U.S. patent number 3,653,717 [Application Number 04/861,958] was granted by the patent office on 1972-04-04 for artificial lift system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Esso Production Research Company. Invention is credited to Elvis Rich, Edgar L. Von Rosenberg.
United States Patent |
3,653,717 |
Rich , et al. |
April 4, 1972 |
ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM
Abstract
A method and system for artificially lifting enriched solvents
in solution mining wells are disclosed. A liquid immiscible with
and lighter in gravity than the solvent is injected in the well
annulus while the solvent enriched with minerals is produced
through the well tubing. The system can selectively be placed in
continuous or intermittent operation.
Inventors: |
Rich; Elvis (Houston, TX),
Von Rosenberg; Edgar L. (Houston, TX) |
Assignee: |
Esso Production Research
Company (Houston, TX)
|
Family
ID: |
25337212 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/861,958 |
Filed: |
September 29, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
299/5; 166/372;
417/55 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/28 (20130101); E21B 43/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/12 (20060101); E21B 43/28 (20060101); E21B
43/00 (20060101); E21b 043/28 () |
Field of
Search: |
;299/4-6 ;166/307,314
;417/55,92 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Purser; Ernest R.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method for lifting a corrosive aqueous solution in a cased
well completed for draining a mineral-bearing formation, and having
a tubing string disposed therein, said formation having sufficient
pressure to provide a static fluid column which substantially fills
said tubing string, said method comprising continuously introducing
a hydrocarbon liquid into the lower end of said tubing string, said
hydrocarbon liquid being immiscible with said aqueous solution and
having a density substantially less than the density of said
aqueous solution, the volume of said hydrocarbon liquid introduced
into said tubing string being sufficient to substantially reduce
the pressure gradient of said fluid column therein to permit the
aqueous solution to be produced.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the aqueous solution
has a specific gravity greater than about 1.1 and the liquid
hydrocarbon has a specific gravity less than about 0.9 at operating
conditions.
3. The method as recited in 1 and further comprising the steps of
separating the produced aqueous solution and hydrocarbon liquid,
and reintroducing the hydrocarbon liquid into the lower end of said
tubing.
4. A method of lifting a mineral solvent in a cased well completed
for draining a mineral-bearing formation and having a tubing string
disposed therein, the lower end of said tubing string being in
fluid communication with the casing-tubing annulus, said method
comprising the repetitive steps of permitting the solvent to enter
the annulus under formation pressure while maintaining said annulus
above the solvent fluid level therein full of a power liquid
immiscible with and lighter in gravity than said solvent; and
thereafter injecting a power liquid into the annulus while
preventing backflow of the solvent into the formation to displace
solvent received in said annulus through said lower end and into
said tubing string.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the power liquid is a hydrocarbon
liquid having a specific gravity less than about 0.9 and adapted
for use in solution mining wells using an aqueous solution of a
mineral solvent having a specific gravity greater than about
1.1.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the volume of power liquid
injected into said annulus is volumetrically controlled to prevent
power liquid from entering said tubing string.
7. A system for lifting a mineral solvent in a cased well completed
for draining a mineral-bearing formation, said system comprising a
tubing string disposed in said well and having an inlet at its
lower end; valve means connected to an upper portion of the annulus
defined by the well casing and said tubing string for controlling
fluid flow into and out of said upper portion of said annulus; pump
means for injecting a power liquid through said valve means and
into said annulus, said power liquid being immiscible with and
lighter in gravity than said solvent; control means for operating
said pump means and said valve means in a repeating pump cycle
which comprises a solvent entry phase wherein pressure is relieved
from said annulus through said valve means permitting solvent to
flow from said formation into a lower portion of said annulus, and
a lift phase wherein said pump means is operated to inject power
liquid into said annulus to displace solvent from said lower
portion of said annulus into said tubing string.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein said pump means includes a pump, a
power liquid reservoir connected to said pump, piping connecting
said pump and said reservoir to said valve means, said valve means
includes a motor valve having a first position providing fluid
communication between said pump and said annulus and a second
position providing fluid communication between said annulus and
said reservoir, and said control means includes first control means
for operating said pump and for placing said motor valve in said
first position attendant to said solvent reaching a predetermined
upper elevation in said annulus and second control means for
deactivating said pump and for placing said motor valve in said
second position attendant to said solvent being displaced to a
predetermined lower elevation in said annulus.
