U.S. patent number 3,648,786 [Application Number 05/132,992] was granted by the patent office on 1972-03-14 for subsurface fluid pressure reduction drilling apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Baker Oil Tools, Inc.. Invention is credited to David V. Chenoweth.
United States Patent |
3,648,786 |
Chenoweth |
March 14, 1972 |
SUBSURFACE FLUID PRESSURE REDUCTION DRILLING APPARATUS
Abstract
A pulse generator adapted to be connected to a drill pipe string
at its upper end and a drill bit at its lower end, the pulse
generator providing an external working shock passageway between
its exterior and the wall of the bore hole being drilled and an
internal counterbalance shock passageway, a shuttle valve in the
path of drilling fluid flowing into the generator from the drill
pipe string alternately closing the inlets to the shock passageways
to alternately generate a negative pressure pulse wave in each
passageway and reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the external
passage, which includes the bore hole region in which the bit is
operating, for the purpose of increasing the drilling rate of the
bit in the formation.
Inventors: |
Chenoweth; David V. (Houston,
TX) |
Assignee: |
Baker Oil Tools, Inc.
(Commerce, CA)
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Family
ID: |
22456531 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/132,992 |
Filed: |
April 12, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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12614 |
Feb 19, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
175/56; 91/47;
175/234; 175/92; 175/243; 137/119.08 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
21/00 (20130101); E21B 6/00 (20130101); Y10T
137/2693 (20150401) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
21/00 (20060101); E21B 6/00 (20060101); E21b
005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;175/56,92,232,234,235,241,242,243,321 ;166/224,226 ;137/119
;91/47-51 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Leppink; James A.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
12,614, filed Feb. 19, 1970, for "Subsurface Fluid Pressure
Reduction Drilling Apparatus."
Claims
I claim:
1. In pressure reduction apparatus for drilling a bore hole in a
formation: a pulse generator adapted to be connected in a tubular
drilling string and adapted to be connected at its lower end to a
drill bit that drills the bore hole, said generator having a fluid
passage adapted to receive fluid pumped from the drilling string,
said generator having a first shock passageway therewithin having
an inlet to receive fluid from said passage and having an outlet
above said inlet for discharging fluid from said first shock
passageway to the exterior of said generator, a second shock
passageway adapted to receive fluid from said passage and including
the region in the bore hole at which the drill bit is cutting the
formation and further including the bore hole annulus surrounding
the generator and extending upwardly from said region to said
outlet, and a shuttle valve device in the paths of fluid flow
through said passage and passageways shiftable by the fluid in the
passageways alternately between a first position closing the inlet
to said first passageway and opening the inlet to said second
passageway and a second position opening the inlet to said first
passageway and closing the inlet to said second passageway, whereby
closing of each inlet generates a negative fluid pressure pulse
wave travelling through its associated passageway between said
shuttle valve device and the location of said outlet.
2. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said pulse generator
including a mandrel connectible to the drill bit and slidably
coupled to an adjacent pulse generator portion for the transmission
of torque from said adjacent portion through said mandrel to the
drill bit, said mandrel having the inlet to said second passageway,
said shuttle valve device engaging said mandrel to close said
mandrel inlet and provide a pressure differential in said generator
above said shuttle valve exerting a downward force on said mandrel
and drill bit upon generation of each negative fluid pressure pulse
wave travelling through said second passageway.
3. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said pulse generator
including a mandrel connectible to the drill bit and slidably
coupled to an adjacent pulse generator portion for the transmission
of torque from said adjacent portion through said mandrel to the
drill bit, said mandrel having the inlet to said second passageway,
said shuttle valve device engaging said mandrel to close said
mandrel inlet and provide a pressure differential in said generator
above said shuttle valve exerting a downward force on said mandrel
and drill bit upon generation of each negative fluid pressure pulse
wave travelling through said second passageway, said shuttle valve
device being movable downwardly into engagement with said mandrel
to close said mandrel inlet.
4. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said shuttle valve device
being movable upwardly to close the inlet to said first passageway
and downwardly to close the inlet to said second passageway.
5. In pressure reduction apparatus for drilling a bore hole in a
formation: a pulse generator comprising an outer housing structure
connectible at its upper portion to a tubular drilling string and
at its lower portion to a drill bit that drills the bore hole, a
flow passageway within said structure extending downwardly from the
upper portion of said structure, said flow passageway being adapted
to receive fluid pumped down the drilling string, said flow
passageway providing a first shock passageway with said housing
structure extending upwardly from the lower end of said flow
passageway, said housing structure having a discharge outlet from
the first shock passageway longitudinally spaced above the lower
end of said flow passageway, a second shock passageway adapted to
receive fluid from the lower end of said flow passageway and
including the region in the bore hole at which the drill bit is
cutting the formation and further including the bore hole annulus
surrounding said housing structure and extending upwardly from said
region to said discharge outlet, and a shuttle valve device in the
paths of fluid flow from said flow passageway to said first and
second shock passageways shiftable by the fluid in said passageways
alternately between a first position closing the inlet to said
first passageway and opening the inlet to said second passageway
and a second position opening the inlet to said first passageway
and closing the inlet to said second passageway, whereby closing of
each inlet generates a negative fluid pressure pulse wave
travelling through its associated passageway between said shuttle
valve device and said discharge outlet.
