U.S. patent number 3,650,119 [Application Number 05/025,029] was granted by the patent office on 1972-03-21 for method and system for transporting oil by pipe line.
Invention is credited to Joseph T. Sparling.
United States Patent |
3,650,119 |
Sparling |
March 21, 1972 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTING OIL BY PIPE LINE
Abstract
System and method for transporting oil by pipe line under or
over frozen ground, e.g., permanently frozen terrain, without
melting or softening the ground by heat transfer from the oil, by
passing oil through a pipe line supported by such frozen ground or
terrain, placing a second pipe line for carrying a fluid
refrigerant, particularly liquid natural gas, along and closely
adjacent to the oil pipe line but spaced therefrom, the second pipe
line also being supported by the frozen ground, and being disposed
adjacent to the frozen ground, providing insulation between the oil
and refrigerant, e.g., liquid natural gas, pipe lines, as by
placing the oil pipe line in an excavation in the ground and
positioning the liquid natural gas pipe line in such excavation
below and parallel to the oil pipe line, with gravel, for example,
filling the spaces in the excavation and between the two pipe
lines, passing a liquid refrigerant such as liquid natural gas
through the second pipe line at a temperature substantially below
the temperature of the adjacent frozen ground, thereby maintaining
the ground around the pipe lines frozen without cooling the oil in
the oil pipe line down to a temperature which substantially retards
flow of the oil in the oil pipe line. As a feature of the
invention, a minor portion of the liquid natural gas at each
pumping station can be used for operating both the oil pump or
pumps and liquid natural gas pump or pumps at the respective
stations. The result is that the ground supporting or surrounding
the oil pipe line remains in permanently frozen condition to firmly
support such pipe line at all times, and at the same time liquid
natural gas can be transported to market and a portion thereof
employed to operate the pumping stations.
Inventors: |
Sparling; Joseph T. (Vancouver,
8 British Columbia, CA) |
Family
ID: |
21823661 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/025,029 |
Filed: |
April 2, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/50.7;
48/127.3; 62/260; 166/901; 208/370; 405/157; 405/154.1; 48/191;
137/236.1; 405/130 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F16L
1/026 (20130101); F16L 53/70 (20180101); F16L
59/15 (20130101); F16L 7/00 (20130101); F16L
53/00 (20130101); F16L 2101/40 (20130101); Y10S
166/901 (20130101); Y10T 137/402 (20150401) |
Current International
Class: |
F16L
59/00 (20060101); F16L 1/026 (20060101); F16L
7/00 (20060101); F16L 59/15 (20060101); F16L
53/00 (20060101); F17d 001/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/55,260
;61/.5,36A,72.1 ;137/236 ;138/103,105,106,111,113 ;48/191,196
;166/DIG.1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"Alaskan Completions Will Be Complicated" World Oil p. 85, January,
1970..
|
Primary Examiner: Perlin; Meyer
Assistant Examiner: Capossela; Ronald C.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method for transporting oil by pipe line across frozen ground
without melting or softening the ground by heat transfer from the
oil, which comprises passing oil through a pipe line supported by
frozen ground, said oil being at a temperature substantially above
the temperature of said ground, placing a second pipe line along
and closely adjacent to said oil pipe line but spaced therefrom,
said second pipe line also being supported by said frozen ground,
and being disposed adjacent to said frozen ground, providing
insulation between said oil and second pipe lines, and passing
liquid natural gas through said second pipe line at a temperature
substantially below the temperature of the adjacent frozen ground,
thereby maintaining said last mentioned ground frozen but without
cooling the oil in the oil pipe line down to a temperature which
would substantially reduce the flow of said oil in said oil pipe
line, including providing said oil and said natural gas in gaseous
form from a common source, and liquefying said natural gas prior to
passage thereof through said second pipe line.
2. A method as defined in claim 1, said insulation including a
substance selected from the group consisting of gravel, earth, sand
and air.
3. A method as defined in claim 1, said insulation including a
substance selected from the group consisting of gravel and earth,
and comprising placing said substance around said oil pipe
line.
4. A method as defined in claim 1, including pumping said oil at a
plurality of stations along said oil pipe line and pumping said
liquid natural gas at a plurality of stations along said second
pipe line, the temperature of said liquid natural gas increasing
from one liquid natural gas pumping station to the next liquid
natural gas pumping station by removal of heat from said ground
adjacent said oil pipe line between said last mentioned pumping
stations, and reducing the temperature of the natural gas at said
next pumping station substantially to the temperature of said
natural gas at said preceding pumping station.