9. The system as recited in claim 8 wherein said first and second
control means include high-level and low-level controllers disposed
in said reservoir.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to artificial lifting of liquid
from a subsurface elevation and more particularly to artificial
lift means for solution mining.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Solution mining is a mineral recovery process which utilizes a
leaching solvent for dissolving the mineral in situ. In one form,
it involves the injection of the leaching solvent into the
mineral-bearing formation through selected input wells and the
recovery of the enriched solvent through selected producing wells.
The mineral can be present in the matrix of a host rock or as a
massive deposit. In either situation, communication between the
input and producing wells can be induced or improved by fracturing
techniques developed in the petroleum industry. Owing largely to
advanced metallurgical and formation treating technology, solution
mining, of late, has been applied in the in situ recovery of
uranium and has been proposed for the recovery of a host of other
minerals such as copper, phosphate, and manganese. As the
technology continues to advance and as the demand for minerals
increases accompanied by the inexorable depletion of present
reserves, it is reasonable to expect the continued expansion of
solution mining techniques.
While solution mining offers significant advantages over excavation
mining--particularly in the treatment of low-grade ores--it is
beset by the serious and continuing problem of corrosion. Solvents
having the capabilities of selectively dissolving the desired
minerals generally are highly corrosive. For example, uranium is
leached in situ by aqueous solutions of nitric or sulfuric acid,
the corrosivities of which are well known. Even in the solution
mining of salt, the corrosivity of the produced brine requires the
use of special corrosive-resistant equipment.
In the recovery phase of the operation, the enriched solvent must
be lifted from the subterranean formation. A prime consideration in
selecting the type of artificial lift system is the system's
ability to handle the highly corrosive solvents. Conventional
artificial lift facilities include submersible pumps and air lifts.
Both of these facilities require the exposure of substantial
amounts of equipment to the corrosive liquids and therefore
experience relatively short operating lives. The repair and
replacement of subsurface pumps is a particularly expensive
operation requiring the withdrawal of the entire assembly. While
the air-lift system obviates some of the operational disadvantages
of the subsurface pump, particularly in regards to the replacement
of parts, it presents other problems. The commingled air and
solvent resulting from the air lift, in fact, increases the rate of
corrosion so that while replacement of parts is facilitated, the
frequency of replacement is increased.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention contemplates lifting the solvent by injecting
a power liquid down the well annulus and producing the solvent
through the well tubing. The subsurface equipment includes a packer
and check valve assembly for permitting flow into the casing while
preventing backflow during the lifting phase of the cycle.
Under certain conditions, the formation may have sufficient
pressure to cause the static fluid level to stand high in the well.
Under these conditions flow can be induced by reducing the pressure
gradient in the fluid column such that the back pressure on the
formation is less than the formation pressure. The present
invention contemplates the continuous commingling of a light liquid
and solvent in the producing string. The rate of production
attainable by this continuous lift system depends upon the pressure
draw-down imparted on the formation, which in turn depends upon the
difference in liquid and solvent densities and the relative volumes
commingled.
As the formation pressure is dissipated by the withdrawal of
formation fluids, the differential pressure gradually declines to a
point that a more positive lift may be required in order to
maintain the desired production rate. The surface facilities may
then be modified to provide an intermittent lift which operates on
a displacement principle. In intermittent lift operation, the
solvent is permitted to rise in the annulus while maintaining a
column of light liquid above the solvent fluid level. When the
solvent fluid level reaches a predetermined upper level in the
annulus, a power liquid which can be the same composition as the
light liquid is injected in the casing forcing the solvent down the
annulus and up the tubing. The solvent fluid level is displaced
downwardly within the annulus to a predetermined lower elevation
whereupon injection is discontinued placing the system in a
condition for repeating the lift cycle. Thus, the lift cycle
comprises (1) a solvent entry phase where solvent from the
formation enters the well annulus rising to a predetermined
elevation therein and (2) a displacement phase where a power liquid
displaces solvent in the annulus forcing it up the well tubing.