6. In apparatus as defined in claim 5; said pulse generator
including a mandrel connectible to the drill bit and slidably
coupled to said housing structure for the transmission of torque
from said housing structure through said mandrel to the drill bit,
said mandrel having the inlet to said second passageway, said
shuttle valve device engaging said mandrel to close said mandrel
inlet to provide a pressure differential in said generator above
said shuttle valve device exerting a downward force on said mandrel
and drill bit upon generation of each negative fluid pressure pulse
wave travelling through said second passageway.
7. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said generator having
another passage forming part of said second passageway for
conducting fluid to the drill bit for discharge therefrom into the
bore hole, said generator having a fluid by-pass from said another
passage to the exterior of said generator.
8. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said pulse generator
including a mandrel connectible to the drill bit and slidably
coupled to an adjacent pulse generator portion for the transmission
of torque from said adjacent portion through said mandrel to the
drill bit, said mandrel having the inlet to said second passageway,
said shuttle valve device engaging said mandrel to close said
mandrel inlet and provide a pressure differential in said generator
above said shuttle valve exerting a downward force on said mandrel
and drill bit upon generation of each negative fluid pressure pulse
wave travelling through said second passageway, said mandrel having
a passage forming part of said second passageway for conducting
fluid to the drill bit for discharge therefrom into the bore hole,
said mandrel and adjacent pulse generator portion having a fluid
by-pass from said mandrel passage to the bore hole externally of
said mandrel and adjacent portion.
9. In pressure reduction apparatus for drilling a bore hole in a
formation: a pulse generator adapted to be connected in a tubular
drilling string and adapted to be connected at its lower end to a
drill bit that drills the bore hole, said generator having a fluid
inlet passage adapted to receive fluid pumped from the drilling
string, a first shock passageway adapted to receive fluid from said
inlet passage, a second shock passageway adapted to receive fluid
from said inlet passage and including the region in the bore hole
at which the drill bit is cutting the formation, and a shuttle
valve device in the paths of fluid flow through said passage and
passageways shiftable by the fluid in the passageways alternately
between a first position closing the inlet to said first passageway
and opening the inlet to said second passageway and a second
position opening the inlet to said first passageway and closing the
inlet to said second passageway, whereby closing of each inlet
generates a negative fluid pressure pulse wave travelling through
its associated passageway between said shuttle valve device and an
end of said associated passageway located a substantial distance
from said inlet, said pulse generator including a mandrel
connectible to the drill bit and slidably coupled to an adjacent
pulse generator portion for the transmission of torque from said
adjacent portion through said mandrel to the drill bit, said
mandrel having the inlet to said second passageway, said shuttle
valve device engaging said mandrel to close said mandrel inlet to
provide a pressure differential in said generator above said
shuttle valve device exerting a downward foece on said mandrel and
drill bit upon generation of each negative fluid pressure pulse
wave travelling through said second passageway.
10. In apparatus as defined in claim 9; said shuttle valve device
moving downwardly into engagement with said mandrel to close said
mandrel inlet.
11. In apparatus as defined in claim 9; said mandrel having a
passage forming part of said second passageway for conducting fluid
to the drill bit for discharge therefrom into the bore hole, said
mandrel and adjacent pulse generator portion having a fluid by-pass
from said mandrel passage to the bore hole externally of said
mandrel and adjacent portion.
12. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said generator having a
surge damper region above said outlet communicating with said first
passageway.
13. In apparatus as defined in claim 5; said flow passageway and
housing structure providing a surge damper annular space
therebetween above and communicating with said discharge
outlet.
14. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said generator having
another passage forming part of said second passageway for
conducting all of the fluid received by said second passageway from
said fluid passage to the drill bit for discharge therefrom into
the bore hole.
15. In apparatus as defined in claim 1; said shuttle valve device
comprising a vane movable laterally of the axis of the apparatus
alternately between said first position and second position.
16. In pressure reduction apparatus for drilling a bore hole in a
formation: A pulse generator comprising an outer housing structure
connectible at its upper portion to a tubular drilling string and
at its lower portion to a drill bit that drills the bore hole, an
inner tube within said structure extending downwardly from the
upper portion of said structure and providing a flow passageway
adapted to receive fluid pumped down the drilling string, a tubular
valve body within said inner tube and having inlet passage means
for the flow of fluid from said tube to the interior of said valve
body, said inner tube being spaced inwardly from said housing
structure to provide a first shock passageway with said housing
structure, said valve body and housing structure having a first
inlet establishing communication between the interior of said valve
body and the lower portion of said first shock passageway, said
housing structure having a discharge outlet from the first shock
passageway longitudinally spaced above said first inlet, a second
shock passageway including the region in the bore hole at which the
drill bit is cutting the formation and further including the bore
hole annulus surrounding said housing structure and extending
upwardly from said region to said discharge outlet, said valve body
having a second inlet communicating the interior of said valve body
with said second shock passageway, and a shuttle valve device in
said valve body shiftable by the fluid in said passageways
alternately between a first position closing said first inlet and
opening said second inlet and a second position opening said first
inlet and closing said second inlet, whereby closing of each inlet
generates a negative fluid pressure pulse wave travelling through
its associated passageway between said shuttle valve device and
said discharge outlet.