5. A method as defined in claim 4, a portion of said liquid natural
gas being vaporized during passage thereof from said one liquid
natural gas pumping station to said next liquid natural gas pumping
station, and including liquefying said vaporized natural gas at
said next liquid natural gas pumping station for said reducing said
temperature of said liquid natural gas substantially to the
temperature of said liquid natural gas at said preceding pumping
station.
6. A method as defined in claim 5, said oil pipe line pumping
stations and said liquid natural gas pipe line pumping stations
being respectively positioned at adjacent locations along said
respective pipe lines, including bypassing a minor portion of
liquid natural gas from said liquid natural gas pipe line at each
station thereof to the adjacent oil pipe line pumping station for
operation of the pump at said last mentioned pumping station and to
the pump at said liquid natural gas pumping station, for operation
of said respective pumps.
7. A method as defined in claim 5, wherein the temperature of said
liquid natural gas between two successive liquid natural gas
pumping stations ranges from about -200.degree. to about
-275.degree. F. at one station, and being heated during passage
from said one station up to about -125.degree. to about
-175.degree. F. at the next station.
8. A method as defined in claim 1, including initially circulating
liquid natural gas through said liquid natural gas pipe line in a
closed loop between a pair of successive liquid natural gas pumping
stations to reduce the temperature of the adjacent ground to insure
that said ground is initially in a frozen condition, prior to
passing oil through said oil pipe line.
9. A method for transporting oil by pipe line across frozen ground
without melting or softening the ground by heat transfer from the
oil, which comprises passing oil through a pipe line supported by
frozen ground, said oil being at a temperature substantially above
the temperature of said ground, placing a second pipe line along
and closely adjacent to said oil pipe line but spaced therefrom,
said second pipe line also being supported by said frozen ground,
and being disposed adjacent to said frozen ground, providing
insulation between said oil and second pipe lines, and passing cold
natural gas through said second pipe line at a temperature
substantially below the temperature of the adjacent frozen ground,
thereby maintaining said last mentioned ground frozen but without
cooling the oil in the oil pipe line down to a temperature which
would substantially reduce the flow of said oil in said oil pipe
line, including providing said oil and said natural gas from a
common source.
10. A system for transporting oil by pipe line across frozen ground
without melting or softening the ground by heat transfer from the
oil, which comprises an oil pipe line supported by frozen ground, a
second liquid natural gas pipe line disposed closely adjacent to
and substantially parallel to said oil pipe line, but spaced
therefrom, said second pipe line also being supported by said
frozen ground, insulating means positioned between said oil and
second pipe line, means for pumping oil through said oil pipe line
and including a plurality of oil pumping stations along said oil
pipe line, a plurality of liquid natural gas pumping stations along
said liquid natural gas pipe line, each of said oil pumping
stations being positioned adjacent corresponding liquid natural gas
pumping stations, means for initially liquefying natural gas to
provide said liquid natural gas and means for supplying said liquid
natural gas to said second liquid natural gas pipe line, a well
head supplying oil and natural gas, means for supplying said oil to
said oil pipe line and means for supplying said natural gas to said
initial liquid natural gas liquefying means, and means for
maintaining the temperature of said liquid natural gas pumped
through said second pipe line substantially below the temperature
of the adjacent frozen ground supporting said oil pipe line, to
thereby maintain said last mentioned ground frozen.
11. A system as defined in claim 10, said insulating means
including a substance selected from the group consisting of gravel,
earth, sand and air.
12. A system as defined in claim 11, said insulating means also
including a supporting member for said oil pipe line.
13. A system as defined in claim 10, having a substantially smaller
diameter than said oil pipe line, said oil pipe line and said
second liquid natural gas pipe line being disposed in an excavation
below the surface of said ground, said oil pipe being positioned
above said second liquid natural gas pipe line.
14. A system as defined in claim 13, said insulating means
including a substance selected from the group consisting of gravel
and earth, and said substance surrounding a substantial portion of
the periphery of said oil pipe line.
15. A system as defined in claim 14, including means anchoring said
oil pipe line in position in said excavation and supported on said
gravel or said earth therein.
16. A system as defined in claim 13, said insulating means
including an insulating trough or cradle member positioned in said
excavation, said oil pipe line being positioned within said member
adjacent the bottom thereof, said second liquid natural gas line
being positioned below said member and adjacent the bottom of said
excavation.
17. A system as defined in claim 16, said insulating means also
including a substance selected from the group consisting of gravel
and earth positioned within said member, and said substance also
positioned in said excavation around said member and around said
liquid natural gas pipe line.
