U.S. patent number 3,648,479 [Application Number 05/075,914] was granted by the patent office on 1972-03-14 for refrigeration system with multiple centrifugal compressors and load balancing control.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Douglas K. Richardson.
United States Patent |
3,648,479 |
Richardson |
March 14, 1972 |
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS AND LOAD
BALANCING CONTROL
Abstract
A refrigeration system with two or more electric motor driven
centrifugal gas compressors to a single common load circuit is
provided with electric circuit interconnections for the respective
electric controls of the movable capacity controlling means of the
respective compressors such that increased current drawn by the
electric motor of a more heavily loaded one of the compressors is
effective to adjust the respective capacity control means and
reduce the capacity of that compressor to balance the current drawn
by the other motors and compressors and thus evenly divide the
single load between the two or more compressors.
Inventors: |
Richardson; Douglas K.
(Staunton, VA) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
22128726 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/075,914 |
Filed: |
September 28, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/217; 62/510;
417/45; 62/230; 417/3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25B
49/022 (20130101); F04D 27/0269 (20130101); G05D
23/19 (20130101); F25B 2400/075 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F04D
27/02 (20060101); F25B 49/02 (20060101); G05D
23/19 (20060101); F25b 041/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/217,227,228,230,510
;417/3,44,45 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Perlin; Meyer
Claims
I claim:
1. A refrigeration system comprising, a refrigerant load, at least
two electric motor driven centrifugal gas compressors connected in
parallel to said load and each having movable capacity control
means, respective electric control means to be energized to move
the capacity control means of each compressor in the decrease
capacity direction, respective electric circuit means responsive to
current drawn by the respective electric motor of each compressor
to energize the respective electric control means for reducing the
capacity of the associated compressor, and means electrically
interconnecting the respective electric circuit means of each
compressor to decrease the capacity of a particular compressor as
its electric motor current tends to increase above the current
drawn by the other electric motors for the other compressors
connected to the refrigerant load thus balancing the loads on all
compressors.
2. The invention of claim 1 in which each of said respective
electric circuit means is overload responsive to energize the
respective control means when the electric cur-rent drawn by the
associated compressor motor exceeds a predetermined amount.
3. The invention of claim 2 in which the means electrically
interconnecting the respective electric circuit means is comprised
of at least one resistor in which are passed in opposition
respective electric currents corresponding to the respective
currents drawn by one electric motor associated with one compressor
and another electric motor associated with another compressor.
4. The invention of claim 2 in which said respective electric
circuit means includes a current sensing coil as-sociated with a
power conductor for the respective electric motor and there is
provided means for short circuiting the respective coil when the
associated electric motor is not energized.
5. The invention of claim 3 in which said respec-tive electric
circuit means includes a current sensing coil associated with a
power conductor for the respective electric motor and there is
provided means for short circuiting the respective coil when the
associated electric motor is not energized.
6. The invention of claim 1 in which the means electrically
interconnecting the respective electric circuit means is comprised
of at least one resistor in which are passed in opposition
respective electric currents correspond-ing to the respective
currents drawn by one electric motor associated with one compressor
and another electric motor associated with another compressor.
7. The invention of claim 6 in which said respective electric
circuit means includes a current sensing coil as-sociated with a
power conductor for the respective electric motor and there is
provided means for short circuiting the respective coil when the
associated electric motor is not energized.
8. The invention of claim 1 in which said respec-tive electric
circuit means includes a current sensing coil associated with a
power conductor for the respective electric motor and there is
provided means for short circuiting the respective coil when the
associated electric motor is not energized.
Description
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
A refrigeration capacity control for a system having a single
centrifugal compressor is shown in my copending patent application
Ser. No. 28,678, filed Apr. 15, 1970. This invention relates to the
specific electrical interconnection of two or more such capacity
controls when two or more centrifugal gas compressors are to be
used in a single refrigeration load circuit.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is known that an electric motor driven centrifugal gas
compressor is capable of overloading the motor if allowed to seek
loads higher than standard design conditions. Centrifugal gas
compressors, when used to compress a refrigerant gas are therefor
required to have movable capacity controls and one such control
determines the positions of movable suction inlet pre-rotation
vanes for the compressor to vary the compressor capacity. An
electrical control circuit for automatically positioning such inlet
vanes to provide a predetermined control of refrigeration of air
conditioning system parameters such as for example the chilled
outlet water temperature is disclosed in my copending patent
application as previously referred to. In that disclosure, a
current sensing coil is also provided to operate an overload relay
whenever the current drawn by the electric motor driving the
compressors exceeds a predetermined amount corresponding to an
overload condition. The operation of the overload relay causes the
inlet vanes of the associated compressor to move in a decrease
capacity direction until the sensed overload current is reduced to
a safe value at which the operated overload relay restores to the
non-operated condition upon which the movement of the inlet vanes
towards a decreased capacity position is stopped.
