxy resin having a characteristic of
shrinking when cured may be utilized in the thermoelectric device.
Thus, a pellet may be encapsulated by placing an open end container
around or adjacent to the pellet between opposed surfaces of the
support members for the pellet and pouring in the epoxy in a fluid
state before it has hardened after the resin material has been
mixed with a suitable hardener. During curing the epoxy bonds to
the support members, but not to the container which may be composed
of a material to which the epoxy will not adhere, such as
Polytetrafluoroethylene which is available under the trade name
"Teflon". The epoxy will shrink during curing, thereby placing a
compressive load on the pellet in the manner previously
described.
In a modified heat exchanger 60 shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the
thermoelectric pellets 14 are arranged in pairs with one pellet of
each pair having positive characteristics and the other having
negative characteristics. An electrically and thermally conductive
unit 62 is disposed between and secured to the pellets of each pair
of pellets and the polarities of successive pairs are reversed as
shown in FIG. 10.
Each unit 62 comprises a plurality of metal fins 38 welded or
brazed to an upper metal plate 64 and to a lower metal plate 66.
The plate 64 is secured to the upper pellet 14 and the plate 66 is
secured to the lower pellet 14 of one pair of pellets by soldering
or other means of metallurgical bonding. The upper pellet 14 is
secured to the lower face of an upper metal support member 68. The
lower pellet 14 is secured to the upper face of a lower metal
support member 70. Each support member 68 bridges two pellets,
thereby connecting a P and N pellet in series. The member 70 is
connected only to an N pellet, but each of the members 70' connects
a P and an N pellet in series. Accordingly, current will flow
through the units 62 as indicated by the line 72 in FIG. 10.
An additional thermally and electrically conductive unit 74 is
attached to each upper support member 68. Likewise, conductive
units 76 and 76' are attached to the lower support members 70 and
70', respectively. The units 74, 76 and 76' are similar in
construction to the units 62. Thus, when direct current is caused
to flow through the exchanger in the direction indicated by the
line 72, the units 62 become cold fins and the units 74, 76 and 76'
become hot fins. As shown by the arrows, air may be circulated
through the fin structures by any suitable means to obtain the
desired cooling or heating effect.
In order to strengthen the structure and to apply a compressive
load on the pellets 14, upper arms 78 on each support member 68
extend toward corresponding lower arms 80 on the support members 70
and 70'. In the structure shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, two arms 78 and
two arms 80 are provided for each unit 62. The arms may be formed
integrally with the support members 68, 70 and 70' or they may be
secured to the support members by welding or brazing. If the arms
are composed of a plastic material, they may be bonded to the
support members.
The lower end of each arm 78 is spaced from the upper end of its
corresponding arm 80 a predetermined distance to permit the ends to
be bonded together by means of an insulating epoxy resin 82 which
has a characteristic of shrinking when cured. A cold curing resin
may be utilized by providing a suitable retainer or mold at each
pair of ends to be joined and pouring the resin into the mold while
in a fluid state. The resin is bonded to the ends of the arms and
shrinks during curing, thereby drawing the arms toward each other
to exert a compressive force on the pellets 14 and on the
conductive unit 62. The compressive load on the pellets is
determined by the distance "e" (FIG. 9) and the characteristics of
the bonding resin. Thus, the load can be changed by changing the
distance "e" which changes the cross section of the bonding
material.
The heat exchanger 60' shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 is similar to the
exchanger 60 with the exception that the arms 78' and 80' extend
the full length of the structure and are common to all of the
electrically and thermally conductive units 62. The arms must be
composed of insulating material bonded to the support members. This
arrangement simplifies the operation of bonding the ends of the
arms together with a suitable epoxy resin.
From the foregoing description it is apparent that the present
invention provides a thermoelectric capsule or device which has
numerous advantages over devices of the prior art. Some of the
advantages are:
1. The structural system for a thermoelectric module is simplified
and substantial cost savings are obtained.
2. The capsule may be used as a structural member.
3. The pellet is sealed from the atmosphere.
4. Greater reliability is obtained.
5. Special provision for terminal connections for electrical power
and fluid are not required, thereby resulting in reduced weight and
volume in the construction of thermoelectric heat exchangers.
Since numerous changes may be made in the above described
construction and different embodiments of the invention may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is intended
that all subject matter contained in the foregoing description or
shown in the accompanying drawing shall be interpreted as
illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
* * * * *