U.S. patent number 3,661,687 [Application Number 05/032,986] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-09 for artificial grass sports field.
This patent grant is currently assigned to American Biltrite Rubber Co., Inc.. Invention is credited to Arthur F. Spinney, Jr., Lawrence J. Warnalis.
United States Patent |
3,661,687 |
Spinney, Jr. , et
al. |
May 9, 1972 |
ARTIFICIAL GRASS SPORTS FIELD
Abstract
The invention is a composite sports field in which the top
surface is artificial grass, the next layer (down) is a layer of
shock dissipating material, the next layer is a shock-absorbing
material, and the bottom layer is a foundation which preferably is
an asphalt composition suitably crowned to effect proper
drainage.
Inventors: |
Spinney, Jr.; Arthur F.
(Saugus, MA), Warnalis; Lawrence J. (West Medford, MA) |
Assignee: |
American Biltrite Rubber Co.,
Inc. (Chelsea, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
21867946 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/032,986 |
Filed: |
April 29, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/17;
273/DIG.13; 428/96; 472/92; 473/504; 404/32; 428/97; 473/171 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E01C
13/08 (20130101); Y10T 428/23993 (20150401); Y10T
428/23986 (20150401); Y10S 273/13 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E01C
13/08 (20060101); A63c 019/04 (); E01c
013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;161/62,66,38,67,160,161,39,21 ;272/56.5SS ;273/25,55R,176J
;94/7 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Burnett; Robert F.
Assistant Examiner: Linker, Jr.; Raymond O.
Claims
Having described the invention, what is claimed is:
1. A sports field comprising a plurality of layers assembled one on
top of the other, the layers in descending order being
a first layer comprising artificial grass filaments attached to a
backing layer;
a second layer comprising a sheet of resilient shock-dispersing
material, the top side of the second layer being bonded to the
underside of the first layer;
a third layer comprising a sheet of resilient, shock-absorbing
material;
a fourth layer comprising a relatively thick bed of durable
material, the top side of the fourth layer being bonded to the
underside of the third layer; and
the underside of the second and the top side of the third layers
not being attached to each other, whereby said under and top sides
can move relatively to each other to provide frictional damping
therebetween.
2. The sports field of claim 1 in which the second layer is a
polyvinyl chloride artificial resin.
3. The sports field of claim 2 in which a second layer is a
continuous sheet comprising a plurality of individual sheets whose
abutting edges are bonded together.
4. The sports field of claim 1 in which the third layer is a
foamed, closed-cell polyvinyl resin.
5. The sports field of claim 4 in which the third layer is a
continuous sheet comprising a plurality of individual sheets whose
abutting edges are bonded together.
6. The sports field of claim 1 in which the second layer is a
polyvinyl chloride resin, and the third layer is a foamed,
closed-cell polyvinyl resin.
7. The sports field of claim 6 in which the fourth layer is
selected from the group consisting of concrete and asphalt.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
During recent years, considerable development has occurred in
playing fields for sports which use an artificial turf as a top
surface. The artificial turf is sold by several companies, these
materials being sold, for example, under the trademarks POLY-TURF,
TARTAN, etc. However, difficulty has been experienced in providing
such a playing surface that would have a proper "feel" to, for
example, football players, and which would also provide a much
desired shock-absorbing and shock-dissipating quality. Other
problems in connection with such artificial fields, particularly
football fields, is the need of such fields which are rugged and
tough, have long life, and require a minimum of maintenance.
These problems, combined with the necessity of providing the proper
"feel" which enables the players to feel reasonably secure on the
playing field, and shock-absorption and dissipation characteristics
in order to minimize injury to the players of contact sports such
as football, soccer, etc. have hitherto not been solved.
Accordingly, it is one object of this invention to provide an
artificial composite playing field having means therein which
absorbs shocks.
Another object of the invention is to provide a field of the above
kind, but in addition has means for dissipating shock and impact
throughout a relatively wide area.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an artificial
playing field of the above kinds in which the surface of the
playing field is crowned to provide proper drainage.
Other objects will be in part apparent and in part pointed out
hereinafter.