17. In apparatus as defined in claim 16; said shock valve device
comprising an elongate vane in said tubular body shiftable
alternately against said lateral passages to close the same.
18. In apparatus as defined in claim 16; said valve body and vane
therein being removable as a unit through the lower end of said
outer housing structure.
Description
The present invention relates to subsurface well bore apparatus,
and more particularly to drilling apparatus capable of reducing the
hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the region of a bore hole
being drilled by a bit.
A reduction in the hydrostatic head or pressure in a bore hole
being drilled in a formation at the drilling region increases the
drilling rate or efficiency of the bit. In the application of David
V. Chenoweth and Talmadge L. Crowe, Ser. No. 12,591, filed Feb. 19,
1970, apparatus is disclosed in the nature of a pressure pulse
generator that has a working shock passageway and a counterbalance
shock passageway therein, the working shock passageway including
the region in the bore hole at which drilling is taking place, and
the counterbalance shock passageway being disposed within the
generator itself, which is also true of a portion of the working
shock passageway. A shuttle valve in the path of the drilling fluid
flowing through the pulse generator alternately closes the
passageways, causing the generation of negative pressure pulse
waves therein, which, when passing through the external working
shock passageway and its drilling region, effects a considerable
reduction in the fluid pressure therein. In the prior application,
the drilling region is isolated from the well bore thereabove so
that the negative pulse pressure wave is confined to the immediate
drilling region and has no effect on the drilling fluid in the well
bore above the pack-off region and externally of the pressure pulse
generator.
In the prior devices, both the external working shock passageway
and the counterbalance shock passageway are located internally of
the generator, which requires the cuttings and drilling fluid to
pass through a circuitous path in the generator before discharging
into the well bore above the location of the pack-off against the
wall of the formation. This makes the generator apparatus
relatively costly to manufacture, and susceptible to plugging by
cuttings.
By virtue of the present invention, the counterbalance shock
passageway is provided in the pressure pulse generator itself, but
the working shock passageway is formed between the pulse generator
and the wall of the surrounding well bore, eliminating the
necessity for a pack-off against the wall of the well bore, as in
the prior device. In addition, the cuttings produced by the drill
bit attached to the lower end of the pulse generator need not
travel through the pulse generator. Instead, they are circulated in
a normal manner from the bottom of the well bore directly upwardly
around the pulse generator and through the annulus surrounding the
drill string.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a
pressure pulse generator of the character indicated which is much
simpler than prior devices, less costly to manufacture, and easier
to maintain in appropriate operating condition.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved fluid
pressure pulse generator apparatus used in connection with the
drilling of a well bore that has a working shock passageway,
including the drilling region in which the bit is operating, that
is predominantly externally of the apparatus, being provided by the
annulus between the exterior of the generator and the wall of the
bore hole being drilled.
A further object of the invention is to provide a pressure pulse
generator apparatus used in connection with the drilling of a bore
hole, which is capable of reducing the hydrostatic pressure in the
drilling region, and in which a pressure differential is created
that imposes intermittent downwardly directed thrust on the
apparatus and the drill bit connected thereto.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fluid pulse
generator or oscillator used in the drilling of a bore hole, which
is effective to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the bore hole
region in which the drilling operation is taking place, and which
also utilizes a fluid pressure differential for imposing a downward
force on the lower portion of the apparatus and the drill bit
connected thereto for penetrating the bit cutters into the bottom
of the bore hole. It also produces a water hammer effect on the
lower portion of the generator which is transmitted to the drill
bit and its cutters to penetrate the latter into the bore hole. The
rate of drilling is thereby increased by the combination of
reducing the hydrostatic fluid pressure in the drilling region,
providing a downwardly directed pressure differential on the
apparatus and the drill bit, and imposing a downwardly directed
water hammer or impact blow on the lower portion of the apparatus
and the drill bit secured thereto.
This invention possesses many other advantages, and has other
objects which may be made more clearly apparent from a
consideration of several forms in which it may be embodied. Such
forms are shown in the drawings accompanying and forming part of
the present specification. These forms will now be described in
detail for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of
the invention; but it is to be understood that such detailed
description is not to be taken in a limiting sense.
Referring to the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of an apparatus embodying the
invention disposed in a bore hole being drilled;
FIGS. 2a and 2b together constitute a longitudinal section through
the pulse generator portion of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1,
FIG. 2b being a lower continuation of FIG. 2a;
FIG. 3 is a cross-section taken along the line 3--3 on FIG. 2b;
FIGS. 4a and 4b together constitute a longitudinal section through
another embodiment of pulse generator that can form part of the
combination of apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1, FIG. 4b being a
lower continuation of FIG. 4a;
FIG. 5 is a cross-section taken along the line 5--5 on FIG. 4b;
FIG. 6 is a cross section taken along the line 6--6 on FIG. 4b;
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of the hydraulic pulse generator
systems illustrated in FIGS. 2a, 2b and FIGS. 4a, 4b;
FIG. 8 is a graph representing the pressure pattern developed in
the bore hole by the pulse generator; and
FIGS. 9a and 9b are views corresponding to FIGS. 2a and 2b of
another embodiment of the invention.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, a
fluid pulse generator or shock oscillator A is provided, the upper
end of which is adapted to be connected to the lower end of a drill
string B, such as to its adjacent drill collar, or to the drill
collar through an intervening stabilizer C. The lower end of the
pulse generator is connected to a suitable drill bit D having
cutters E adapted to operate upon the bottom F of a bore hole H
being drilled, the drilling action taking place, in the specific
example illustrated, through transmitting the drilling weight,
rotation and torque of the drill string B through the pulse
generator A to the drill bit D.
