U.S. patent number 3,659,604 [Application Number 05/023,770] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-02 for humidifying means.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Fisher & Paykel Limited. Invention is credited to Christopher G. Brickell, Alfred W. Melville, David H. O'Hare.
United States Patent |
3,659,604 |
Melville , et al. |
May 2, 1972 |
HUMIDIFYING MEANS
Abstract
A humidifying means has a container for water which is removable
from a source of heat, with the container being provided with a
cover defining an air space with an inlet for gases and an outlet
for gases and water vapor, the whole being removable for
sterilization or other purposes. Temperature control means are
provided externally of the container to control the temperature of
the water in the container. A hose connects the outlet for gases
and water vapor to a patient undergoing assisted or artificial
respiration and this hose has a heating element therein arranged
longitudinally to reduce or obviate condensation in the hose.
Inventors: |
Melville; Alfred W. (Auckland,
NZ), O'Hare; David H. (Auckland, NZ),
Brickell; Christopher G. (Auckland, NZ) |
Assignee: |
Fisher & Paykel Limited
(Auckland, NZ)
|
Family
ID: |
25759361 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/023,770 |
Filed: |
March 30, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
128/203.27;
128/204.13; 261/DIG.65; 261/142; 392/395; 392/488; D23/356;
219/433; 261/104; 261/139; 261/152; 392/403 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M
16/1095 (20140204); A61M 16/16 (20130101); A61M
2209/082 (20130101); Y10S 261/65 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61M
16/16 (20060101); A61M 16/10 (20060101); A61m
015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/212,254-258,185,186,192,193,173.2,205,207,209,188
;261/DIG.34,DIG.65,142 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,356,338 |
|
Feb 1964 |
|
FR |
|
276,560 |
|
Jul 1951 |
|
CH |
|
526,678 |
|
Sep 1940 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Gaudet; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Mitchell; J. B.
Claims
We claim:
1. An apparatus for humidifying and heating air to be breathed by a
patient undergoing artificial respiration, comprising
humidification and heating means to heat air to a suitable
temperature which does not exceed, under steady operating
conditions, the maximum desired temperature at which the air is to
be admitted into the patient's body, and to substantially saturate
the air with water vapor at that output temperature; said
humidification and heating means comprising a body portion having a
first part thereof defining a water container adapted to be
pressurized and adapted to have water introduced therein from time
to time in use; and a second part cooperable with the first part
for providing an air space above the level of water in the first
part, external heating means for said first part, said first part
being adapted to be maintained in thermal contact with said
external heating means, and control means to sense the temperature
of the water contained in said first part and control the external
heating means to maintain the temperature of the water at the
desired level, releasable clamping means clamping said first part
to said external heating means to permit said first part to be
removed from the external heating means for sterilization or other
purposes, a heat conductive plate defining a tortuous path provided
with suitably spaced convolutions defining a core with a central
axis therethrough, said heat conductive plate being located partly
in said first part and partly in said air space defined by the
first and second parts; a water absorbent material disposed along
the tortuous path defined by said heat conductive plate; said
second part having first and second air passage defining means
providing communication between the interior of the body portion
and the exterior thereof, said first air passage defining means
adapted to be put in flow communication with a patient and said
second passage defining means being adapted to be connected with a
source of gas, at least the entrance of said first air passage
defining means constituting an air outlet being above water level
and in flow communication with the core of the tortuous path, with
said water absorbent material being partially immersed in water in
the first part, said heat conductive plate arranged with its axis
substantially vertical in use and also being partially immersed in
water in the first part to provide a lower seal for said tortuous
path, said conductive plate having a top surface substantially in
sealing engagement with said first part so that substantially all
the air passing in either of said first or second air passage
defining means in the inlet passage can only leave via the other
air passage defining means and after passing through said tortuous
path during which it gains an increased heat and water vapor
content.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second part is a
cover, with the cover having sufficient volume as to provide the
air space above the first part, the construction and arrangement
being such that over filling of the first part is not readily