18. A system as defined in claim 16, said insulating means also
including a substance selected from the group consisting of gravel
and earth positioned in said excavation around said member and
around said liquid natural gas pipe line, a block member positioned
within said member on the bottom thereof, said oil pipe line being
positioned on said block in said member, a space in said member
around said oil pipe line, and ambient air in said space and
further insulating said oil pipe line from the adjacent ground.
19. A system as defined in claim 10, said second pipe line having a
substantially smaller diameter than said oil pipe line, said
insulating means comprising a gravel bed positioned on the surface
of said ground, said oil pipe line being supported on said gravel
bed and said liquid natural gas line being positioned within said
gravel bed below said oil pipe line and adjacent the surface of
said frozen ground.
20. A system as defined in claim 10, said second pipe line having a
substantially smaller diameter than said oil pipe line, said
insulating means comprising a gravel bed positioned on the surface
of said ground, said oil pipe line being supported on said gravel
bed and said liquid natural gas line being positioned in said
ground jest below the surface thereof and below said gravel bed
supporting said oil pipe line.
21. A system as defined in claim 10, including liquid natural gas
liquefying means at each liquid natural gas pumping station for
liquefying vaporous natural gas formed in said liquid natural gas
during passage thereof from one liquid natural gas pumping station
to the next liquid natural gas pumping station, for reducing the
temperature of said liquid natural gas at said next station, means
for bypassing a minor portion of natural gas at each liquid natural
gas pumping station and using same to operate the adjacent
corresponding oil pumping station, and means for bypassing an
additional minor portion of liquid natural gas at each liquid
natural gas pumping station for operating said last mentioned
pumping station.
22. A system as defined in claim 10, including a third liquid
natural gas pipe line, means connecting said second liquid natural
gas pipe line to said third liquid natural gas pipe line at each of
said liquid natural gas pumping stations, and valve means in said
second and third liquid natural gas pipe lines to provide closed
loops between successive liquid natural gas pumping stations for
circulating liquid natural gas through said loops for initially
freezing said ground.
Description
A particularly prolific oil field has been recently discovered and
begun to be developed on the North Slope of Alaska. The most
feasible way to transport such oil across Alaska to terminals in
southern Alaska for transport to United States West Coast ports and
to far eastern markets such as Japan, is by oil pipe line from the
North Slope south across Alaska.
However, a substantial portion of the terrain in this region is
tundra, which, if undisturbed, remains frozen most of the year but
will melt if there is any activity in the vicinity. For this
reason, the drilling rigs at the North Slope, town sites in the
vicinity, and other activities of this nature, are all generally
set upon a bed of gravel of the order of about 5 feet thick, in
order to form a base that will allow for transportation and
footings for structures without disturbing the tundra.
However, a considerable problem is involved in laying a pipe line
over a large distance of several hundreds of miles over such
tundra, particularly in establishing a suitable foundation for the
oil pipe line, since as previously noted the danger exists of the
tundra beneath the right of way melting and causing serious damage
or collapse of the pipe line, resulting from such insecure base.
For this reason various proposals have been made for supporting the
oil pipe line passing through or across such generally frozen
terrain. Thus, for example, it has been proposed to support the oil
pipe line on a platform positioned several feet, for example, about
10 feet, above the ground by driving piles or stilts into the
tundra to support a platform for the oil pipe line. However, this
would result in a highly expensive system with the pipe line
situated above the ground on a platform, thus providing
obstructions for animals, and would still be subject to the danger
of collapse of the tundra by the weight of the line and oil passing
therethrough. While it has also been proposed to lay the oil pipe
line on a gravel bed positioned on the surface of the tundra, here
also there is a danger of possible melting of the tundra beneath
the gravel bed, endangering the line, and the exposed line also
presents an obstruction to animals, and objections from ecologists.
The pumping of the oil through a pipe line, such as a proposed
48-inch oil pipe line requires that the oil be kept at temperatures
above freezing and as a result the pipe line must be layed above
ground, e.g., on a bed of gravel or tundra as previously noted.
This is extremely expensive and still does not insure the stability
of the permafrost areas. Thus, to date no acceptable or feasible
system has been proposed, to applicant's knowledge, for
constructing and properly supporting a pipe line across the above
noted permafrost tundra without serious danger of collapse of the
line as result of melting and instability of the frozen ground, and
avoiding ecological objections.
The North Slope Alaskan oil field has also a very considerable
amount of natural gas which requires shipment to market. However,
the present practice is to flare the gas to the atmosphere, which
is frowned upon by the authorities as a pollution hazard, and as a
waste of natural resources, and in many areas of this region, the
well operators are either penalized for this practice or made to
reinject the gas into the formation, both of which are expensive
and undesirable.