A particular advantageous feature of the lifting system
contemplated by the present invention is the use of few moving
parts exposed to the corrosive solvent. The intermittent lift
system has the added advantage of permitting the accurate control
of injection of the power liquid. Moreover the intermittent
operation does not entail commingling of the power liquid and
solvent and therefore requires no surface separation.
The injection of the power liquid when in intermittent operation
can be made operatively responsive to the solvent fluid level in
the annulus so that the operation thereof is a function of the
producing rate of the well. The amount of power liquid injected in
each displacement phase of the cycle is regulated by accurate
volumetric control.
By way of summary then the present invention provides a novel
method and system for lifting corrosive liquids, the system being
adapted for continuous or intermittent operation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the artificial lift
system according to the present invention under continuous
operation; and
FIGS. 2 and 3 are diagrammatic views illustrating the artificial
lift system under intermittent operation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference to FIG. 1 a well 10 is shown completed for draining
a subterranean formation 11. The formation 11 is mineral-bearing
having characteristics such that it is amenable to the solution
mining process. The mineral deposits may be present in the matrix
of a host rock or may be present as a massive continuous deposit.
The mineral can be uranium, copper, phosphate, salt, or other
mineral which can be extracted by in situ leaching according to
presently known techniques. The formation 11 can have natural
matrix permeability or can be fractured for improving the
permeability. In either event there is sufficient permeability for
conducting the leaching solvent from an adjacent input well (not
shown) to the producing well 10. The usual solution mining
operation involves injecting a mineral dissolving or leaching
solvent via the input well into the mineral-bearing formation 11
and withdrawing the solvent enriched with the mineral at the
producing well 10.
The well 10 is drilled and completed by techniques well known in
the petroleum industry. In completing the well 10 as depicted, a
borehole 12 is drilled to a depth sufficient to penetrate the
formation 11. Casing 13 is run to the top of the formation 11 and
cemented in place. A packer 14 carried at the lower end of the
tubing string 15 is set at the base of the casing 13.
Owing to the high density of the enriched solvent, the formation
pressure may not be sufficient to cause the well to flow at
economic rates. In this event, an artificial lift system is
required. Because of the highly corrosive nature of the solvent, it
is desirable that the lift system employed have few moving
subsurface parts exposed to the solvent.
The present invention contemplates lifting the enriched solvent
through the tubing 15 by injecting a low-density liquid into the
annulus 17 defined by the casing 13 and tubing 15. The surface
facilities for injecting the light liquid are designed to permit
either continuous or intermittent operation. The subsurface
equipment can accommodate either type of operation without
modification.
More specifically, the tubing string 15 comprises, from bottom up,
a lower landing nipple 18 secured to the packer 14, a perforated
nipple 19, an upper landing nipple 20 disposed immediately above
the perforated nipple 19, and a continuous conduit 21 to the
surface. The landing nipples 18 and 20 are adapted to receive
wireline retrievable standing valves 22 and 23, respectively.
When the well 10 is placed on production the formation pressure
forces solvent into the wellbore 12 and up the tubing string 15. If
the formation pressure is greater than the back pressure imposed on
the formation face by a fluid column in the tubing string 15, the
well flows by natural process. The pressure in formation 11 can be
due to the hydrostatic pressure imposed by the weight of water
indigenous to the formation or overburden pressure resulting from
the weight of upper formations. Or the formation 11 can be
pressurized by injection of fluids in the input wells.
If the formation pressure is sufficiently high to provide a static
fluid level close to the surface, flow can be induced by reducing
the pressure gradient in the tubing string 15. The present
invention, in one aspect, contemplates a continuous lift process
involving the commingling of a light liquid with the produced
solvent in the tubing string 15. Preferably the light liquid is
immiscible with the solvent so as to facilitate the surface
separation of the liquid and solvent. Accordingly, a light lift
liquid is continuously injected down the annulus 17 at such a rate
to cause liquid to enter perforated nipple 19 and intermix with the
solvent stream in string 15. The rate of injection is controlled to
provide the proper mixture of lift liquid and solvent to give the
desired pressure gradient. This reduces the formation back
pressure, imparting a pressure draw-down on the formation 11. The
ratio of lift liquid to solvent to effect a given pressure gradient
in the tubing column of course will depend upon their respective
densities. If the densities of the solvent and lift liquid are such
to separately provide a pressure gradient of 0.54 psi per foot
(specific gravity of 1.25) and 0.35 psi per foot (specific gravity
of 0.80), respectively, a mixture of two parts of the former to one
part of the latter provides a pressure gradient of 0.48 psi per
foot. Thus if the formation 11 has a static fluid column of 2,000
feet, a pressure draw-down of 120 psi can be imparted on the
formation by the continuous injection of a light liquid at a rate
equal to one-third the total fluid withdrawal rate.