possible.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said heat conducting
plate is a scroll having a base adapted to rest on the floor of
said first part, so that heat may be conducted from the floor or
said first part to said scroll.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein said scroll is faced on
at least one surface with blotting paper which constitutes the
water absorbent material.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a heating module, said
heating means being spring mounted on said heating module, and the
floor of said first part being pressed against the spring mounted
heating means to provide good contact between the heating means and
the floor of the first part.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said releasable
clamping means includes a ring having a flange adapted to press
against lugs on said first part, and said ring having further lugs
adapted to engage lugs for said heating module, with rotation of
the ring engaging the lugs to clamp the first part to the heating
module.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the second part is held
to said first part by a ring having a flange adapted to engage lugs
on the second part, and said ring having flanges adapted to engage
flanges for said first part, with rotation of said ring causing
engagement of said lugs to hold the second part to the first
part.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein said second part is
sealed to said first part by an O-ring between adjacent walls of
the first and second parts.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a tube attached to
said first air defining means to carry gases and vapor from said
air outlet through an auxiliary apparatus into the body of a
patient and said tube carrying at least one insulating electrical
energizable heating wire arranged longitudinally thereof to further
heat the substantially saturated air from the outlet temperature.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to humidifying means.
In humidifying means, for use, for example for humidifying and
heating air or gases which is to be breathed by a patient
undergoing artificial respiration, there is a need for a
humidifying means which is capable of having portions thereof
readily sterilized yet enabling adequate and accurate control of
the temperature, and the saturation of the air passed through the
humidifying means. In order to control the temperature and the
humidity of the air at any selected temperature, elaborate and
sophisticated controls are necessary, usually electronic, and of
course such electronic apparatus may not be immersed in water, for
example, for the purpose of sterilizing.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention in one aspect
to provide humidifying apparatus which is simple to construct yet
effective in use, and which will at least go a considerable way
towards meeting the foregoing desiderata or which will at least
provide the public with a useful choice.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention consists in apparatus for
humidifying and heating air, comprising a container for water to be
converted into water vapor at a desired temperature, said container
being adapted to be heated externally, and being adapted to be
removed from the source of heat for the purpose of sterilization or
other purposes, cover means for said container adapted to provide
an air space above the level of water, heat transfer means adapted
to be mounted within said container and comprising conducting means
adapted to conduct heat to evaporating surfaces in said air space
above the level of water in said container, air inlet means adapted
to admit gases into said air space, vapor transfer means adapted to
transmit vapor from said air space to gases passing therethrough,
gas and vapor outlet means, heating means separate from said
container, means for maintaining said container in thermal contact
with said heating means, and control means to sense the temperature
of the water contained in said container, with the construction and
arrangement being such that, in use, on said container being heated
by said heating means, such heat will be transferred by conduction
through said conducting means to said evaporating surface in said
air space for transfer into the gases passing through said air
space so that a mixture of water vapor and gases can be transferred
from said air space, said heat control means being adapted to
control the temperature and, therefore, the moisture content of
such gases transferred from said air space.
We have also found that it is desirable to provide further heating
means in a tube forming part of humidifying means and which
connects the humidifying source to, for example, a patient to whom
humidified gases are to be provided. Previously, it had been
thought that spiral electric heating means were necessary to
maintain adequate heating, but such heating means are complicated
and expensive to produce.
It is therefore, an object of the present invention in a further
aspect, to provide humidifying apparatus which will obviate or
minimize the foregoing disadvantage in a simple yet effective
manner or which will at least provide the public with a useful
choice.