The above problems and disadvantages can be overcome and a feasible
and practical method and system are provided for transporting oil
through a pipe line across the frozen terrain while maintaining
such terrain or ground permanently frozen and providing a stable
bed for the pipe line, in accordance with the concept of the
present invention. In accordance with the present invention, by
liquefying the natural gas at the well head, and transporting such
liquid natural gas through a pipe line placed beneath the crude oil
line and supporting such oil pipe line on a relatively thin gravel
bed, for example, the cold from the liquid natural gas which is at
a temperature, e.g., of the order of about -260.degree. F., can be
used to maintain a below freezing temperature on the pipe line
right-of-way, and maintaining a stable support for the pipe line.
Thus, in accordance with the invention concept, the liquid natural
gas line maintains the terrain along the right-of-way permanently
frozen, but by providing suitable insulation between the liquid
natural gas and oil pipe line, as by an intervening bed of gravel,
the liquid natural gas line does not cool the oil in the oil pipe
line to a point at which it substantially reduces the flow of the
oil in the oil pipe line.
The oil pipe line is preferably placed below the surface of the
ground or terrain, as by placing the pipe line in a relatively
shallow excavation, with the liquid natural gas pipe line placed a
short distance below the oil pipe line in the excavation, with
gravel placed in the excavation and between the two pipe lines,
according to certain preferred embodiments described below, and
which can also include preferably an additional supporting member
for the oil pipe line, in the form of a trough or cradle. This
arrangement accomplishes the main objects of the invention, which
are to maintain the supporting terrain or ground along the
right-of-way permanently frozen, while permitting the oil to flow
freely through the oil pipe line. Such preferred underground
arrangement also has the advantages that the larger oil pipe line
does not disturb the ecology, which would be the case if the line
were laid over the ground, and is not subject to damage by animals,
and is not a hazard to animals. Also, placement of the oil pipe
line and liquid natural gas line below the ground surface has a
further advantage that temperature variations due to change in
climatic conditions are not nearly as severe when the pipes are
laid underground as compared to being placed above the ground.
Further, when the oil pipe line is placed above the ground, slack
loops or expansion joints are required, which is expensive.
The crude oil pipe line pump stations are spaced at various
distances along the line depending upon the pressure required to
cross over the terrain between stations. The natural gas is
liquefied at the well head and transported along the right of way
according to the invention in the liquid natural gas pipe line or
lines from one pumping station to the next in a manner allowing the
temperature to be controlled so that the liquid natural gas
maintains the desired ground temperature when it arrives at each of
the successive stations. Due to rise of temperature of the liquid
natural gas between stations, at each station means are provided,
in the form of a small liquefaction installation, to again reduce
the temperature of the liquid natural gas to that at the preceding
station. As additional features of the invention, small amounts of
natural gas can be bypassed at each station to operate the oil pump
or pumps and also the liquid natural gas pump or pumps and any
other auxiliary equipment, thereby reducing the cost of operation
of the pipe line. Further, liquid natural gas can be bled from the
liquid natural gas line at any desired locations along the line to
serve communities or industry along the right-of-way.
Thus, the present invention accomplishes the following objects and
achieves the following advantages:
It allows for the maintaining of a suitable soil or ground
condition along the entire oil pipe line right-of-way, providing a
stable support for the line at all times, thus reducing the oil
pipe line construction costs and problems; it allows the pumping
stations along the line to be operated economically and
conveniently on natural gas; it provides a means to bring well head
natural gas, presently being flared or reinjected, to tidewater and
market along the same right-of way and together with the oil; it
materially reduces the cost of construction of the liquid natural
gas pipe line and indeed such liquid natural gas line can be
installed at substantially no additional cost, since the savings
effected by the method of pipe line construction for the oil line
according to the invention, and the operation of pump stations on
natural gas, will pay for the liquefaction of the natural gas and
at least part of the cost of the liquid natural gas line.
The invention will be more readily understood by the description
below of certain embodiments of the invention, taken in connection
with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional illustration of an oil pipe line and a
liquid natural gas line positioned in an excavation in the ground,
and insulated with gravel and by other means, in accordance with
the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional illustration similar to FIG. 1, showing
another embodiment of the invention; particularly applicable where
detrimental permafrost is encountered;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2,
partly broken away for clarity;
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional illustration similar to FIG. 1, of
still another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates a modification of the embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 1;
FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 illustrate further embodiments of the invention
concept, wherein the oil pipe line is disposed above the ground or
terrain;
FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of the oil pipe line and
liquid natural gas pipe line positioned along the same
right-of-way, with the respective pumping stations for each line,
and illustrating the bypassing of natural gas at each pumping
station for operating the pumps and liquefaction apparatus; and
FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a means for initially
insuring a frozen terrain along the right-of-way, prior to
commencing flow of oil in the oil pipe line, by recirculation of
liquid natural gas between pairs of successive stations along the
line.