The continuous lift process described above is applicable in wells
completed in formations having relatively high pressures. Its
primary disadvantage is the limitation on the pressure draw-down on
the formation.
As the formation pressure declines, the flowing gradient must be
decreased correspondingly to maintain the desired level of
production. Lower pressure gradients are obtained by increasing the
ratio of lift liquid to solvent. At a point where an excessive
amount of liquid is required to maintain the desired pressure
draw-down, it may be more economical to switch to the intermittent
operation. While the intermittent operation reduces the flowing
time of the well, it permits a greater pressure draw-down on the
formation which should more than offset the losses resulting from
the nonproducing time intervals of the lifting cycle.
The intermittent lift system according to the present invention
operates on the principle of displacement. Under dynamic lift
conditions, solvent from the formation 11 is permitted to rise in
the annulus 17 while a column of power liquid is maintained to the
surface above the solvent fluid level. The selected power liquid is
immiscible with and lighter in gravity than the solvent so that the
former floats on the latter, the contact being at the interface 25
shown in FIG. 2. At a predetermined upper elevation of the
interface 25, the power liquid is injected into the annulus 17.
This displaces the interface 25 downwardly within the annulus 17
forcing solvent through the perforated nipple 19 and up the tubing
string 15 (see FIG. 3). At a predetermined lower elevation of the
interface 25, liquid injection is discontinued and the system is
placed in a condition for repeating the lift cycle. Thus the back
pressure on the formation 11 with the interface 25 in the lower
position, is principally the product of the pressure gradient of
the power liquid and the depth of the well. In the well of the
above example wherein the solvent and liquid have pressure
gradients of 0.54 and 0.35 psi per foot, the pressure draw-down on
the formation can be increased by about 370 psi. If the formation
pressure balances a static fluid column 1,500 feet in the tubing
string, a pressure draw-down of 100 psi is attainable by the
intermittent lift system.
The subsurface equipment in the well 10 is identical for either the
continuous or intermittent operation. It should be noted that the
only moving parts are the two standing valves 22 and 23 which are
easily retrieved by conventional wireline equipment. If the flow
area of the annulus 17 is substantially greater than the flow area
of the tubing 15, valve 23 is not required. However its presence
provides for a more efficient displacement operation since it
prevents backflow from the tubing 15 during the solvent entry phase
of the lift cycle.
In either the continuous or intermittent operation, the pressure
draw-down attainable is a function of the relative lift or power
liquid and the solvent. The produced solvents laden with the
extracted mineral generally will have a specific gravity in the
order of 1.25, but could have a specific gravity as low as 1.1. The
wider the separation of gravities, the greater the draw-down on the
formation. Accordingly it is preferred that the differential of
specific gravities be at least 0.2.
In solution mining operations where the solvent is an aqueous
solution of a mineral-dissolving material such as that used in the
solution mining of salt or uranium, a liquid satisfying the
requirements of immiscibility and light gravity is found in the
light petroleum fractions such as gasoline, kerosene, or diesel
fuel. These hydrocarbon liquids have the property of being stable
at the normal operating temperatures and pressures so that they can
be recycled thereby providing a closed system.
The surface facilities are designed to permit either type of
operation. Considering first the continuous lift operation (FIG.
1), the components include a separator 26, a reservoir 27, and a
motor-driven pump 28, and the necessary piping for interconnecting
the parts as depicted. Through suitable connections, the pump 28
receives the lift liquid from the reservoir 27 and delivers it to
the annulus 17. The rate of injection can be calculated or can be
regulated to achieve the desired solvent producing rate. The
produced mixture of solvent and lift liquid is directed to the
separator 26 where the lighter liquid is returned by an overhead
line to the reservoir 27 while the heavier solvent is discharged to
storage. An interface level controller 30 is operatively connected
to the separator discharge valve 31 and serves to maintain the
interface within the confines of separator 26.
