U.S. patent number 3,651,358 [Application Number 05/034,381] was granted by the patent office on 1972-03-21 for method and apparatus for extending the useful life of an arc radiation source.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Union Carbide Corporation. Invention is credited to Harden Henry Troue.
United States Patent |
3,651,358 |
Troue |
March 21, 1972 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EXTENDING THE USEFUL LIFE OF AN ARC
RADIATION SOURCE
Abstract
An arc radiation source having a pair of concentric envelopes,
the inner envelope of which defines the arc chamber, and including
a cooling system comprising means for passing a gas coolant between
the envelopes, and means for thereafter passing the gas into the
arc chamber in a direction coaxial with the gas flow between the
envelopes, the gas being continuously recirculated in a closed
loop.
Inventors: |
Troue; Harden Henry
(Indianapolis, IN) |
Assignee: |
Union Carbide Corporation (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
21876051 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/034,381 |
Filed: |
May 4, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/12;
313/231.71; 313/23 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
61/52 (20130101); H05H 1/48 (20130101); H05B
31/0021 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
61/02 (20060101); H01J 61/52 (20060101); H05H
1/24 (20060101); H05B 31/00 (20060101); H05H
1/48 (20060101); H01j 001/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/12,22,23
;165/1,106,107 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Dority, Jr.; Carroll B.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An arc radiation source comprising: an inner transparent
elongated tubular envelope defining an arc chamber; a pair of
axially spaced electrodes located at opposite ends of said arc
chamber; an outer elongated transparent tubular envelope
surrounding said inner envelope; and cooling means comprising;
means for passing a gas coolant between said envelopes from one end
thereof in an axial direction and for discharging said gas from the
opposite end thereof, means for cooling said discharged gas, means
for redirecting said cooled gas into said arc chamber such that the
gas flows in the same direction the gas flow between said
envelopes, means for withdrawing the gas from the chamber, and
means for cooling and recycling such gas to form a closed gas
loop.
2. An arc radiation source comprising: an inner transparent
elongated tubular envelope defining an arc chamber; a pair of
axially spaced electrodes located at opposite ends of said arc
chamber; an outer elongated transparent tubular envelope
surrounding said inner envelope; and cooling means comprising;
means for passing a gas coolant into said arc chamber from one end
thereof in an axial direction, means for withdrawing the gas from
the chamber, means for cooling said withdrawn gas, means for
redirecting said cooled gas into the area between said envelopes in
the same direction with the gas flow in said chamber, means for
discharging the gas from the area between said envelopes, and means
for cooling and recycling such gas to form a closed gas loop.
3. An arc radiation source comprising: an inner transparent
elongated envelope providing an arc chamber; a pair of axially
spaced electrodes located at opposite ends of said arc chamber for
establishing an arc therebetween, an outer elongated transparent
tubular envelope radially spaced from and in coaxial relationship
with said inner envelope for defining an annulus therebetween, said
annulus having an inlet gas passage at one end thereof an an outlet
gas passage at the opposite end thereof, and a cooling system
comprising; a gas supply source, conduit means for directing the
gas flow from said supply source to said inlet gas passage, means
for cooling the gas exiting from said outlet gas passage, means for
redirecting said cooled gas into said arc chamber at the end
thereof adjacent the inlet passage of said annulus such that the
gas flow in the arc chamber is in series with the gas flow in said
annulus, means for draining said gas from said arc chamber, means
for cooling said drained gas and conduit means for returning said
drained gas to said supply source to form a closed gas
recirculating system.
4. A method of gas cooling an arc radiation source having an inner
tubular envelope providing an arc chamber in which an arc is
established and an outer tubular envelope surrounding said inner
tubular envelope and radially spaced therefrom which comprises;
continuously passing a gas between said inner and said outer
envelope from one end thereof in an axial direction; withdrawing
said gas from one end thereof in an axial direction; withdrawing
said gas from the opposite end thereof; cooling said withdrawn gas;
redirecting said cooled gas into said arc chamber from one end
thereof an in a flow direction coaxial with the gas flow between
said envelopes, said gas being passed through said chamber in a
swirling flow pattern; withdrawing said gas from said arc chamber;
recooling said gas; and recirculating said gas thereby forming a
closed gas loop.
5. A method of gas cooling as defined in claim 3 wherein the
temperature of the gas when injected into said arc chamber is
substantially the same as the temperature of the gas when passed
between the inner and outer envelopes.
Description
This invention relates to arc radiation sources and more
particularly to a method and apparatus for extending the useful
life of such sources.
The invention provides an arc radiation source comprising an inner
transparent elongated envelope defining an arc chamber, a pair of
axially spaced electrodes located at opposite ends of said arc
chamber, an outer elongated transparent tubular envelope
surrounding said inner envelope and cooling means comprising means
for passing a gas coolant between said envelopes from one end
thereof in an axial direction, means for withdrawing said gas from
the opposite end thereof, means for cooling said gas, means for
redirecting said cooled gas into said chamber such that the gas
flows coaxially with the gas flow between said envelopes, and means
for withdrawing the gas from the chamber and recycling such gas to
form a closed gas loop.
Arc radiation sources for generating high intensity light have been
known for quite some time. Typically such sources comprise a pair
of electrodes spaced apart in an arc chamber defined by an
elongated transparent tubular envelope. An arc is established
between the electrodes and constricted by means of a swirling gas
introduced into the chamber.
One limitation upon the useful life of such arc radiation sources
is the deterioration of the tubular envelope forming the arc
chamber. Two significant causes of the deterioration are the heat
generated by the arc and the pressure load within the chamber.