It is sometimes desirable to have two or more centrifugal gas
compressors connected to the same common refrigerant load circuit
and each gas compressor should have its own capacity control
circuit responding to the common system condition such as chilled
water temperature or the like. A problem exists with such an
arrangement in that one of the compressors tends to work harder
than the other compressors in the system and therefore it is
desirable to provide a load balancing capacity control to evenly
divide the common load among all of the operating compressors. Of
course such a control should be simple, reliable and also
inexpensive.
PRIOR ART
Applicant is not aware of any prior patents showing load sharing
circuits for capacity controls of two or more centrifugal gas
compressors connected to a single common load refrigeration system.
The U.S. Pat. No. 3,350,897 to Plaster issued Nov. 7, 1967
describes a capacity control for a single centrifugal compressor
refrigeration system.
SUMMARY
According to the invention, a refrigeration system is provided with
at least two centrifugal gas compressors supplying compressed
refrigerant gas to a single common refrigerant load circuit and
each compressor is provided with an inlet capacity control and an
electrical control circuit therefor. Each control circuit includes
a solenoid valve which, when energized, causes the capacity control
to move in the decrease capacity direction. The power supply to
each compressor motor includes circuit means having a current
responsive device such as a current sensing coil and a respective
relay connected to the respective coil to be operated when the
current drawn by the associated compressor motor is more than a
predetermined amount. An electrical circuit interconnection between
the sensing coils for each compressor motor is such that the
respective relay for the motor drawing the most current will be
operated to decrease the compressor capacity until the current
drawn by that motor is reduced to an amount balancing the
respective current drawn by the other compressor motor. Such
electrical interconnection according to the invention is very
simply effected by a particular interconnection of conductors and
or resistors between the current sensing coils so that the current
sensed by one coil will flow through a resistor in opposition to
the current sensed by another coil and so forth. By suitably
choosing the values of the resistors, the sensing coils, and the
relays, both a load sharing control function and an overload
protection for each electric compressor motor can be provided.
This invention also provides respective circuit means including
resistors and contactors responsive to energization of each
compressor motor to short circuit the associated current sensing
coil and relay when that respective compressor and motor are not
energized and operating. Thus the associated capacity control
system for a remaining operating compressor and motor in the system
may still be operable.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent
with reference to the following specification and drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of the refrigeration system having
two compressors and a load balancing circuit of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic and fragmentary sectional view of the
mechanism for adjustment of a capacity control vanes of one of the
centrifugal gas compressors such as shown in FIG. 1 of the
drawings;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the two interconnected
solenoid adjusted valves of FIG. 2, the piston of the valves being
shown in the positions they take when the solenoid coils of the two
valves are deenergized;
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 except that one solenoid coil,
the left one, is energized;
FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 except that the other solenoid
coil, the right one is energized;
FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of the load sharing capacity control
system of the invention as may be used with three electric motor
driven compressors.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring first to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a centrifugal gas
compressor 1 driven by an electric motor 2 and a second centrifugal
gas compressor 3 driven by the electric motor 4 are connected in
parallel in a refrigeration circuit including compressed gas
conduits 5 and 6 to the condenser 7. The condenser 7 is connected
through an expansion valve 8 to the evaporator chiller 9 having a
chilled water outlet at 10. The evaporated refrigerant gas from the
chiller 9 is connected through the suction pipes 11 and 12 in
parallel to the inlets of the respective centrifugal gas
compressors 1 and 3. Each of the centrifugal gas compressors 1 and
3 is provided with inlet vanes which are movable to vary the
capacity of the compressor, and these inlet vanes are of the well
known pre-rotation type which will be shown and described in some
detail in connection with FIG. 2 of the drawings. It should be
understood that this invention would apply to any refrigeration
system having two or more compressors connected to a common
refrigeration load whether or not the load includes a common
refrigerant gas circuit. In other words a plurality of refrigerant
gas circuits may be connected to chill a common water load or the
like .
As previously mentioned, when a common refrigerant circuit system
such as has been described is provided with two or more centrifugal
gas compressors, there is a tendency for one of the gas compressors
to undertake more of the load than the other and therefore it is
desirable to provide automatic circuits for adjusting the
capacities of the respective centrifugal compressors so as to
evenly divide the load between all of the operating compressors.
The electric motor 12 is supplied with operating current by means
of the conductors 15 and 16 while similarly the electric motor 4 is
supplied with operating current by means of conductors 17 and 18.