The invention accordingly comprises the elements and combinations
of elements, ingredients and combinations of ingredients, features
of construction, composition and arrangement of parts which will be
exemplified in the construction and products hereinafter described,
and the scope of which will be indicated in the following
claims.
Of course, it is to be realized that while the invention is
primarily directed to playing fields for sports, the
characteristics of this invention may find great adaptability in
surface coverings used for other purposes.
In the accompanying drawings, in which one embodiment of the
invention is shown:
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a portion of one embodiment of the
invention, with the layers thereof separated in order to illustrate
clearly the basic three layers comprising the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of a portion of the FIG. 1 embodiment,
enlarged in respect to the FIG. 1 illustration, to illustrate more
clearly the details of the invention.
Throughout the drawings, similar reference characters indicate
corresponding parts, and dimensions of certain of the parts as
shown in the drawings may have been relatively modified and/or
exaggerated both as to actuality and in respect to each other, for
the purposes of clarity of illustration and understanding the
invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1 for a description of the invention, the
embodiment as shown illustrates a portion of a playing field of
this invention, with a corner thereof separated as shown. The first
or top layer is an artificial grass material illustrated generally
by numeral 2 and comprises a layer of carpet like material having
grass-like filaments 4 and a backing material 6, with the filaments
being locked into backing 6 by a suitable adhesive, such as latex.
Such latex materials are commonly used in the carpet industry.
Filaments 4 may have cross-sectional shapes of several kinds, such
as rectangular, square, oval or round. However, it is preferred
that they be rectangular in cross-section, and about the size of
natural grass. The material from which the strands 4 is made may
be, for example, polypropylene. If desired, other suitable strong,
tough, resilient thermoplastic materials may be used. Such
materials may be members of the polyamide family such as nylon, or
may be polyethylene terephthalate, for example.
The thermoplastic resins may be solution dyed before the filaments
4 are extruded, both for color and to prevent debasement by
ultraviolet light. Such dying materials are well known in the art
and their application will therefore not be further detailed here.
Where nylon is used, the fibers may be further stabilized by the
inclusion of ultraviolet light absorbers which are compatible
therewith. Such absorbers are also well known for such purposes and
their use in artificial grass will not be further detailed
here.
The fibers 4 may be tufted, knitted or woven into the backing
material 6, and the latter may also be made, for example, from
suitable thermoplastic resins such as the polyesters,
polypropylene, nylon fibers, or combinations thereof. When tufting
is used, a common practice is to have each tuft bundle comprise six
flat monofilaments, each monofilament initiating a blade of natural
grass.
The above description of the artificial grass surface covering 2
has been given for general information only, since such carpets or
surface coverings are presently being made and sold on the market
by several companies. The particular construction of the artificial
grass covering 2 is not a part of this invention, and therefore no
further details will be given.
Referring particularly to FIG. 2, the next layer of the invention
comprises a layer of adhesive 10 which fastens layer 2 to a layer
12 of shock dispersing material. An example of a suitable shock
dispersing material is that sold by American Biltrite Rubber
Company, Inc., Boston Woven Hose Division, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, under the Trademark UNI-TURF. UNI-TURF material is a
polyvinylchloride resin having a typical composition such as
Parts by Weight Polyvinylchloride resin 227 Dioctyl phthalate
plasticizer 195 Stabilizer 16 Filler 77 U.V. Absorber 0.2 Fungacide
0.5 Coloring 0.75
__________________________________________________________________________
The UNI-TURF material is laid down in sheets with the edges
abutting and then these edges are bonded together using a suitable
adhesive such as an epoxy resin. The function of this is to make
sure that a uniform surface without any breaks or cracks therein is
immediately underneath the artificial grass layer 2. In this
manner, if, for example, a football player falls on the field
adjacent a place where the edges of layer 12 abut, then the energy
of the impact will be transmitted through the bonded edges to the
sheets adjacent the place of impact.
The adhesive 10 may be any suitable one, such as, for example,
polyvinylchloride dissolved in a solvent, the composition having 25
to 40 per cent solids.