Although the swirling gas in the arc chamber provides cooling of
the envelope from its inner surface, auxiliary cooling of the
envelope from its outer surface is preferred for high power
operation.
One common method of providing auxiliary cooling is to pass a
cooling fluid such as water or gas about and around the outer
surface of the inner tubular envelope. Maximum heat transfer is
obtained by passing the auxiliary cooling fluid in a direction
opposite to the axial direction of the internal swirl gas flow. In
following this procedure applicant has observed that the envelope
was subjected to excessive thermal stress and the deterioration of
the envelope was actually accelerated when cracks were formed. In
accordance with the present invention such excessive thermal stress
may be substantially avoided by maintaining a relatively small and
uniform temperature differential between the inside and outside
surface of the envelope along its entire length. This is
accomplished without significantly impairing the increased
effective cooling of the envelope thus increasing its useful life
for high power operation.
It is therefore the principal object of the present invention to
provide an arc radiation source having a cooling system which
significantly extends the operating life expectancy of the envelope
over that achieved in the prior art.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method
of gas cooling an arc radiation source which substantially
minimizes the accumulation of thermal stress within the envelope
defining the arc chamber thereby extending the useful life of such
envelope beyond that heretofore achieved.
These and other objects will become apparent from the following
detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying
single FIGURE drawing in which the arc radiation source and cooling
system of the present invention is schematically illustrated.
Arc radiation source 10 comprises a pair of spaced hollow
electrodes 12 and 14, respectively, located at opposite ends within
an arc chamber 16 defined by the inside surface 18 of elongated
tubular envelope 20. Tubular envelope 20, hereinafter referred to
as the inner tubular envelope, is surrounded by an outer tubular
envelope 22 radially spaced therefrom and in coaxial relationship
therewith whereby an annulus 24 is defined therebetween. Tubular
envelopes 20 and 22, respectively, are composed of any suitable
transparent material such as quartz.
Each electrode has a central gas exit passage 26 and 28,
respectively, in coaxial alignment with respect to one another. An
arc 30 is established and maintained between electrodes 12 and 14,
respectively, by electrically connecting the two electrodes to a
power supply (not shown).
A suitable inert gas coolant preferably of argon, zenon, or
krypton, is passed from gas supply source 32 through conduit means
34 into annulus 24 from the end 36 thereof. The gas flows axially
downstream in the direction of the arrow and exits into conduit 38
at the end 40 of annulus 24. The passage of gas through the opening
at end 40 is effectively restricted by the subsequent passage of
the gas into chamber 16 via the swirl generating inlet ports 46. As
a result the pressure in annulus 24 is greater than the pressure in
chamber 16 so as to continuously maintain the inner tubular
envelope 20 in mechanical compression. As is well known, a quartz
tubular envelope is mechanically stronger in compression than in
tension and by at least an order of magnitude. Hence, by
maintaining envelope 20 in a state of compression its useful life
is significantly increased. Moreover, should envelope 20 rupture it
will implode rather than explode thereby providing a safety
advantage over prior art systems.
Conduit 38 directs the gas into a conventional heat exchanger 42
which removes the heat taken from the tubular envelopes so as to
cool the gas down to substantially the same temperature as supplied
from gas supply source 32. The gas is thereafter redirected through
conduit means 44 into swirl generating inlet ports 46 located at
the end of chamber 16 adjacent the inlet end 36 of annulus 24.
Swirl generating inlet ports 46 are tangentially arranged about the
outer circumference of electrode 12 such that the gas passed
therethrough will develop a swirling flow formation within arc
chamber 16. The gas advances in a swirling manner axially
downstream along the inside surface 18 of inner tubular envelope 20
toward electrode 14 where a portion of the gas flows out of the
exit passage 26 thereof. The remaining portion of the swirling gas
inverts, flowing back about the arc, internal of the swirling
stream until it reaches electrode 12 where it flows out of exit
passage 28.
Thus the gas passing through annulus 24 and chamber 16 along the
outer and inner surfaces of envelope 20 presents a heat sink of
substantially equal temperature at each surface. Since the gas
flows are substantially equal, the heat transferred by envelope 20
to the gas in annulus 24 and chamber 16 is substantially the same
at each surface and uniform with length resulting in a small and
uniform temperature differential across envelope 20 along its
entire length.
The gas exiting from exit passages 26 and 28, respectively, is
passed through heat exchangers 47 and 48, respectively, to remove
heat generated within the arc and then returns through conduit
means 50 to gas supply source 32 from whence the gas cycle is
renewed. Gas supply source 32 may include an additional heat
exchanger and appropriate filters to restore the gas to its
original temperature and purity.
In as much as the same gas supplied to annulus 24 is cycled through
chamber 16 in the same flow direction from approximately the same
starting point with relatively equal temperatures it follows that
the temperature differential between the inside and outside surface
of envelope 20 will be minimized along its entire length. Hence,
the tendency for thermal stress accumulation across the thickness
of envelope 20 is substantially reduced thereby extending the
useful life of the envelope.
Although the invention has been described with reference to spaced
hollow electrodes it is equally applicable to a combination of a
stick electrode and a hollow electrode. Moreover, although the gas
flow sequence shown and described is highly preferred, the
invention is applicable to an inverted flow sequence wherein the
gas is initially injected into the chamber and then redirected into
the annulus between the envelopes after appropriate cooling;
although in such instance inner envelope 20 will be in tension and
the advantage derived from maintaining the inner envelope in
comparison will be lost. It is still necessary to maintain coaxial
flow and to introduce the gas into the chamber and annulus at
substantially equal temperatures.
* * * * *