Accordingly, in a further aspect, the invention consists in
apparatus for humidifying and heating air to be breathed by a
patient undergoing assisted or artificial respiration, comprising
humidification and heating means adapted to heat air to a suitable
temperature which does not exceed, under steady operating
conditions, the maximum desired temperature at which the air is
desired to be admitted into the patient's body, and to
substantially saturate the air with water vapor at that output
temperature, and further heating means to further heat the
substantially saturated air from said output temperature, with the
air heated by said further heating means being carried, in use,
through auxiliary apparatus into the patient's body, characterized
in that said further heating means comprise a tube adapted to carry
humidified air from said humidification and heating means, to said
auxiliary apparatus, said tube carrying at least one insulated
electrically energizable heating wire arranged longitudinally of
said tube, the construction and arrangement being such that in use,
the increase in temperature of the air to be breathed which is
imparted by said further heating means at the output thereof, is
selected to be equal to or to exceed the temperature drop which
occurs in the air so heated in its passage between said output of
said further heating means and the patient's body and, in any
event, the temperature increase is adjusted to ensure that the air
is delivered to the patient at no more than said maximum desired
temperature.
One preferred form of the invention will now be described with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective exploded view of a humidifying apparatus
according to the invention, a delivery module, a humidifying module
and a heater module shown detached one from the other,
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the construction shown in FIG. 1 with the
delivery module detached,
FIG. 3 is a section on the line A--A of FIG. 2 the view looking in
the direction of the arrows,
FIG. 4 is a wiring diagram for the heating and control apparatus
utilized in the humidifying apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings, the humidifying apparatus shown in FIGS.
1 to 3, is referred as a matter of convenience in the following
into a delivery module 1, a humidifying module 2, and a heater
module 3. The delivery module 1 comprises a cap member 4, having an
inlet 5 for humidified gases e.g. air and oxygen hereinafter
referred to simply as air, and an added outlet 6, with the outlet 6
being connected to a tube 7 which has therein a heating element 8
in the form of a wire hairpin, that is to say, the wire extends
from a terminal unit 9 or near to the opposite end of the tube 7,
and then returns to the terminal unit 9. The terminal unit 9 is
supplied through a cable 10, connected to the heater module 3 as
will later be described. The cap 4 also includes a water filler cap
11 which may be removed for adding water to a container 12 forming
part of the humidifying module 2, as will further described.
The air inlet 5 of the cap 4 fits on an air outlet 13, leading from
the humidifying module 2. This module will now be described in
detail.
The container 12, preferably of transparent material, has an open
mouth 14, and a disc bottom 15, with the disc bottom being
substantially flat so as to have a considerable bearing surface on
a heating plate 16 forming part of the heater module 3. The
container 12 is provided with lugs 17 and 18. A cover 19 is
provided, having the air outlet 13, and also an air inlet 20. The
cover 19 is also preferably of a transparent material so that water
levels can be examined within the container 12, and the cover is
sealed to the container 12 by an O-ring 21. It is a feature of the
invention that the container 12 may not be over-filled without it
being clearly obvious to the attendant, since filling to the level
of the open-mouth 14 will cause overflow into a space 22, between
the cover and the container 12, so that the container may be
readily filled with a predetermined amount of water i.e. to the
level of the mouth 14. It is to be noted that the inlet 20 is an
inlet for air and the other gases, e.g. added oxygen to be
humidified.
Mounted within the container 12 are conducting means which,
preferably, comprise a scroll 23 preferably of metal e.g. aluminum
plate of a suitable gauge, e.g. 12g., and having a sufficient
number of turns as to provide an adequate evaporating surface area,
to evaporating means or vapor transfer means associated with the
scroll comprising, e.g. blotting paper 24 placed in contact with
the surface of the scroll in the air space 25 in an cover 19 above
the open mouth 14 of the container 12, with the blotting paper also
dipping into the water. We have been surprised by the fact that
there has been adequate transfer of heat from the floor of the
container to the scroll.