The pulse generator includes an outer housing structure 10
comprising an upper sub 11 having a threaded box 12 threadedly
secured to the lower pin 13 of an adjacent drill collar section B
thereabove, or to the stabilizer C. A central tubular housing
section 14 is threadedly secured at its upper end to the top sub 11
and at its lower end to a valve housing or sub 15, which, in turn,
is threadedly secured at its lower end to a mandrel 16 having a
threaded box 17 for threadedly receiving the upper pin 18 of the
rotary drill bit D, which may have any suitable type of cutters
thereon, such as toothed roller cutters E.
Disposed centrally within the housing 10 and in laterally spaced
relation thereto is a flow tube or inner shock tube 19, the upper
end 20 of which is piloted within the top sub passage 21 and sealed
against the sub wall 22 by seal rings 23. The lower end 24 of the
flow tube is threadedly secured to the valve housing 15. Fluid can
flow downwardly from the string of drill pipe B into the top sub
passage 21 and the central or input passage 25 through the inner
shock tube 19, and then into a central passage 26 in the valve
housing, the fluid in the valve housing, when permitted to do so,
passing upwardly through longitudinal passages 27 in the housing
and into the annular space 28 between the inner tube 19 and the
outer housing 10, which annular space may be referred to as an
internal or counterbalance shock annulus or passageway, as
described hereinbelow. Fluid flowing upwardly through this
passageway can pass through discharge ports 29 in the upper portion
of the housing section 14 into the bore hole annulus 30 surrounding
the apparatus.
The fluid, when permitted to do so, can also pass from the interior
of the valve housing 15 downwardly through a plurality of ports 31
in the mandrel 16 into a central passage 32 through the mandrel
below a valve seat or end wall 33 of the mandrel, the fluid flowing
downwardly from this central passage into the drill bit passage 34
for discharge through its bit nozzles or orifices (not shown)
toward the bottom F of the well bore, to clean the cutters E and to
circulate the cuttings produced thereby laterally outwardly of the
bit and thence upwardly through the annulus 30 between the
apparatus and wall W of the bore hole, the cuttings and drilling
fluid continuing upwardly through the annulus surrounding the drill
string to the top of the bore hole. Some of the fluid passing
downwardly through the passage 32 can flow through a plurality of
by-pass ports 35 in the mandrel to its exterior, in order to insure
an appropriate volume of fluid flow upwardly through the annulus 30
and an appropriate velocity of fluid flowing through the apparatus
and upwardly around the pulse generator A.
The annular space 30 between the exterior of the housing 10 and the
wall W of the bore hole H constitutes an external shock tube
annulus or passageway, which is the working passageway of the
apparatus, such working passageway extending from the bottom F of
the bore hole up to the discharge ports 29, where the upwardly
flowing fluid through the external passageway commingles with the
fluid discharged from the internal passageway 28 through the ports
29, the fluid from both passageways flowing upwardly through the
annulus surrounding the tubular drilling string B to the top of the
bore hole.
The flow of fluid from the interior of the valve housing or sub 15
into the internal shock passageway 28, or downwardly through the
ports 31 in the mandrel into its central passage 32, and then
through the by-pass ports 35 and the drill bit D into the external
shock tube passageway 30 is dependent upon the seating of a shuttle
valve 38 in the valve housing 15 against the upper end 39 of the
valve housing cavity 40, closing the upper passages 27, or its
downward seating against the valve seat 33 provided by the upper
end of the mandrel 16 to close the mandrel ports 31. The shuttle
valve 38 has a cylindrical rim portion 41, with inwardly directed
upper and lower flanges 42, 43 extended therefrom of an extent such
that the upper flange 42 will engage the upper valve seat 39 and
close the upper passages 27 upon upward movement of the shuttle
valve, and the lower flange 43 will engage the lower valve seat 33
and close the lower ports. Within the flanges and the cylindrical
rim, the shuttle valve has an open passage 45 to permit downward
flow of fluid therethrough and into the mandrel ports 31 when the
shuttle valve is in its upward position closing the upper passages
27.
The pulse generator A is elongate, for example, having a length of
about 18 feet from the location of the pulse generator valve 38 to
the discharge ports 29. Assuming the shuttle valve to be in its
downward position closing the mandrel ports 31, and that fluid
pumped down through the drilling string B and the flow tube 19 is
then passing upwardly through the passages 27 and the inner shock
passageway 28 to the discharge ports 29, the upward shifting of the
shuttle valve 38 into engagement with the upper valve seat 39 to
close the passages 27 will cause a negative pressure pulse wave to
be generated in the internal shock tube annulus or passageway 28
that will travel upwardly to the region of the discharge ports 29
and then downwardly back to the shuttle valve. During this period
of time, which is of very short duration, measured in a fraction of
a second, fluid is flowing through the shuttle valve and through
the open mandrel ports 31 into the central passage 32, flowing
downwardly through the drill bit D to commingle with the cuttings
and carry them in a direction upwardly of the apparatus, at the
same time that fluid is also flowing upwardly from the central
passage 32 through the by-pass ports 35 into the external shock
passageway 30.