The surface equipment for the intermittent operation includes the
reservoir 27 and pump 28 plus a motor valve 29 and liquid level
controllers 32 and 33 (see FIGS. 2 and 3). The level controllers 32
and 33, respectively, provide high-level and low-level control
points within the reservoir 27. The pump 28 through suitable
controls is operatively responsive to actuation of the high-level
controller 32. The motor valve 29 is a three-way, two-position,
directional valve having a first position which provides fluid
communication between the pump 28 and annulus 17 and a second
position which provides fluid communication between the reservoir
27 and the annulus 17. The valve 29 is normally in the first
position and is energized to the second position by actuation of
the low-level controller 33.
At the beginning of the lift cycle, occasioned by the actuation of
the low-level controller 33, the energized motor valve 29, in the
second position, permits the flow of power liquid from the annulus
17 to the reservoir via suitable conduits. The solvent entering the
annulus 17 through the lower standing valve 18 and perforated
nipple 19 displaces a like amount of power liquid into the
reservoir 27. The solvent fluid level 26 rises in the annulus 17
until sufficient power liquid has been displaced in the reservoir
27 to actuate the high-level controller 32. This deenergizes the
motor valve 29 and activates the pump 28, a suitable time delay
being provided if necessary. Power liquid is pumped down the
annulus 17 depressing the interface 25 therein until a
predetermined liquid slug has been injected as determined by the
reservoir volume between the upper and lower level controllers 32
and 33. The solvent, being restricted from backflowing into the
formation 11 by the lower standing valve 18, is displaced up the
tubing string 15 and discharged at the surface to storage, standing
valve 23 preventing backflow from the tubing 15. The volume of each
slug can vary within a wide range. In a well having 7-inch casing
and 2-inch tubing, a slug of 150 gallons provides an annular
displacement of 100 feet. Since the power liquid is not commingled
with the solvent, the separator 26 can be bypassed as illustrated.
It should be observed that the displacement medium (power liquid)
being essentially an incompressible liquid permits the actuation of
the displacement phase of the lift cycle in response to the
producing ability of the formation 11. In other words the injection
of the power liquid does not commence until a predetermined volume
of solvent has entered the annulus 17. Moreover, by simply
adjusting the space between the high-level and low-level
controllers, 32 and 33, the volume of each slug of power liquid
injected can be varied to meet a variety of producing conditions.
The individual components of the surface facilities, reservoir 27,
pump 28, valve 29, and associated controls are conventional and
except for the combination claimed form no part of the present
invention.
In describing the operation of the intermittent lift system, let it
be assumed that the upper and lower pumping levels are those shown
in FIGS. 2 and 3, respectively. As indicated above, these operating
levels of the interface 25 are determined by the relative positions
of the high- and low-level controllers within reservoir 27 and that
by simple adjustment the operating levels can be changed. At the
beginning of the solvent entry phase of the lift cycle, the tubing
15 is full of the solvent being retained by the standing valve 23,
and the annulus 17 is filled principally with the lighter power
liquid. Thus the static head imposed on the formation 11 is
substantially less than the formation pressure. Accordingly solvent
enters the wellbore 12, passes through the standing valve 22,
through the perforated nipple 22 and up the annulus 17. The
interface 25 rises displacing the power liquid ahead of it forcing
it into the reservoir 27. Interface 25 rises a predetermined
elevation in the annulus 17 determined by the location of the
high-level controller 32. Actuation of the high-level controller
places the system in condition for performing the displacement
phase of the cycle. A slug of power liquid is injected in the
annulus 17 depressing the interface 25 to the low-level elevation
forcing the solvent up the tubing 15 and eventually to the storage
facilities. The injection rate is considerably faster than the
fluid entry rate so that the solvent entry phase of the lifting
cycle is considerably longer in duration than the displacement
phase.
Summarizing, the present invention provides for an artificial lift
method and system particularly adapted to the solution mining
operations and is characterized as having a minimum of moving parts
disposed to the corrosive solution mining solvents. The lift system
can be used in intermittent or continuous operation. In
intermittent operation, the system offers the added feature of
displacing the solvent in the annulus without the necessity of
commingling the displacing medium and the produced solvent, and
provides means for actuating the system responsive to the producing
ability of the well.
* * * * *