The drawings are exaggerated for greater clarity.
Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawing, numeral 10 illustrates a system
in which an excavation, e.g., about 8 feet deep and about 6 feet
wide, as indicated at 12, is made in the ground, indicated at 14. A
liquid natural gas line 16, e.g., from about 6 inches to about 1
foot in diameter, is placed centrally at the bottom of the
excavation 12, and gravel, indicated at 18, is placed in the bottom
of the excavation around the liquid natural gas pipe line up to the
top of such line. A U-shaped member or trough 20, constructed of a
lightweight insulation material of high strength, e.g., a
lightweight chemical concrete construction material, and having a
transverse dimension of about 50 inches to about 54 inches across
the sides 21 of the trough, is placed centrally over the gravel bed
18 in the bottom of the trough and on the upper surface of the
liquid natural gas line, so that the trough rests on such gravel
and the liquid natural gas line.
The trough can be formed of any suitable material having high
strength and which provides a high thermal barrier and is resistant
to corrosion.
An oil pipe line 22, e.g., of about 48 inches in diameter, is then
positioned within the trough so that it essentially rests on the
bottom thereof, and gravel, indicated at 24, is placed within the
trough and around the oil pipe line 22 and fills the crevices
between the oil pipe line and the sides of the trough, up to ground
level, as indicated at 26. Gravel is also placed within the
excavation around the outer surfaces of the sides of the trough 20,
as indicated at 28, up to ground level 26, thus substantially
filling the excavation and the trough with gravel around the liquid
natural gas and oil pipe lines 16 and 22, respectively. If desired,
although not necessary, a cover indicated at 30 can be positioned
over the upper end of the trough 20. Viewing FIG. 1, it will be
seen that the liquid natural gas line withdraws heat from the
surrounding ground 14 both below and around the sides of the
excavation 12, serving to maintain such ground permanently frozen
and provide a stable bed for the oil pipe line 22 along the
right-of-way. However, as result of the assembly shown in FIG. 1,
including the insulating gravel around and between the liquid
natural gas and oil pipe lines, and the lightweight insulation
trough 20 between the two lines, and which also tends to further
support the pipe line 22 within the excavation, sufficient
insulation is provided between the oil pipe line 22 and the liquid
natural gas line 16 so that although the liquid natural gas cools
the oil flowing in pipe 22 to some extent, the temperature of the
oil is maintained at a desirable pumping temperature, e.g., of the
order of about 30.degree. F.
Although gravel is a preferred insulation material, it will be
understood that other bulk insulation materials such as earth
(tundra) and sand can be employed for filling the trough 20 and
excavation 12 around the oil and liquid natural gas pipe lines, as
desired. Also ambient air can be used, e.g., for insulation within
the trough around the oil pipe line, as noted below. Preferred
insulation materials are gravel and earth (tundra).
Thus, for example, again viewing FIG. 1, after forming the
excavation 12, and placing the natural gas pipe 16 in position as
shown in FIG. 1, the bottom of the excavation can be filled with
tundra at 18, which tundra was previously removed from the
excavation, and the trough 20 and oil pipe 22 are placed in
position as illustrated in FIG. 1, and the spaces around the trough
at 28 and within the trough at 24 back filled with additional
tundra previously removed from the excavation. Such replacement and
maintenance of the tundra would be ecologically desirable. Further,
if desired, tundra can be placed in the excavation around the
outside of trough 20 and around the liquid natural gas (LNG) pipe
16, and gravel placed within the trough 20 and around the oil pipe
22, or vice versa.
Further, if desired, again viewing FIG. 1, trough 20 can be reduced
to a cradle formed essentially only of the bottom portion 31 of the
trough shown in FIG. 1, and not containing the vertical sides 21
above the dotted lines indicated at 33. Under these conditions the
two gravel or tundra beds at 24 and 28 from a single insulation bed
around the upper portion of the oil pipe 22 above the cradle.
The embodiments described above and illustrated in FIG. 1 are
preferred embodiments:
Referring now to FIG. 2, here again excavation 18 is provided in
the ground 14, and a liquid natural gas pipe line 16 is also placed
centrally in the bottom of the excavation, and an insulation
material such as gravel, indicated at 32, is then placed in the
excavation around and above the liquid natural gas line, e.g., for
a height of about 1 to 11/2 feet above the liquid natural gas line.
The oil pipe line 22 is then placed on such gravel bed and held in
position in the gravel bed by means of river weights 34, e.g., of
concrete, placed around the oil pipe line at intervals along the
line, as further illustrated in FIG. 3. The excavation is then back
filled with insulation material such as gravel, indicated at 36, up
to the ground level 26 within the excavation, so that the oil pipe
line 22 is completely embedded in gravel within the excavation
below the upper surface of the gravel bed 36. The river weights 34
not only maintain the oil pipe line 22 in position in the gravel
bed, but in the event of the presence of any water flowing into or
formed in the excavation around the pipe 22, which would cause it
to float upward, and forming a detrimental permafrost, the river
weights prevent this from occuring.
As in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, in the present
modification of FIGS. 2 and 3, liquid natural gas passing through
line 16 maintains the ground 14 below the excavation and around the
excavation permanently frozen, but as result of the gravel
insulation between liquid natural gas pipe line 16 and the oil pipe
line 22, the oil flowing through line 22 is maintained in a free
flowing condition.
Now referring to FIG. 4, illustrating a further modification of the
system of FIG. 1, the liquid natural gas line and lightweight
insulation trough 20 are placed within the excavation 12 and gravel
or earth (tundra) indicated at 18 and at 28 are placed within the
excavation around the liquid natural gas line 16 and the outer
surfaces of the trough 20, up to the ground level 26, as in the
case of FIG. 1.
However, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, a supporting insulating block
38 is positioned at intervals along the bottom of the trough 20,
and the oil pipe line is supported on such blocks, with the sides
of the line 22 substantially in contact with the inner surfaces of
the trough 22, to maintain the oil line in fixed position within
the trough.
However, no solid insulation material such as gravel is placed
within the trough 20, but rather ambient air is permitted to enter
the space 40 with the trough and around the oil line 22, to
function as an insulation medium. In this embodiment, the cover
within is preferably placed over the top of the open trough 20, to
close same and prevent debris from falling into the trough around
the pipe line, and also to prevent danger to animals, humans and
the like from falling into the trough and being injured.
The embodiment of FIG. 4 functions similarly to that of FIG. 1 in
that the cold from the liquid natural gas line withdraws heat from
the surrounding ground and terrain 14, maintaining same permanently
frozen, and the insulation means including the gravel beds 18 and
28, trough 20 and the air within the space 40 prevent undue
lowering of the oil temperature in line 22 and permits free flow
thereof.
Now referring to the modifications of FIG. 5, this embodiment is
substantially the same as that of FIG. 1, except that in place of
employing a single centrally disposed natural gas pipe line 16
positioned at the bottom of the excavation below the oil pipe 22,
there are disposed two liquid natural gas pipe lines 16 positioned
adjacent opposite corners of the excavation 12. This arrangement
gives more effective and widespread cooling of the adjacent ground
14 by both of the liquid natural gas lines 16, to maintain the
adjacent ground permanently frozen, while the oil line 22 is still
sufficiently insulated from both of the liquid natural gas lines 16
by the intervening gravel indicated at 18 and 28 and the insulating
trough 20, so that the oil is maintained at a sufficiently high
temperature to be readily pumped.
In FIGS. 1, 4 and 5, it will be understood that the trough 20 or
cradle supporting the oil pipe line can have any desired shape,
e.g., rectangular, with a simple horizontal bottom portion and
vertical sides as at 21, without the sloping sides of bottom
portion 31 of trough 20.
FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 illustrate further modifications of the invention
principles, wherein the oil pipe line is positioned above the
surface of the ground. In FIG. 6, the liquid natural gas pipe line
16 is placed on the surface 26 of the ground 14 along the pipe line
right-of-way, and a gravel bed indicated at 42 is then positioned
over the right-of-way, covering and embedding the liquid natural
gas line 16. There is placed on the top of the gravel bed 42, which
can be, for example, about 3 to about 4 feet high, the oil pipe
line 22 which is disposed directly above the liquid natural gas
line 16. Suitable supports, indicated at 44 in FIG. 6, can be
disposed at intervals along the gravel bed 42 to maintain the pipe
line 22 in position on the gravel bed. It will be understood that
any other suitable and conventional means can be employed to
maintain the oil pipe line 22 in position on the gravel bed.
FIG. 7 shows an arrangement similar to that of FIG. 6, except that
in the modification of FIG. 7, the liquid natural gas line 16 is
buried in the ground 14 so that the upper surface of the liquid
natural gas line is about at the level of the surface 26 of the
ground.