Assuming the shuttle valve 38 shifts downwardly against the lower
valve seat 33 to close the mandrel ports 31, a negative pressure
pulse wave is generated in the external shock tube passageway 30,
which wave travels down through the ports 31, central passageway 32
and the bit D, as well as through the by-pass ports 35, and then
upwardly through the external shock passageway 30 to the discharge
ports 29, then travelling downwardly through the path just
mentioned back to the shuttle valve. When it reaches the shuttle
valve, the pressure in the external shock tube passageway 30
exceeds the pressure of the fluid flowing downwardly through the
fluid passage 25 and shifts the shuttle valve upwardly against the
upper valve seat 39 to close the passageway 28 and open the mandrel
ports 31, fluid then flowing from the central tube 19 downwardly
through the shuttle valve 38 and through the mandrel 16 and bit D,
as well as through the by-pass ports 35, into the external shock
passageway 30, to carry the cuttings upwardly therethrough. As soon
as the shuttle valve 38 engages the upper valve seat 39, a negative
pressure pulse wave is generated in the internal shock passageway
28, which travels up to the discharge ports 29 and then downwardly
to the shuttle valve, where its pressure exceeds the pressure in
the inlet passage 26 and the fluid pressure below the shuttle
valve, shifting the latter downwardly into engagement with the
lower valve seat 33, whereupon the cycle of operation repeats
itself, the shuttle valve being shifted by the pressure pulse wave
generated in the passages between its upper and lower
positions.
In the operation of the apparatus, the pulse generator A is
threadedly secured to the lower end of the drill string B, or to
the stabilizer C, a drill bit D being secured to the mandrel 16 of
the pulse generator. The apparatus is lowered in the bore hole
until the bit D engages the bottom F of the latter, fluid being
circulated down through the drill string and into the input passage
25. Assuming the shuttle valve 38 to be in its upper position, the
fluid is passing downwardly through the mandrel passages 31, 32 and
the drill bit D, and also upwardly through the by-pass passages 35
into the external shock passageway 30. Circulating fluid will shift
the shuttle valve 38 downwardly against the valve seat 33 to close
the mandrel ports 31 and cause a negative pressure pulse wave to be
generated by the fluid in the external shock passageway 31, which
travels down through the mandrel 16 and drill bit D and into the
bore hole region where the drill bit is operating, and also up
through the external passageway 30 to the discharge ports 29,
whereupon, as stated above, the negative shock pulse returns
through the annulus and through the bit and mandrel to the shuttle
valve 38. The negative pressure created in the external passageway
is substantially lower than the hydrostatic head of fluid in the
well bore at the drilling region. When the negative pulse wave
returns to the shuttle valve 38, the pressure in the external
passageway 30 and in the mandrel and bit passages 32, 34 rises
suddenly to a value exceeding the hydrostatic head of fluid and the
circulating pressure in the inlet passage 25, 26, creating a
pressure differential that shifts the shuttle valve 38 upwardly
against its upper seat 39 to close off the upper passages 27 and
the internal shock passageway 28 against flow of fluid from the
inlet passage 25, 26, the fluid column in the internal compensating
passageway 28 still having a certain velocity, a negative pressure
pulse wave being generated therein that travels upwardly to the
discharge ports 29 and then downwardly back to the shuttle valve
38, where the pressure increases above that of the circulating
pressure of the fluid passing through the shuttle valve and into
the lower passages 31, 32, 34, thus shifting the shuttle valve back
to its lower position closing the lower passages 32, 34. A negative
pressure pulse wave is then generated in the mandrel and the
external shock passageway 30.
The foregoing cycle of operation is repeated, with the shuttle
valve 38 alternately opening and closing the shock passageways,
being shifted by the travelling waves between upper and lower
positions, and effecting intermittent generation of negative fluid
pressures and then positive fluid pressures in each shock
passageway. When one passageway is closed by the shuttle valve, the
other one is open so that fluid is always being circulated in the
well bore to carry the cuttings upwardly around the apparatus and
through the annulus surrounding the drill string B to the top of
the bore hole. During such circulating action, the drilling string
B, pulse generator A and drilling bit D are being rotated, with
appropriate drilling weight being applied by the drill collars on
the drill bit to penetrate its cutters E into the formation, the
fluid pressure in the external shock passageway 30, which includes
the drilling region, being intermittently decreased considerably
below the pressure of the circulating fluid, which relieves the
formation being drilled of the hydrostatic pressure, causing the
formation to maintain a relatively brittle state, as compared to a
ductile state which is incident to the subjecting of certain
formations to high pressures. As a result, the drill bit D produces
cuttings of larger particle size, the bit drilling the bore hole H
at a much greater rate and with a higher degree of efficiency.