The air space and the filled water space are about equal in volume
in use. The cover 19 is fixed to the container 12 by the cover 19
also having lugs 26 and a ring 27 has an annulus 28 and lugs 29,
with the annulus 28 pressing against the lugs 26 and the lugs 29
engaging below the lugs 17 of the container. The ring is given a
twist action in use so that spaces, not shown, between the lugs 29
can pass over the lugs 17 for separating the cover from the
container.
This completes the container, and it will be seen that the
container and its cover are of extremely simple construction which
may be removed readily, and may be sterilized or otherwise dealt
with without hindrance by temperature control devices or other
features which would otherwise prevent adequate sterilization.
As stated above, the heater module 3 includes a heater plate 16 and
the plate is provided with a heating element 31 therein. The heater
plate 16 is mounted on springs 32 equipped with holding bolts 33,
and for example, three such spring mountings are provided. The
purpose thereof is to ensure that there is close contact between
the plate 16 and the bottom 15 of the container 12. Normally, the
plate 16 stands above members 34, but when the container is pressed
onto the plate 16, and the lugs 18 held onto heater module body 35
by a ring 36 having a flange and annulus 37 which has lugs 38
engaging with further lugs 39 forming a part of the body 35. Again
rotation of the ring 36 engages or disengages the lugs 38 and
39.
In order to control the temperature of the water in the container
12, a temperature sensing device is provided in contact with the
bottom 15 of the container, thus a thermister 40 is mounted in an
opening in the heating plate and being insulated therefrom by a
heat insulant 41. Thus, the thermistor is arranged to be in close
contact with the bottom plate 15, and we have found that to a
satisfactory extent this enables close control of the temperature
in the water of container 12, while permitting removal of that
container for sterilizing purposes.
Indicating lights are provided to indicate satisfactory operation
of the apparatus and, for example, lights 42 and 43 are arranged to
shine through a lens 44 which is a transparent plate fitted in the
body 35, a a green filter 45 is interposed between the lights and
the lens 34. A main switch 46 controls supply to the equipment and
a thumb screw 47 forms part of a clamp 48 which may be fixed to a
standard to prevent the apparatus being knocked over.
Turning now to the circuit shown in FIG. 4, the circuit is divided
into blocks or modules comprising a hose heater control module
generally referenced 48, a heater thermostat module 49, a power
control module 50 and other associated equipment which will be
referred to further in the following.
A transformer 51 supplies current at suitable voltages. In
particular, it supplies 24v. to the heater wire 8. The transformer
51 also has a 19v. supply 52, to be later discussed.
The hose heater control module 48 comprises a bridge rectifier
circuit having rectifiers 52 and 72 supplying a silicon controlled
rectifier 53. A variable resistance 54 enables control of the
supply to the heater 8 manually, and a pre-set control 55 is a
trimmer control normally pre-set to adjust the phase shift of the
supply to a 90.degree. phase shift, that is to say, supplying
minimum supply current to the heater 8.
The thermostat control module 49 is supplied from a 19v. tap 56 and
has a bridge circuit comprising resistors 58, 59 and 60 which are
fixed resistors, and in the fourth arm of the bridge, there is the
thermistor 40 together with a calibrating variable resistor 61. The
bridge is supplied through a resistance 63 and regulated by a zener
diode 62 supplying a balanced voltage feed into the differential
input of an operational amplifier 64, for example, a m.mu. A741C as
made by Fair-child Semi-conductors Inc. The amplified drive from
the amplifier 64 supplies a reed relay 65, the contacts of which
are shown at 66, and will be referred to later. A positive feed
back is given through lead 66a, and resistor 67 to a non-inverting
input 68 of the amplifier 64 for the purpose of giving added
stability resulting in a small differential to be used in
operation.