In the modification of FIG. 8, the liquid natural gas line 16 is
first buried in the ground along the right-of-way, e.g., about 2 to
about 21/2 feet below the ground level 26. A gravel bed 45 is
placed in a shallow excavation 47, above pipe line 16, and the oil
pipe line 22 is positioned along the top 49 of the gravel bed at
ground level 26, with suitable supporting means 44, noted above, or
other equivalent means, employed to maintain the pipe line 22 in
position along the right-of-way.
In all of the embodiments of FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, the liquid natural
gas pipe line provides sufficient cold to maintain the adjacent
terrain below the oil pipe line 22 permanently frozen, while the
gravel bed 42 in the embodiments of FIGS. 6 and 7, and the gravel
bed 45 in FIG. 8, between the liquid natural gas line 16 and the
oil pipe line 22, provides sufficient insulation to prevent undue
reduction of the temperature of the oil pipe line 22, and to permit
such oil to flow freely.
In all of the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 8 described above, it will
of course be understood, and as illustrated in FIG. 9 below, that
the liquid natural gas pipe line or lines 16 are positioned
parallel to the oil pipe line 22 along the same right-of-way.
Now referring to FIG. 9, there is illustrated a pipe line
arrangement 46 comprising an oil pipe line 22 and a liquid natural
gas pipe line system 16, insulated from each other, as illustrated
by any of the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 8 described above, along
the same right-of-way. Thus, oil and gas are both produced at the
well head indicated at 48, and the oil, generally at a temperature
ranging from about 150.degree. F. to about 200.degree. F. is
conducted via pipe 50 to the oil pipe line 22. The natural gas is
gathered and liquefied at a location near the terminus of the oil
pipe line indicated at 52, and is then conducted via conduit 54 to
the liquid natural gas pipe line 16.
The oil in line 22 is pumped at successive pumping stations A, B,
C, D, etc. along the entire right-of-way, the pumping stations
being suitably placed depending upon the pressure required to
traverse the terrain between successive stations. The liquid
natural gas in the liquid natural gas line 16 traverses the same
right-of-way, as noted above, there being a series of successive
liquid natural gas pumping stations A', B', C', D', etc.,
corresponding to, and at the same corresponding locations as the
pumping stations A, B, C, D, etc. of the oil line 22. At each oil
pumping station and at each liquid natural gas pumping station, it
will be understood that there can be one or more pumps.
At station A, the oil from the well head is pumped to a suitable
pressure to traverse the terrain between stations A and B, e.g., to
a pressure of about 1,000 p.s.i., and at each successive pumping
station B, C, D, etc. the oil is again pumped up to suitable
pressure, e.g., of the order of about 1,000 p.s.i., to permit
continuous uniform flow of the oil through the entire line.
The liquid natural gas in line 16 is generally operated at higher
pressures to balance heat loss and maintain the gas in an
essentially liquid condition between stations, e.g., at pressures
of the order of about 1,500 to about 2,000 p.s.i., and which is at
a temperature say of about -258.degree. F. at the initial station
A', and which temperature is controlled so that it will still
maintain a desired ground temperature such as to maintain the
ground frozen between stations A and B, and A' and B', and will
have its temperature raised, say about 100.degree. F. to about
-158.degree. F., by heat transfer from the ground, when it reaches
the station B'. Thus, the liquid natural gas between two successive
pumping stations can range from about -200.degree. to about
-275.degree. F. at one station, and being heated during passage
from such station up to about -125.degree. to about -175.degree. F.
at the next station. At the same time, during traversal of the oil
from station A to B, the oil in line 22 will be cooled down say to
about 30.degree. F., the latter temperature still permitting free
flow and pumpability of the oil. At station B, the oil is pumped up
again say to about 1,000 p.s.i., such pumping increasing the
temperature of the oil somewhat, and the oil traverses the next
stretch of distance between stations B and C.
At station B' along the liquid natural gas line 16, the liquid
natural gas is passed through a liquefaction plant 56 to liquefy
vapors of natural gas generated in the run between stations A' and
B', and the liquid natural gas, again reduced in temperature, e.g.,
down to about -258.degree. F., is pumped up if necessary at station
B' to the desired pumping pressure, e.g., of about 1,500 to about
2,000 p.s.i. The liquid natural gas as result of rise in
temperature in passing from station A' to B' and some resultant
vaporization, expands and generates at least some of the power
required for pumping the liquid natural gas to the next station,
but generally some mechanical pumping at station B' is necessary
for the run between stations B' and C'.