It is to be noted that the annular space 50 between the discharge
ports 29 and the top sub 11 is a dead space. This space is capable
of acting as a surge damper, since air will be trapped therein when
the apparatus is lowered into the fluid in the well bore, such air
becoming compressed at the upper end of the dead space. In
addition, formation gas in the drilling mud will also move into
this space through the discharge ports 29, such gas separating from
the liquid and provide an additional compressed gaseous medium at
the top of the surge damper annular space 50. This trapped gas will
prevent oscillator pulsations from the internal and external
passages 28, 30 from reaching the upper annular space surrounding
the drill collars B, so that the oscillator pulsations are
essentially confined to the external shock passageway 30 and the
internal shock passageway 28.
In lieu of the trapped compressible gas in the surge damper annular
space 50, such space could be extended to the length of the
internal shock passageway 28, becoming a quarter wave stub, to
provide pulsation cancellation at the discharge ports 29. However,
this may not be desirable since the pulse generator A must then be
made considerably longer.
A diagrammatic arrangement of an equivalent circuit is disclosed in
FIG. 7, in which the fluid flows down the input passage 25 to the
shuttle valve 38, disclosed herein as a reed type of valve, which
will control the flow of fluid from the input line alternately into
the internal shock tube or passageway 28 and the external shock
tube or passageway 30, the fluid from the opposite ends of both
passageways flowing into the output annulus 30a surrounding the
apparatus and above the discharge ports. In the external shock tube
or passageway 30, the fluid can flow from the shuttle valve through
the by-pass passage 35, or through the drill bit and well bore
region in which the bit is operating. Assuming the shuttle valve 38
is shifted to the left, a negative pressure pulse wave will be
generated in the external shock passageway 30, the pressure
dropping from a value above the normal hydrostatic pressure 51 in
the annulus to the pressure 51a, which may be lower than the
formation or rock pressure 51b, as depicted in the diagram of FIG.
8, in which pressure is plotted against time. The duration of the
negative pulse is the time that it takes it to travel from the
shuttle valve 38 up to the discharge ports 29 and back down to the
shuttle valve, which is the time 2L/C., where L is the length of
the shock passageway and C is a constant. When the pulse returns to
the shuttle valve, its pressure exceeds the pressure of the fluid
flowing from the input line 25 into the internal shock passageway
28, shifting the shuttle valve in the opposite direction, or to the
right, to close the inlet to the internal shock passageway, causing
a negative pulse wave to be generated therein for a duration of
2L/C, as shown in broken lines 52 in FIG. 8. During that time, the
fluid is flowing from the input line 25 through the external shock
passageway 30 at the pressure indicated by the portion 53 of the
full line disclosed in the diagram, which is greater than the
normal drilling fluid annulus hydrostatic pressure 54. Return of
the wave to the shuttle valve then reshifts it back to the left,
and the foregoing cycle is repeated.
As shown in the equivalent circuit diagram (FIG. 7), a surge tank
50 is depicted that corresponds to the surge damper annular space,
with a gas, which may be air only, or a combination of air and
formation gas, dampening the oscillator pulsations.
In the form of invention illustrated in FIGS. 4a to 6, essentially
the same oscillator is disclosed as in FIGS. 2a to 3. However,
certain specific structural changes have been made to the shuttle
valve and the upper and lower valve seats. The apparatus has been
adapted to alternately generate the negative pressure pulses in the
internal and external shock passageways, but a downward directed
thrust or impact is imparted to the drill bit upon the shuttle
valve closing the inlet to the external shock passageway.
As disclosed, the lower portion of the external housing 10 is
threadedly secured to a valve housing section 15a that has a
plurality of circumferentially spaced, longitudinal passages 27
therethrough disposed around the central passage 26 that
communicates with the inlet passage 25 through the flow tube 19. A
replaceable valve seat 39a, in the form of a wear plate, is secured
to the valve housing section or sub 15a by a plurality of screws 70
threaded into the sub and with their heads 71 disposed in
countersunk bores 72 in the plate, leakage of fluid between the
lower end of the sub and the upper end of the wear plate being
prevented by inner and outer gasket seals 73, 74 carried by the sub
and engaging the upper face of the wear plate within and outside of
the region of the ports 75 in the wear plate in alignment with the
passages 27. The lower surface of the upper wear plate 39a forms a
valve seat for the shuttle valve 38, which is reciprocable in the
annular space 40 in the valve housing section 15b into and from
engagement with a lower valve seat or wear plate 33a sealed against
and secured to a bit mandrel 16a, to which the drilling bit D is
threadedly secured, by longitudinal screws 76 threaded into the
mandrel, with the screw heads 77 disposed within countersunk bores
78 in the lower valve seat plate, there being ports or passages 79
through the valve seat 33a communicating with the ports 31 in the
bit mandrel, the fluid flowing downwardly into the central passage
32 through the mandrel and through the drill bit D, as described
above in connection with the other form of the invention.
As illustrated, the bit mandrel 16a is slidably splined to the
external housing section 15b by external splines 80 on the mandrel
meshing with internal splines 81 in the housing. The mandrel has
limited relative longitudinal movement in the housing section 15b
by virtue of engagement of a limit shoulder 82 on the mandrel with
a companion upwardly facing shoulder 83 on the housing, and by
virtue of the shoulder 84 on the drill bit, when screwed into the
mandrel 16a, moving upwardly into engagement with the end 85 of the
housing. The spline connection effects transmission of the drilling
torque derived from the drilling string B through the housing 10 to
the mandrel 16a and drill bit D, the drilling weight being
transmitted from the drill string through the housing 10 and to the
drill bit D by engagement of the terminal portion 85 of the housing
with the drill bit shoulder 84.
By-pass ports 35a are also provided from the central passage 32
through the mandrel to the external shock passageway 30, such ports
extending through the mandrel in alignment with companion ports in
the housing portion 15b.
The generation of the negative pulse waves in the external shock
passageway 30 and internal shock passageway 28 is effected in the
same manner as described in the other form of the invention.
However, when the negative pulse shock wave is generated in the
external passageway 30, a pressure differential exists between the
fluid above the shuttle valve 38 and the fluid in the external
shock passageway 30, which exerts a downward force on the mandrel
16a and on the drill bit D, shifting the mandrel downwardly of the
housing by a slight amount and forcing the cutters E against the
formation. In addition, the sudden closing of the shuttle valve 38
against the lower valve seat 33a creates a water hammer effect in
the drilling fluid in the flow tube 19 and the drill string B
thereabove, thereby imparting an impact blow against the lower
valve seat 33a, mandrel 16a and drill bit D to strike the cutters E
against the formation. There is thus produced a combination of the
normal rotary drilling effort on the cutters E, and additional
forces incident to the pressure differential and the shock force of
the water hammer action against the mandrel 16a and drill bit D.
The drilling effectiveness of the cutters is thereby increased, in
addition to the increase in the drilling effectiveness caused by
reduction of the pressure in the bore hole region in which the bit
is operating, which forms part of the external shock passageway 30.
The pressure differential and the water hammer action is acting
over the mandrel over the full cross-sectional area of the lower
valve seat 33a affixed by the screws 76 to the mandrel 16a, both
the pressure force and the water hammer thrust being very
substantial in view of the relatively large cross-sectional area
across the lower valve seat and mandrel 16a. The space between the
mandrel shoulder 82 and the housing shoulder 83 is such that the
mandrel shoulder ordinarily does not engage the housing shoulder
upon subjecting the mandrel 16a to the combination of the water
hammer thrust and differential pressure thrust. However, if a soft
formation is encountered, or in the event that the drill bit is
picked off bottom, then the shoulder 82 will engage the housing
shoulder 83 to limit the extent of downward shifting of the mandrel
within the housing.
Preferably, a wear sleeve 90 is provided in the housing section
15b, along which the periphery of the shuttle valve 38 is slidable.
In the event of excessive wear occurring on the sleeve 90, or in
the event that the valve plates 33a, 39a become worn, as a result
of the impacting action of the shuttle valve member 38
thereagainst, all of these parts are readily replaceable. With
respect to the valve plates, all that need be done is to remove the
screws 70, 76 and either recondition or replace the plates, which
are reassembled by reinserting the screws therethrough and
threadedly securing them in the adjoining sub 15a or mandrel
16a.
It is to be noted that in both forms of the invention, the annulus
30 surrounding the pulse generator and extending upwardly from the
bottom F of the bore hole is essentially the same as the annulus
usually present in connection with the rotary drilling of a bore
hole in the formation; that is to say, there are no restrictions
present, as in the above-identified patent application, in which a
pack-off is provided between the pulse generator and the wall of
the bore hole. The cuttings produced by the drill bit are
circulated by the drilling fluid from the bottom of the bore hole
directly into the annular space 30 surrounding the apparatus for
continued upward passage through the bore hole surrounding the
drilling string B and to the top of the hole.
The form of invention illustrated in FIGS. 9a and 9b is generally
the same as the other embodiments disclosed. The outer housing
structure 10a includes a top sub 11 threadedly secured to the lower
end of the drill pipe string B, the upper end of a central housing
section 14a being threadedly attached to the sub, its lower end
being threadedly attached to a bottom sub 200 that has a threaded
box 201 adapted to receive the threaded pin 18 of the drill bit D
for drilling the bore hole.
An inner shock tube 19 has its upper end 20 piloted within the
passage 21 of the top sub 11, leakage around the exterior of the
shock tube being prevented by the seal rings 23 in the top sub
engaging the periphery of the upper portion of the inner shock
tube. The lower end of the inner shock tube is threadedly secured
to an extension 200a of the bottom sub 200, projecting upwardly
into the central housing section or outer shock tube 14a and in
spaced relation thereto. An elongate valve housing 202 is disposed
in the bottom sub 200 and its upward extension 200a, this valve
housing also projecting upwardly within the inner shock tube 19 to
a substantial extent. The valve housing is retained within the
bottom sub 200 and inner shock tube 19 by an upwardly facing
shoulder 203 thereon engaging a downwardly facing shoulder 204 in
the sub extension, downward movement of the valve housing 202 being
prevented by engagement of the upper en of the drill bit pin 18
with the lower end of the valve housing, as disclosed in FIG. 9b.
The valve housing carries upper and lower seal rings 205 sealingly
engaging the inner wall of the bottom sub 200 on opposite sides of
a circumferential internal groove 206 in the sub extension
communicating with ports 207 that open into the annular space 208
between the sub extension 200a and the outer shock tube 14a.