The power module 50 is fed at the input voltage, e.g. 230 volts 50
Hz and heating element 31 in FIG. 3 is divided into two sections
33A and 33B in the wiring diagram. These elements are supplied
through a Triac 69 which is triggered by operation of the switch
contacts 66 which apply a signal to the gate 67 of the Triac. It is
a particular feature of the invention that the arrangement of the
reed relay 65 is such that the low voltage circuits are
electrically isolated from the mains voltage circuits of which the
contacts 66 of the reed relay form part. A resistor 70 is provided
to control the potential applied to the gate 67 to eliminate random
and spurious triggering of the Triac 69.
Display units are provided to indicate operation of the circuitry,
and as mentioned above, the lights 42 and 43 are arranged to show
through the green filter 45 when operation is normal, and thus, the
lights 42 and 43 form the load of a silicon controlled rectifier
71.
The operation is as follows and refers to the positive half-cycle
of the 24v line 57. Owing to the turn-on delay of the S.C.R. 53,
the potential at the junction of diodes 52 is such that S.C.R. 71
will be turned on prior to the turn on of S.C.R. 53. If, for any
reason, pin 73 is at zero potential relative to lead 74, the S.C.R.
71 will not turn on, and, consequently, lights 42 and 43 will not
be illuminated. Since the supply is still connected through lead
75, the potential at the anode of S.C.R. 71 will go positive, and
through diode 76 will charge capacitor 77, forward biasing diode 78
which is connected through lead 79 to inverting input 80 of the
amplifier 64. This turns the amplifier off, thus removing power by
opening contacts 66 of the reed relay 65. Consequently, the heater
does not come on under these circumstances. The potential at pin 73
can be zero either through the hose heater 8 being open circuited
or not plugged in. Resistor 81 is connected in the circuit to
ensure that if there is any reasonably high resistance across the
heater terminals 9, the safety features will still operate.
Resistor 82 ensures that the safety features will still operate,
even if lamps 42 and 43 are open circuited. Resistors 83 assist in
lengthening the life of the bulbs by restricting current surges
when switching on.
In the case of over-heat conditions, when a back up thermostat 84
closes, it either open circuits fuse 85 or the element section 33.
This reduces power to the heater circuitry and, as a result
thereof, there is a circuit through red neon lights 86 indicating
this malfunction. This circuit is now a high-resistance circuit,
because added resistors 87 are of a high value and, consequently,
the power is reduced to transformer 51 through lead 88 because of
such high resistance in series with the transformer primary.
Because of the feed through the transformer primary, the neon
lights 86 remain illuminated even though the switch 84 may reopen,
until either fuse 85 or the heater section 33 has been
repaired.
The tube 7 is connected to auxiliary apparatus, for example, a
mouthpiece or other device through which air may be supplied to a
patient undergoing artificial respiration. A suitable type of
heating element for the hair pin or hair pins 8 would be the
resistance wire utilized for electric blanket manufacture.
The energy supplied to the resistance wire 8, in the tube is, of
course, controlled so that in use, the increase in temperature of
the air to be breathed which is imparted by the resistance element
is selected to be equal to or exceed the temperature drop which
occurs in the air so heated in its passage between the output of
the humidifying means and the patient's body, and in any event, the
temperature increase is adjusted to ensure that the air is
delivered to the patient at no more than a maximum desired
temperature. The tube 7 is selected so that it has reasonable
flexibility, having regard to the use for which it is intended, and
the tube wall a reasonable thickness and/or insulating properties
so that the heat from the heating element is contained within the
tube rather than being dissipated from the outer wall of the tube.
A suitable material is a plasticized PVC.
In the foregoing, it can be seen that a humidifying apparatus is
provided in which the humidifying module can be readily detached
from the heating module, for sterilization filling, changing of the
blotting paper, or for other servicing or other requirements, very
simply and quickly. The safety devices result in operation which
will have a considerable regard to the patient's safety, with the
construction being such that should one module fail, other modules
are cut off from the electrical supply or the electrical supply is
reduced so that the patient gets simply saturated air and other
gases, e.g. oxygen at room temperature which is preferable to his
obtaining overheated air.
* * * * *