The next underlying layer is a shock absorption layer 14 which
preferably is a foamed, closed-cell polyvinyl material. It is
critical and a key point of this invention that the layer 12 and
the layer 14 are not bonded together, and that the layer 12
"floats" or "rides" on the closed-cell polyvinyl foam layer 14. By
not bonding these layers together, they can "slide" on each other
to a limited extent, and the inter-surface friction acts as a
damping factor aiding in energy absorption and dissipation. Shock
absorption layer 14 may be generally stated to be a suitably
expanded polyvinyl chloride or elastomer or combinations thereof,
which will recover in not less than 1 hour 95 percent of its
original gauge.
Such materials are well known, and the parameters should be
approximately as follows:
25% Compression Resistance, PSI 5-7 50% Compression Set 24 Hour
Recovery--Percent Loss 12 (max.) Shrinkage 3% (Average) Water
Absorption (pounds 0.1 (max.) per cubic foot) Cold Crack, tested by
1/2-inch mandrel -10.degree.F.
a typical such product is Ensolite material, a product of Uniroyal,
Inc. Expanded Products Department, Mishawaka, Indiana, and being a
blend of polyvinyl chloride and acrylic nitrile, the blend having
the following physical characteristics:
Density 6.0-6.5 pounds per cubic foot Flammibility in seconds 5,
self extinguishing Thermal conductivity 0.26 BTU/in/hr/ft.sup.2
Tensile Strength 100 (min.) pounds per square inch Elongation
125%
Finally, the layer 14 is fastened by a suitable adhesive 16 such as
the aforementioned epoxy resin to a base layer 18 which preferably
is concrete, but may be an asphalt layer. Of course, if desired,
chemically treated foundation earth may be prepared, but because of
impacts on the field and consequently settling of the earth, any
such field may eventually develop low spots in it which will
collect water. Therefore, an earth foundation is not preferred.
Lying beneath the cement layer will be either the ground or
possibly the ground and a layer thereon of crushed stone. These are
not shown in the drawings because this invention is the combination
of the layers 2, 10, 12, 16 and 18 to provide the required amount
of shock dissipation and absorption, the "feel" of the playing
surface, and the correct drainage.
In view of the fact that layer 14 will be laid down as separate
sheets with abutting edges, it is preferred that these edges also
be bonded with a suitable adhesive.
The thicknesses of the several layers may lie within the following
ranges, although other thicknesses can be used if desired: The
thickness of the concrete or asphalt base 18 will be that necessary
to maintain a smooth, uniform, crowned, non-collapsing foundation
on the ground, depending upon the soil conditions, etc. Therefore,
the concrete surface may range in most instances, for example, from
5 to 6 inches. The thickness of the closed cell shock-absorbing
layer 14 should lie within the range of 0.25 to 1 inch. The
thickness of the shock-dispersing or dissipating layer 12 should
lie within the range of 0.125 to 2.50 inches. The total thickness
of artificial grass layer 2 will be that which is commercially
being sold under the aforesaid Trademark POLY-TURF depending on the
intended use for the particular playing field. Such use will
determine the density of the grass fibers 4 per square foot, that
is, the number of upstanding ribbons per square foot, and their
height, the denier of the threads or strands 6 making up the
backing material, the thickness of the adhesive 8 which is applied
to the back thereof. The height of the grass may vary, for example,
from 0.250 to 1.5 inches. A typical football field having the
following thickness parameters has been used successfully:
Layer 4 1/2 inch Layer 12 3/16 inch Layer 14 1/2 inch Layer 18 6
inches
Other suitable uses for the material of this invention are in track
surfaces for runners, golf tees and greens, football fields, soccer
fields, lacross fields, and, in fact, any playing field.
In view of the above it will be seen that the several objects of
the invention are achieved and other advantageous results
attained.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its
application to the details of construction and arrangement of parts
illustrated in the accompanying drawings, since the invention is
capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out
in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology
or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description
and not of limitation.
As many changes could be made in the above constructions without
departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all
matter contained in the above description or shown in the
accompanying drawings, shall be interpreted as illustrative and not
in a limiting sense, and it is also intended that the appended
claims shall cover all such equivalent variations as come within
the true spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *