U.S. patent number 3,660,833 [Application Number 05/036,054] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-02 for system for producing characters on a cathode ray tube display by intensity controlled point-to-point vector generation.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hewlett-Packard Company. Invention is credited to Walter T. Blejwas, Jr., Rene Cohen, Anthony R. Kaseta.
United States Patent |
3,660,833 |
Blejwas, Jr. , et
al. |
May 2, 1972 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING CHARACTERS ON A CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY BY
INTENSITY CONTROLLED POINT-TO-POINT VECTOR GENERATION
Abstract
An alpha-numeric character generating system receives digital
codes representing characters and controls a CRT to trace a
plurality of vectors which in combination form the characters
displayed. A read-only memory provides in sequence a plurality of
sets of X, Y and Z parameters for each character. Succeeding X and
Y parameters are each stored in corresponding alternate registers.
The sets of X and Y parameters define the end points of the vectors
forming a character. Two digital to analog converters responsive to
the X and Y parameters, respectively, provide signals for
deflecting the CRT beam. The inputs of the digital to analog
converters are transferred between corresponding alternate
registers to cause the CRT beam to trace from one vector end point
to the next in sequence. A toggle circuit responsive to the Z
parameter associated with each set of X and Y parameters controls
the transfer time between registers and thus the brightness of each
vector traced on the CRT screen.
Inventors: |
Blejwas, Jr.; Walter T.
(Somerville, NJ), Kaseta; Anthony R. (Clark, NJ), Cohen;
Rene (Somerville, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Hewlett-Packard Company (Palo
Alto, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
21886352 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/036,054 |
Filed: |
May 11, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
345/17; 345/25;
315/384; 315/367 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G09G
1/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G09G
1/06 (20060101); G09G 1/10 (20060101); G06f
003/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/324A
;315/18,22 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Caldwell; John W.
Assistant Examiner: Curtis; Marshall M.
Claims
We claim:
1. Apparatus responsive to digital codes representative of
characters for controlling a cathode ray tube to display said
characters in a predetermined coordinate system, said apparatus
comprising:
programming means including digital memory for providing in
sequence a plurality of sets of first, second and third digital
parameters in response to each of said character codes, said first
and second parameters defining end points of each of the vectors
forming a character and said third parameter defining the time
interval during which each vector between said end points is to be
traced by the beam to said cathode ray tube;
first and second circuit means respectively responsive to said
first and second digital parameters from said programming means for
providing signals to deflect the beam of said cathode ray tube,
each of said first and second circuit means including:
a digital to analog converter;
first and second register means for alternately storing successive
digital parameters provided in sequence by said programming
means;
means for coupling the digital input of said digital to analog
converter to one or the other of said register means; and
means for controlling the coupling means of said first and second
circuit means to transfer the digital inputs of said digital to
analog converters simultaneously and gradually from one to the
other of the corresponding first and second register means
according to a time transfer function determined in response to
said third parameter from said programming means;
whereby the outputs of said digital to analog converters produce
deflection signals for tracing vectors during selected time
intervals between end points which are stored in succession in said
first and second register means and provided in a predetermined
sequence by said programming means thereby to generate
characters.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the coupling means of said
first and second circuit means each includes a pair of variably
conducting means coupled respectively from the corresponding first
and second register means to the digital input of the corresponding
digital to analog converter.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said means for controlling said
coupling means includes:
generator means providing two predetermined waveforms coupled to
the pair of variably conducting means in each of said first and
second circuit means for causing complementary conduction of the
variably conducting means of each pair between conducting and
non-conducting states; and
means for adjusting said two waveforms in response to said third
digital parameter from said programming means to thereby vary the
rate of change of said variably conducting means between said
conducting and non-conducting states.
4. The apparatus of claim 3
said two predetermined waveforms being ramp signals having opposite
polarity slopes; and
said adjusting means being operable to vary the slopes of said ramp
signals.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said generator means
includes:
two capacitors each having an output terminal for providing one of
said two predetermined waveforms;
means providing a current source;
means providing a current sink;
switching means operable alternately in first and second modes for
selectively coupling said two capacitors to said current source and
said current sink, said first mode being operable to charge one of
said capacitors and discharge the other of said capacitors, said
second mode being operable to discharge said one capacitor and
charge said other capacitor.
6. The apparatus of claim 5,
said means providing a current source including a plurality of
incremental current sources; and
said adjusting means including switching means responsive to said
third parameter for coupling said incremental current source to
said two capacitors to simultaneously charge one capacitor and
discharge the other capacitor at the same rate.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein in each of said first and
second circuit means;
said digital to analog converter includes:
a weighted resistance network having a plurality of intermediate
input tap points and an output providing analog signals;
a plurality of current sources connectable respectively to the tap
points of said resistance network;
said first and second register means each includes switch means for
conducting current from selected ones of said current sources to
the corresponding tap points of said resistance network in response
to said digital parameters;
said coupling means includes a plurality of differentially
conducting means corresponding respectively to said current
sources, each of said differentially conducting means having first
and second main current carrying paths for respectively coupling
the corresponding one of said current sources to said first and
second register means.
8. The apparatus of claim 7,
said plurality of differentially conducting means of said coupling
means each having first and second gate control inputs for
controlling current conduction through said first and second main
current carrying paths, respectively; and
said means for controlling said coupling means including signal
generating means providing waveforms to said first and second gate
control inputs for causing complementary current conduction through
said first and second main current carrying paths between
conducting and non-conducting states.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said last named controlling
means further includes means responsive to said third parameter for
adjusting the waveforms applied to said first and second gate
control inputs to thereby control the time interval during which
current conduction through said first and second main current
carrying paths changes from one to the other of said conducting and
non-conducting states.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said plurality of current
sources each provide the same magnitude of output current.
11. A system responsive to digital codes representative of
characters for controlling a cathode ray tube to display said
characters on the screen thereof, said system comprising:
programming means including a digital memory for providing in
sequence a plurality of sets of first, second and third digital
parameters in response to each of said character codes, said first
and second parameters having values defining end points of vectors
forming a character and said third parameter having values defining
the time interval during which vectors between said end points are
to be traced by the beam of said cathode ray tube;
register means for storing the first and second digital parameters
of the last two sets of parameters provided in sequence by said
programming means, said register means being updated with each
succeeding set of parameters provided by said programming
means;
digital to analog converter means responsive to said first and
second digital parameters for providing deflection signals to
position the beam of said cathode ray tube;
means synchronized with said programming means for repeatedly
transferring the digital inputs of said digital to analog converter
means from the pair of first and second parameters in one set to
the pair of first and second parameters in the next succeeding set
of parameters stored in said register means, said transferring
means being operable to effect a transfer according to a time
function selected in response to the third parameter in said next
succeeding set;
said transferring means including:
variably conducting means for coupling the digital inputs of said
digital to analog converter means from one to the other of the
succeeding pairs of first and second digital parameters stored in
said register means;
generator means providing a signal having a predetermined waveform
for gradually changing the conduction of said variably conducting
means;
means for adjusting said waveform in response to said third
parameter from said programming means to vary the rate of change of
conduction of variably conducting means;
whereby said digital to analog converter means produces deflection
signals for tracing vectors of controlled intensity between
successive end points which are stored in said register means and
provided in a predetermined sequence by said programming means
thereby to form characters.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, further including means responsive
to selected values of said third parameter for selectively blanking
the beam of said cathode ray tube during operation of said
transferring means, thereby to inhibit display of selected vectors
traced during the formation of a character.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a system for receiving
digitally encoded alpha-numeric characters and generating signals
for controlling a cathode ray tube (CRT) to display the characters
on the CRT screen.
A number of techniques are known for generating characters to be
displayed on a CRT screen. According to one system, characters are
formed from a plurality of contiguous light spots produced by
selectively deflecting and unblanking the CRT beam within a dot
matrix. One problem with this method is that the intelligibility of
the characters displayed depends on the density of the dots in the
matrix and the number of light spots used to form each character.
Character resolution may be poor and the display difficult to read
unless a high density dot matrix is used. In this case, there is
the undesirable requirement that a large capacity memory unit be
used to store the digital information defining the positions of the
light spots in the dot matrix for each character displayed.
Another method of displaying characters is known as the starburst
technique. Characters are formed from a pattern of lines in the
shape of a rectangle and lines extending from the center of the
rectangle to the corners and sides thereof. Selected ones of the
lines in the pattern are traced by the CRT beam to produce the
characters. One disadvantage of this method is that visual
character recognition is often difficult. Also, the style of
characters obtainable by this method is restricted. In particular,
lower case letters are difficult to produce.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a character generator system for
controlling a CRT beam to trace a plurality of vectors which define
the characters displayed. The vectors forming each character are
produced sequentially in a predetermined order. Each vector has a
length and direction determined by defining the end points of the
vector in a matrix and tracing a line between the end points. The
CRT beam is controlled to trace each vector during a time period
dependent on the length of the vector, thereby to maintain the
vectors forming a character at a uniform brightness on the display
screen. A feature of the system is that a wide variety of character
shapes and styles may be produced, and the characters are easily
visually recognizable. Also, the vector information stored for the
characters is such that memory capacity is conserved.
In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, a memory unit
stores a plurality of data words for each character. Each data word
represents three digital parameters: two for defining the end point
of a vector in an X--Y coordinate matrix, and the third for
selectively blanking the CRT beam and for controlling the time
interval in which the beam is to trace a vector to the associated
end point. In operation, a digital code representing a character
interrogates the memory unit to begin sequential output of the
corresponding group of digital parameters defining the vectors
which are used to form the character on the CRT screen. Succeeding
ones of the digital X and Y parameters provided in sequence from
the memory are each alternately loaded into two registers and
converted into analog signals for deflecting the CRT beam. Thus one
X register and the corresponding Y register contain parameters
representing one vector end point, the other X register and Y
register contain parameters representing another vector end point,
and the CRT beam is controlled to trace a line between these end
points. In continuous operation, the CRT beam progresses from one
end point to the next as they are loaded into the registers, and
the resulting combination of vectors traced form the desired
character.
The digital representations of the vector end points in the
registers are converted into analog beam deflection signals by X
and Y digital to analog converters, each of which includes a
weighted resistor network and a plurality of current sources. The
two registers associated with each digital to analog converter
select the current sources to be coupled to the resistor network. A
toggle circuit transfers control of current source coupling from
one register to the other in a transfer time interval determined by
the third parameter associated with each set of X and Y parameters.
The transfer time controls the rate of beam deflection between the
vector end points stored in the registers and thus controls the
brightness of the trace on the CRT screen. The third parameter also
determines whether the beam will be blanked when moving between
vector end points, thereby to permit versatility in programming the
characters to be generated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the system
incorporating the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a combined schematic and block diagram showing in more
detail a portion of the system in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3a- C are diagrams and charts used to illustrate the
generation of a typical character by the system in FIGS. 1 and
2.
FIGS. 4a- h are a series of waveforms used to illustrate the
operation of the system in FIGS. 1 and 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1, the system input receives multibit data
words representing alpha-numeric characters in standard ASCII coded
form. These data words are temporarily stored in a refresh memory
11 and then applied through an input register 13, a decoder 15, and
an address register 17 to a read-only memory 19.
The read-only memory 19 is programmed to contain a plurality of ten
bit data words corresponding to each alpha-numeric character. Each
ten bit data word represents one set of X, Y, and Z parameters. The
pairs of X and Y parameters define the end points of vectors which
form a character in an X-Y coordinate matrix. The Z parameter
associated with each pair of X and Y parameters defines the rate at
which a vector is to be traced by the CRT beam to the particular
X-Y coordinate position associated with the Z parameter.
When an ASCII coded character is received in the input register 13,
it is decoded by the decoder 15 and applied to the address register
17 which, in turn, selects one set of X,Y, and Z parameters in the
read-only memory 19 as the starting point. From that starting
point, the read-only memory 19 provides, in sequence, the plurality
of sets of X, Y, and Z parameters corresponding to the
character.
The X parameters in digital form are fed to a circuit contained
within the dashed outline block 21. This circuit provides an analog
signal output E.sub.x which is coupled through an amplifier 23 to
control the horizontal deflection of the beam of a CRT 25.
Similarly, the Y parameters in digital form are fed to the circuit
within the dashed outline 27, and the output E.sub.y therefrom is
applied through an amplifier 28 to control the vertical deflection
of the CRT beam. The two circuits 21, 27 are similar in
configuration and operation, except that circuit 21 is adapted to
receive X parameters represented by three binary bits, whereas
circuit 27 receives Y parameters represented by four binary bits.
Therefore, only the circuit 21 for the X parameter will be
described in detail below.
As successive sets of X, Y, and Z parameters are provided in
sequence by the read-only memory 19, the X parameters are loaded
alternately into two register and bit switch circuits 29, 31. Each
of the circuits 29, 31 includes a three bit storage register and a
current switch associated with each bit. The current switches are
controlled in response to the binary state of the corresponding
bits. In operation, the X.sub.a register receives one X parameter,
the X.sub.b register receives the next X parameter, the X.sub.a
register receives the third parameter and so on in alternate
fashion. The alternate loading of the X.sub.a and X.sub.b registers
is controlled by signals from a control logic circuit 33.
The digital contents of the X.sub.a and X.sub.b registers are
converted into analog signals by a digital to analog converter
circuit including a weighted resistor network 35 and a plurality of
constant current sources 37. The analog output voltage E.sub.x
depends upon the particular combination of current sources applied
to the weighted resistor network 35, as described hereinafter. This
combination is controlled by the bit switches in one or the other
of the circuits 29, 31. Control of the coupling of the current
sources 37 to the resistor network 35 is transferred back and forth
between the two circuits 29, 31 by a register select circuit 39.
The time interval during which control is transferred from one to
the other of circuits 29, 31 depends on the output of a toggle
circuit indicated within the dashed outline 41 and described
hereinafter.
As stated above, the configuration and operation of the circuit 27
for the Y parameter is similar to that of circuit 21 for the X
parameter. As the set of X, Y, and Z parameters are provided in
sequence, the Y parameters are alternately stored in digital form
in the Y.sub.a and Y.sub.b registers of circuits 30, 32. Also,
control of the digital to analog conversion circuitry is
transferred back and forth between the two register circuits 30, 32
by a signal from the toggle circuit 41.
After at least two sets of X, Y, and Z parameters have been
provided by the read-only memory 19, one of the X registers, for
example register X.sub.a, and the corresponding register Y.sub.a
contain parameters representing the coordinate position of one
vector end point, and the other registers X.sub.b, Y.sub.b contain
parameters representing the coordinate position of another vector
end point. At this time, it is assumed that the register select
circuit 39 for the X parameter and the corresponding register
select circuit 40 for the Y parameter have activated the register
circuits 29, 30 so that X.sub.a and Y.sub.a control the selective
coupling of the constant current sources to the corresponding
weighted resistor networks. Thus, the output voltages E.sub.x and
E.sub.y represent the analog value of the digital parameters in the
corresponding X.sub.a and Y.sub.a registers. The signals E.sub.x
and E.sub.y hold the CRT beam at a particular point on the screen.
At this time, the toggle circuit 41 operates the two register
select circuits 39, 40 to transfer the inputs of the X and Y
digital to analog converter circuits from registers X.sub.a,
Y.sub.a to registers X.sub.b, Y.sub.b. As a result, registers
X.sub.b, Y.sub.b will control selection of the constant current
sources to be applied to the weighted resistor networks. The
voltages E.sub.x and E.sub.y will then correspond respectively to
the value of the parameters in registers X.sub.b and Y.sub.b. The
transition from registers X.sub.a, Y.sub.a to registers X.sub.b,
Y.sub.b is performed gradually according to a predetermined time
function thereby to cause the CRT beam to trace a vector from the
coordinate position defined in registers X.sub.a, Y.sub.a to the
position defined in registers X.sub.b, Y.sub.b.
The brightness of each vector traced on the CRT screen depends on
the rate of beam movement. This, in turn, depends on the time
interval during which the digital to analog converters in the X and
Y circuits 21, 27 are transferred from one to the other of the
corresponding registers. As mentioned above, the transfer between
registers X.sub.a, Y.sub.a and X.sub.b, Y.sub.b is achieved by the
register select circuits, under control of the toggle circuit 41.
The time duration of the transfer signal from the toggle circuit is
controlled by the Z parameter associated with each pair of X and Y
parameters provided by the read-only memory 19. More specifically,
the Z parameter in the form of a three bit digital word is applied
to a decoding circuit 43 which decodes the three bits into eight
signals. Six of these eight signals are loaded into the Z register
and bit switching circuit 45. In response to the six signals,
selected ones of a plurality of constant current sources 47 are
coupled to a ramp generator 49 to charge and discharge capacitors
therein, as described hereinafter. The ramp generator produces a
ramp signal and the transfer rate between registers X.sub.a,
Y.sub.a and X.sub.b, Y.sub.b depends on the slope of the ramp
signal.
The Z parameter associated with each pair of X and Y parameters is
programmed to provide a shorter transfer time between registers
when the succeeding coordinate positions contained therein are
closely spaced than when the coordinate positions are spaced
further apart. The transfer times are controlled so that the CRT
beam traces each vector at the same rate. Therefore, the vectors
have the same intensity and the characters produced thereby are of
uniform brightness on the screen.
In continuous operation of the system, the CRT beam traces vectors
from one coordinate position to the next as they are alternately
loaded into registers X.sub.a, Y.sub.a and X.sub.b, Y.sub.b. A
toggle detect circuit 50 signals the control logic 33 in response
to the occurrence of each ramp signal. This, in turn, causes the
control logic 33 to advance the address in address register 17 by
one so that the read-only memory 19 provides at its output the next
set of X, Y, and Z parameters. The resulting combination of vectors
traced by the beam form the desired character.
The Z parameter performs several functions in addition to the
transfer time between registers as described above. When certain Z
codes are detected by the decoder 43, a blanking circuit 51 is
activated when a signal from the toggle detect circuit 50 indicates
that a vector is being traced. The output of blanking circuit 51 is
applied through an amplifier 53 to blank the beam of the CRT. This
feature permits the beam to be deflected from one coordinate
position to the next without displaying a vector, thereby expanding
system capability to permit generation of a wide variety of
characters. Another Z code detected by the decoder 43 signals the
control logic 33 to indicate that the coordinate position of the
last vector in a series of vectors forming a character has been
received and that tracing of the next character should begin. In
response to this signal, the control logic 33 operates to load into
the input register 13 the next character from the refresh memory
11. At the same time, the control logic 33 increments the X and Y
position counters 55,57. The outputs of these counters 55,57 are
converted to analog signals by respective digital to analog
converters 59, 61 and applied to amplifiers 23,28, respectively, to
shaft the reference voltage on the horizontal and vertical
deflection plates of the CRT. As a result, the beam is moved into
position for tracing the next character in a line.
The CRT beam is shifted horizontally one character position after
each character is generated. The characters are generated
one-by-one until an entire line is filled or until a "carriage
return" signal is received at the system input. Thereafter, the
beam is shifted vertically into position to generate the next line
of characters. The refresh memory 11 has a capacity large enough to
store data words for a predetermined number of character positions
on the CRT screen. This memory may be repeatedly cycled to output
previously received characters. Each time this memory is cycled,
the display of characters is refreshed on the CRT screen. Thus, a
desired character display may be held on the screen for continued
viewing. Subsequently received characters update the refresh memory
11 and the display on the screen.
FIG. 2 shows in more detail the X parameter circuit 21 and the
toggle circuit 41 described above. The X.sub.a register and bit
switch circuit 29 (FIG. 1) comprises three circuits 63, 65, 67
(FIG. 2) associated respectively with the three X bits designated
X.sub.a1, X.sub.a2, and X.sub.a3. The three circuits are identical
so only one will be described in detail. In circuit 63, the binary
bit X.sub.a1 is applied to the D input of a flip-flop memory
element 69. The D input is activated in synchronism with a pulse on
the clock input C produced by the "load reg. a" output of the
control logic 33 (FIG. 1). Flip-flop 69 is driven into one or the
other of two stable states, as represented by different voltage
levels on the complimentary outputs Q and Q. The bit switch
associated with flip-flop 63 includes two transistors 71, 73 which
are driven into opposite states of conduction by the signals on the
outputs Q and Q. The emitters of transistors 71, 73 are coupled to
a constant current source 75 through additional circuitry
hereinafter described. Current source 75 is one of those
represented by block 37 in FIG. 1. In response, transistor 71 is
cut off and transistor 73 conducts, thereby to couple the constant
current source 75 to a tap point 77. In response to X.sub.al = 0,
transistor 73 is cut off and transistor 71 conducts, thereby to
couple the constant current source 75 to a reference voltage
E.sub.R instead of the tap point 77. This effectively decouples the
current source 75 from the resistor network 35.
As shown, weighted resistor network 35 includes three resistors
connected in series and having tap points 77, 81, 85, Constant
current source 75 is selectively coupled to the tap point 77 by
circuit 63 described above. Similarly, a constant current source 79
is selectively coupled to tap point 81 by the circuit 65, and the
constant current source 83 is selectively coupled to tap point 85
by the circuit 67. The resistor network 35 produces the output
voltage E.sub.x which depends on the voltage drop across each of
the series resistors. The voltage drops, in turn, depend on the
combination of current sources 75, 79, 83 coupled to the tap points
by their corresponding circuits 63, 65, 67 in response to the
binary bits representing the X parameter. In this manner, the X
parameter in digital form is converted to the analog output signal
E.sub.x.
The X.sub.b register and bit switch circuit 31 (FIG. 1) includes
three circuits 87, 89, 91 (FIG. 2) which correspond to and are
identical with the three circuits 63, 65, 67 described above. The
three circuits 87, 89, 91 operate to selectively couple the three
constant current sources 75, 79, 83 to the corresponding tap points
77, 81, 85 of the resistor network 35 in response to the binary
bits applied to the inputs X.sub.b1, X.sub.b2, X.sub.b3. In steady
state operating conditions, only one of the X.sub.a and X.sub.b
register and bit switch circuits will be active to selectively
couple the constant current sources 75, 79, 83 to the resistor
network.
Control of the digital to analog converter input circuit is
transferred back and forth between registers X.sub.a and X.sub.b by
the register select circuit 39 (FIG. 1), which includes three
coupling circuits 93, 95, 97 (FIG. 2) associated respectively with
the three bits defining the X parameter. The coupling circuits 93,
95, 97 are identical, so only one will be described in detail. The
coupling circuit 93 includes two variably conducting transistors
99, 101 connected in a differential amplifier configuration. These
two transistors are driven at the base control inputs thereof by
complimentary toggling signals T and T'. In one mode, transistor 99
is conducting and transistor 101 is cut off. Thus, current from the
constant current source 75 is conducted to the circuit 63 and bit
X.sub.a1 controls whether this current is coupled to tap point 77.
In another mode, transistor 101 is conducting and transistor 99 cut
off, so that current source 75 is coupled to circuit 87 and bit
X.sub.b1 controls whether current will be conducted to the tap
point 77. The transfer between these two modes of operation is made
gradually because the toggling signals T and T' are ramp waveforms.
For example, as signal T drives transistor 99 toward cut off, the
complimentary signal T' drives transistor 101 into conduction.
Transistor 99 is driven from a conducting to a non-conducting
state, and transistor 101 is simultaneously driven from a
non-conducting to a conducting state during a time interval
dependent on the slope of the ramp waveforms T and T'.
The three circuits 93, 95, 97 are controlled simultaneously by the
ramp signals T and T' to transfer the current input circuit of the
digital to analog converter from one to the other of the X.sub.a
and X.sub.b registers. Thus, the analog output voltage E.sub.x
changes gradually between two values in accordance with the ramp
function.
As described above, the toggling signals T and T' are produced by
the toggle circuit 41 (FIG. 1). Circuit 41 includes a plurality of
constant current sources 47, represented by the three current
sources 103, 105, 107 (FIG. 2). Also the Z register and bit
switches 45 (FIG. 1) include the circuits 109, 111, and 113 (FIG.
2) associated respectively with the current sources 103, 105 and
107. There are a total of six such current sources and associated
switching circuits; however, only three are shown in FIG. 2. These
current sources and switching circuits are identical, so only the
source 103 and switching circuit 109 will be described in detail.
The current source 103 provides a constant current I' which is
coupled to one or the other of two summing points 115, 117 through
transistors 119, 121, respectively. These two transistors are
driven into opposite conduction states by the complimentary outputs
of a flip-flop 123 in a manner similar to that described above with
respect to circuit 63. One or the other of transistors 119, 121
conducts, depending on the state of the binary input Z.sub.1 to the
D input of flip-flop 123 when the C input thereof is pulsed by the
load Z signal from control logic 33 (FIG. 1). The six binary inputs
Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2 . . . Z.sub.6 are derived from the decoder 43
(FIG. 1) in accordance with a value of the Z parameter. Each time a
set of X, Y, and Z parameters is provided by the read-only memory
19, the inputs Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2 . . . Z.sub.6 are loaded into their
corresponding flip-flops and couple one or more of the current
sources to the summing point to produce a current I'.sub.n.
Currents from the remaining current sources are summed to apply a
current I'.sub.p to the summing point 117.
The capacitor charge-discharge circuit 49 (FIG. 1) includes four
switching transistors 125, 127, 129, 131 (FIG. 2) the base inputs
of which are driven by suitable signals from the control logic 33
(FIG. 1) so that in one mode, transistors 127, 129 are conducting
and transistors 125, 131 are cut off, and in another mode,
transistors 125, 131 are conducting, and the other two transistors
127, 129 are cut off. In the mode of operation shown in FIG. 2, the
shaded transistors 127, 129 are conducting so that the current
I'.sub.n from summing point 115 is applied to a capacitor 133 to
charge this capacitor to a predetermined voltage V.sub.H. A
clamping diode 135 insures that the voltage on capacitor 133 does
not exceed the voltage V.sub.H. At the same time, another capacitor
137 is coupled through transistor 127 through summing point 117 to
a current sink 139. The current sink draws a total current
I'.sub.t. Part of this current is the current I'.sub.p , and the
remaining current is I'.sub.q drawing through transistor 127 from
capacitor 137 thereby to discharge this capacitor. The capacitor
137 is discharged to a predetermined low voltage V.sub.L, and a
clamping diode 141 insures that the voltage on capacitor 137 does
not fall below V.sub.L. The current I'.sub.t drawn by current sink
139 is selected so that the discharging current I'.sub.q from
capacitor 137 is equal to the charging current I'.sub.n applied to
capacitor 133. Therefore, capacitors 133, 137, respectively charge
and discharge at the same rate and the output signals T and T' from
these capacitors are complimentary ramp signals.
In the other mode of operation, transistors 127, 129 are cut off
and transistors 125, 131 conduct, so that capacitor 133 is
discharged to a voltage level V.sub.L and maintained at that level
by clamping diode 143, while capacitor 137 is charged to the
voltage V.sub.H and maintained at that level by the clamping diode
145.
The control logic 33 controls the sequence of operation of the
toggle generator 41 in a manner such that the Z parameter signals
are first loaded into the circuits 109, 111, 113 to select a
particular combination of current sources. Each time after the Z
data is loaded, the four transistors 125, 127, 129, 131 are
switched from one state of conduction to the other to thereby
charge one of the capacitors 133, 137 and simultaneously discharge
the other of these capacitors. These two capacitors will always
charge and discharge at the same rate to produce the complimentary
ramp signal outputs; however, the time required for the ramp signal
to go from one to the other of the voltage levels V.sub.L and
V.sub.H will depend on the Z parameter which determines the
charging current I'.sub.n and the discharging current I'.sub.q.
Thus, it can be seen that the toggle generator 41 is digitally
programmed to produce ramp signals of varying duration.
The overall operation of the system will now be described with
reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. For purposes of example, it will be
assumed that the system input receives a data word representing the
character "A." As shown in FIG. 3a, this character will be drawn in
eight by sixteen coordinate reference frame. In order to trace this
character on the CRT screen, a total of four vectors are required,
and the X, Y, and Z information required to produce these four
vectors is stored in succeeding memory positions in the read-only
memory 19. As shown in the chart of FIG. 3b, there are five sets of
X, Y, and Z parameters required to define the character "A." The X
and Y parameters define the end points of vectors to be generated
in sequence in the X-Y coordinate matrix, and the Z parameter
associated with each pair of X and Y parameters determines three
control functions: (1) the time interval during which the vector
will be traced; (2) whether the CRT beam will be blanked during the
trace; and (3) whether the end point is the first for a particular
character. The chart of FIG. 3c shows the eight possible values of
the Z parameter, along with the vector drawing times and other
control features associated with each value.
FIG. 4 shows some of the timing diagrams for the system when the
character "A" is generated. Initially, the control logic 33 pulses
the input register 13 to load into this register the data word
corresponding to the letter "A," as shown in FIG. 4a. This code
word selects the starting point in the read-only memory 19, which
in the present example will be the data word defining the set of X,
Y, and Z parameters corresponding to the values 0, 4, 7,
respectively (see FIG. 3b). As shown in FIG. 4b, the control logic
33 pulses the clock inputs to the register X.sub.a to load into
this register the three bit code corresponding to X = 0.
Simultaneously, the value Y = 4 is loaded into the register Y.sub.a
; however, the timing control pulses therefore are not shown. Also,
as shown in FIG. 4d, the control logic 33 pulses the Z register 45
to load into this register the parameter Z = 7. Thereafter, the
toggle trigger signal from the control logic 33 changes levels, as
shown in FIG. 4e, to start the charging of one of the two
capacitors 133, 137 (FIG. 2) and the discharging of the other of
these two capacitors. The resulting ramp toggle signals T and T'
transfer control of the digital to analog converters from registers
X.sub.b, Y.sub.b to registers X.sub.a, Y.sub.a.
FIG. 4f illustrates the analog beam deflection signal E.sub.x
produced by the digital to analog converter for the CRT horizontal
deflection circuit. Similarly, an analog deflection signal E.sub.y
is produced for the vertical deflection circuit; however, this
signal is not shown. At the time that the first set of X, Y, and Z
parameters for the character "A" is loaded into register X.sub.a,
the CRT beam is maintained deflected at a coordinate position
corresponding to the end point of the last vector traced for a
preceding character. As shown by the dashed line portion of the
waveform in FIG. 4f, the beam deflection signal E.sub.x is
transferred from some value corresponding to the parameter in the
X.sub.b register to the starting point X = 0, Y = 4. The Z
parameter associated with the 0, 4, coordinate has a value of 7,
which as indicated in FIG. 3c will cause the CRT beam to be blanked
during the trace to the 0, 4 end point.
The toggle detect circuit 50 produces a high level signal during
the time when the beam is being deflected between two and points,
as shown in FIG. 4g. When the beam reaches the 0, 4 end point
defined in registers X.sub.a, X.sub.b, the toggle detect signal
goes low, and this, in turn, advances the address in the address
register 17 by one, thereby to cause the read only memory 19 to
output the next set of X, Y, and Z parameters. At this time, the
X.sub.b register is loaded with the parameter X = 3 (see FIGS. 3b
and 4c), the Y.sub.b register is loaded with the parameter Y= 15,
and the Z register is loaded with the parameter Z = 6. Thereafter,
the toggle trigger signal (FIG. 4e) changes levels and the control
of the digital to analog converters is changed from registers
X.sub.a, Y.sub.a to registers X.sub.b, Y.sub.b, thereby to cause
the analog signal E.sub.x to change along a ramp function from the
analog value corresponding to X = 0 to that corresponding to X = 3
as shown in FIG. 4f. The value of the parameter Z = 6 causes the
beam to trace the first vector in a time of 3 microseconds.
Subsequent vectors forming the character "A" are generated in a
similar manner. That is, each time one vector is completed, a
toggle detect signal causes the next set of X, Y, and Z parameters
to be read out from the read-only memory 19, the X and Y parameters
in this next set are loaded into either the registers X.sub.a,
Y.sub.a or the registers X.sub.b, Y.sub.b, and the next vector is
traced in accordance with the time interval and blanking control
indicated by the value of the Z parameter. It is to be noted that
the longer vectors forming the left and right hand sides of the
character "A" are traced in a longer time interval than the shorter
vectors. These time intervals are chosen so that the rate of beam
movement on the CRT screen is constant for all vectors. Therefore,
the intensity of each vector is the same, and the character as
displayed appears to be of uniform brightness.
After the CRT beam traces a vector to the last end point defining a
character, for example, the coordinate point 5, 9 for the character
"A," the toggle detect signal (FIG. 4g) will cause the read-only
memory 19 to output the next set of parameters stored in sequence.
This set defines the starting point for a new character and the Z
parameter thereof will have the value 7. The decoder 43 detects
this Z parameter and signals the control logic 33 so that it will
begin a control sequence for the next character by loading the next
data word into the input register 13. The signal from the decoder
43 which indicates that a 7 has been detected is shown in FIG. 4h.
The control logic 33 contains suitable logic and timing circuitry
responsive to the toggle detect signal and the seven detect signal
so that the next character is requested only when Z = 7 is detected
after the character tracing is in progress. Thus, after a new
character has been loaded into register 13, the first seven which
appears in the Z register circuit 45 will be ignored, but the
second seven will cause the control logic 33 to request the next
character.
* * * * *