As previously noted, the oil will be cooled down to some extent by
the liquid natural gas, but this is balanced to a degree by the
line friction in the oil line, and the temperature of the liquid
natural gas will be raised to some extent by the oil during
traversal of the oil and liquid natural gas from stations A to B
and A' to B', respectively. This transfer of heat between the oil
and liquid natural gas should be minimized as much as possible.
This heat transfer mechanism can be balanced so that the oil will
be maintained at the most desirable temperature for pumping, e.g.,
about 30.degree. F., while the liquid natural gas is maintained at
as low a temperature as possible, e.g., varying between
-140.degree. to about -260.degree. F., in which event the cold from
the liquid natural gas line will stabilize the soil along the
right-of-way by maintaining it at a below freezing temperature so
that it remains permanently frozen, as described above.
At each station a small amount of liquid natural gas is bypassed,
as indicated at 58, to operate the oil pump at the station, and
starting at station B', and at successive station C', D', etc. a
minor portion of liquid natural gas is bypassed from the line 16,
as indicated at 60, to operate the liquid natural gas liquefaction
plant 56 and the liquid natural gas pump at each such station. If
desired, liquid natural gas can be bled from any place along the
liquid natural gas line 16, as indicated at 62, to serve a
community or an industry in the area.
Referring to FIG. 10, there is illustrated a system for initially
reducing the temperature of the ground adjacent the oil and liquid
natural gas pipe lines 22 and 16, prior to pumping of oil in line
22. In this arrangement another liquid natural gas line 64 is
provided, and adjacent to successive stations, branch lines 66 and
68 are provided to form a closed circulation loop 16, 66, 64 and 68
between successive liquid natural gas stations, e.g., between A'
and B', to provide circulation of liquid natural gas through each
such loops for a period of time sufficient to reduce the
temperature of the ground along the right-of-way between each pair
of successive liquid natural gas stations the desired amount.
In each of these loops, the returning liquid natural gas is passed
to the liquefaction plant, e.g., 52 or 56, and then again pumped as
at A' for passage again to the next station, e.g., B'. A small
amount of liquid natural gas is bypassed at 70 and 72 from the
return line 68 for operation of the initial gas liquefaction plant
52 and the liquid natural gas pump at that station, e.g., station
A'. A system of valves 74, 76 and 78 is provided in each
circulation loop to control circulation of the liquid natural gas
through each of such loops, as desired. Similar closed loops are
provided between the successive pairs of stations such as between
B' and C', for circulation of liquid natural gas between such
stations. After the ground or terrain along the right-of-way has
reached the desired reduced temperature to maintain the ground
frozen to form a stable support for the oil line, circulation of
the liquid natural gas through the respective closed loops
illustrated in FIG. 10 is terminated, and the oil and liquid
natural gas flow through lines 22 and 16 is commenced, as described
above and illustrated in FIG. 9.
It will be understood that although the principles of the invention
have been described particularly in relation to the use of liquid
natural gas as fluid refrigerant to maintain the oil pipe line
right-of-way permanently frozen to support the oil line, other
fluid refrigerants having suitable boiling points such as, for
example, Freon 12 (boiling point, -28.degree. C.) or other suitable
refrigerants such as, for example, suitable brine solutions, can be
passed through line 16, the refrigerant being chosen such that it
can be maintained at sufficiently low temperatures to maintain a
permanently frozen ground condition between successive stations for
the above described purpose, while minimizing the cooling down of
the oil between stations, to permit facile pumping of the oil.
As previously indicated, the arrangements of FIGS. 1 to 5, with the
oil pipe line and liquid natural gas pipe line both positioned
below the ground are preferred arrangements while the embodiments
of FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, wherein the oil pipe line is disposed above
the ground, although functioning to obtain the intended results,
are not preferred, for reasons previously noted.
From the foregoing, it is seen that the invention provides a
simple, economical and effective means for transporting oil,
particularly in combination with the transport of liquid natural
gas, along the same right-of-way, with the chief advantage that the
cold from the liquid natural gas maintains the ground in a
permanently frozen and stable condition. Although the invention has
particular merit in transporting oil from the Alaskan oil fields,
it will of course be obvious that these same principles can be
employed for transporting oil across any other regions, e.g., of
the United States, Canada, the Scandinavian countries, Siberia or
other regions of the earth where a permanently Siberia, ground
condition is desirable or required to provide a suitable stable
base for oil pipe lines.
While I have described particular embodiments of my invention for
purposes of illustration, it will be understood that variations and
modifications will occur to those skilled in the art and the
invention is not to be taken as limited except by the scope of the
appended claims.
* * * * *