The valve housing 202 has a central passage 209 therethrough, the
lower portion of which is closed by a suitable plate or other
closure member 210 welded, or otherwise attached, to the valve
housing, this closure member being disposed below a lower radially
disposed valve seat 211 secured within a lateral passage 212
through the valve body below the lower seals 205, this valve
passage communicating with a circumferential internal groove 213 in
the bottom sub 200. An upper generally radial valve seat 214,
180.degree. displaced with respect to the lower valve seat 211, is
fixed to the valve body or housing in a passage 215 between the
upper and lower seal rings 205 opening into the internal groove
206. Opposite each valve seat is disposed a limit plug 216 clamped
to the valve housing by a suitable clamp plate 217 and a screw 218
extending through the plug and threaded into the clamp plate, the
plugs 216 having a purpose described hereinbelow.
Fluid is capable of flowing alternately through the upper valve
seat 214 and the lower valve seat 211, as determined by a vane or
reed form of shuttle valve 219 mounted within the valve body 202.
The upper portion of this reed valve is secured centrally within
the valve body passage 209 by spacers 220 on opposite sides of the
upper end of the reed and screws 221 extending through the upper
end of the valve body, spacers and reed valve. The reed valve 219
tapers in a downward direction, terminating just below the lower
valve seat 211. Fluid flowing downwardly through the input passage
25 can flow into the annulus 222 surrounding the upper portion of
the valve housing 202 and through side ports 223 in the latter to
the interior 209 of the valve housing, such fluid being limited to
flowing alternately through the upper valve seat 214 and the lower
valve seat 211, the fluid alternately shifting the vane 219 into
engagement with the upper valve seat and the lower valve seat, the
vane also alternately engaging the lower plug 216 or the upper plug
216, which lend support to the vane.
As described in connection with the other forms of the invention,
the annular space 30 between the exterior of the housing 10a and
the wall of the bore hole constitutes an external shock tube
annulus or passageway, which extends from the bottom of the bore
hole up to the discharge ports 29 that forms the junction with the
internal shock passageway 28, the fluid from both passageways
flowing upwardly through the annulus surrounding the tubular drill
string B to the top of the bore hole.
When the shuttle valve 219 engages the lower valve seat 211, the
upper valve seat 214 is open and fluid can flow therethrough into
the internal or counterbalancing shock passage 28 up to the
junction ports 29, flowing outwardly therethrough and upwardly
around the apparatus and the drill pipe string. The shifting of the
vane 219 into engagement with the upper valve seat 214 closes the
lower end of the internal shock passageway 28, causing a negative
pressure pulse wave to be generated therein that travels upwardly
to the region of the junction ports 29, and then downwardly back to
the reed valve 219. During this time, fluid is flowing through the
lower valve seat 211 into the circumferential groove 213 and then
through ports 230 in the lower end of the valve body 202 into a
central passage 231 therein that communicates with the central
passage 34 through the drill bit D, the fluid commingling with the
cuttings and carrying them in a direction upwardly of the
apparatus. It is to be noted that, at this time, all of the fluid
is passing through the drill bit D, rather than some of it being
caused to flow through a by-pass 35 of 35a, as disclosed in FIGS.
2b and 4b.
Assuming the reed valve 219 to have shifted against the lower valve
seat 211 to close the lower passage 212, a negative pressure pulse
wave is generated in the external shock tube passageway 30 which
travels down through the drill bit D and then upwardly through the
external shock passageway to the discharge and junction ports 29,
then travelling reversely through this path back to the reed valve
219. When it reaches the latter, the pressure in the external shock
tube passageway exceeds the pressure of the fluid flowing
downwardly through the input passage 25 and the central valve body
passage 209, shifting the reed valve away from the lower valve seat
211 and against the upper valve seat 214 to close the internal or
counterbalance shock passageway 28, the fluid then flowing through
the lower valve seat 211 and through the drill bit D, as described
above. As soon as the reed valve 219 engages the upper valve seat
214, a negative pressure pulse is generated in the internal shock
passageway 28 which travels up to the discharge ports 19 and then
downwardly to the reed valve, where its pressure exceeds the
pressure in the inlet passage 209, shifting the reed valve into
engagement with the lower valve seat 211 again, whereupon the
foregoing cycle of operation repeats itself. The reed valve 219 is
shifted by the pressure pulse wave generated in the passageways 28,
30 laterally in opposite directions and alternately against the
lower valve seat 211 and upper valve seat 214.
The form of invention illustrated in FIGS. 9a and 9b is simpler and
more economical to manufacture than the other forms of invention
disclosed. All of the wear in the apparatus is confined essentially
to the valve housing 202 and the reed valve 219, which can be
replaced readily by disconnecting the bit D, a suitable tool being
inserted into the lower threaded box 235 of the valve assembly to
enable it to be pulled out of the bottom sub 200 and inner shock
tube 19, whereupon a replacement or repaired assembly can be
substituted in its place, the threading of the pin 18 of the drill
bit D into the bottom sub box 235 again retaining the valve
assembly in place. All of the fluid passing through the lower valve
seat 211 discharges through the drill bit D, insuring an adequate
supply of flushing fluid for cleaning the cuttings from the bottom
of the hole, as well as cleaning and cooling the cutters of the
drill bit. In all other respects, the apparatus illustrated in
FIGS. 9a and 9b operates in the same manner as described above in
connection with the other forms of the invention.
* * * * *