The gas compressor 1 is provided with a capacity control mechanism
including a chilled water temperature sensing device 19 connected
to the condition sensor 20 to actuate switches 21 or 22 according
to sensed chilled water temperature. Similarly the centrifugal gas
compressor 3 is provided with a capacity control including the
chilled water temperatures. Similarly the centrifugal gas
compressor 3 is provided with a capacity control including the
chilled water temperature sensing element 23 connected to the
condition sensor 24 to actuate switches 25 or 26 to maintain a
desired chilled water temperature. The details of the condition
sensors 20 and 24 will not be described herein as they are not
necessary to an understanding of the present invention but if more
information is desired reference may be made to the aforementioned
copending patent application Ser. No. 28678, filed Apr. 15, 1970 It
should be mentioned, however, that if the chilled water temperature
is lower than desired, the condition sensors 20 and 24 will respond
to close contacts 21 and 25 respectively to energize the decrease
capacity solenoid valve coils 27 and 28 respectively. Similarly if
the chilled water temperature is higher than desired the condition
sensors 20, 24 respectively will respond to close switch contacts
22, 26 respectively and energize the increase capacity solenoid
valve coils 29 and 30. When either of the solenoid valve coils 27
or 28 is energized the inlet vanes for the associated centrifugal
gas compressor 1 or 3 will be moving in the decrease capacity
direction. On the other hand when either of the increased capacity
solenoids 29 or 30 is energized, the associated inlet vanes for the
gas compressor 1, 3 will be moving in the increased capacity
direction. When neither of the solenoid valve coils 27, 28, 29 or
30 are energized, which would be a condition where the chilled
water is at the desired temperature, the associated inlet vanes for
the respective gas compressors 1 and 3 would be maintained in their
particular set positions maintaining the desired capacity to
produce the desired temperature of chilled water.
For a more detailed understanding of the hydraulic circuits and the
inlet vanes for controlling the capacity of the associated
compressor, reference will be briefly made to FIGS. 2-5 of the
drawings. A fluid pressure system for actuating or operating a
centrifugal capacity control as is to be provided for each of the
gas compressors 1 or 3 will not be described although if a more
detailed understanding of such a system is desired, reference may
be made to the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,350,897. The inlet
cone 40 of the associated centrifugal compressor is provided with a
plurality of movable pre-rotation spin vanes such as shown at 41
and it should be understood that the rotatable position of the spin
vane 41 as it may be rotated about its axis 42 will vary the
capacity of the centrifugal compressor in a manner well known to
those skilled in the art. A piston 43 is slidable within a cylinder
having cylinder portions 44 and 45. When fluid under pressure is
supplied to cylinder portion 44 and drained from cylinder portion
45, the piston 43 will move to the right in a manner to rotate the
capacity control means or vane 41 toward the position opening the
intake and increasing the capacity of the compressor. If on the
other hand, fluid under pressure is supplied to a cylinder portion
45 and drained from the cylinder portion 44, the piston 43 will
move to the left of the drawings and its mechanical coupling to the
capacity control at vane 41 will be such as to rotate the vane to a
position corresponding to the closing of the centrifugal compressor
intake and decreasing the compressor capacity. When fluid under
pressure is supplied equally to both cylinder portions 44 and 45,
the capacity control piston 43 will remain in a given position
corresponding to a given capacity of the compressor. Solenoid
operating valves such as valves VA and VB are double acting valves
as shown more in detail by FIGS. 3-5 of the drawings for supplying
fluid under pressure selectively to either or both of the cylinder
areas 44 and 45 and for selectively draining fluid under pressure
from either cylinder areas 44 or 45.
As shown by FIG. 3 of the drawings both solenoid valves VA and VB
are shown in their deenergized position with their solenoids coils
29 and 27 not connected to a source of electric energizing
potential. When the valves VA and VB are in the deenergized
position as shown by FIG. 3 of the drawings, fluid under pressure
in the line 52 is passed through needle valves 53 and 54 through
conduits 50 and 51 to both respective cylinder portions 44 and 45
thus balancing the capacity control piston 43 at a predetermined
position.
As shown by FIG. 4 of the drawings, if the solenoid coil 29 is
energized the associated valve VA will be operated to allow the
pressure of the cylinder area 44 to drain through conduit 50 into
the drain conduit 60 thus allowing the fluid under pressure in the
cylinder area 45 to overbalance the fluid pressure in the cylinder
area 44 and move the pistons 43 to the left in a decrease capacity
direction in a manner to change the capacity control to a lower
capacity or closed position.
As shown by FIG. 5 of the drawing, when solenoid coil 27 is
energized, valve VB will be operated to allow the fluid under
pressure in the cylinder area 45 to drain to the conduit 51 to the
fluid pressure return conduit 60, thus allowing the pressure in the
cylinder area 44 to overcome the pressure in the cylinder area 45
and move the pistons to the right in an increase capacity direction
to change the capacity control to increase the capacity and open
the intake valve.
Referring again to FIG. 1 of the drawings it is not believed
necessary to describe any more details of the capacity controls
system as they may be used with the load balancing circuits of the
invention. A current sensing coil 70 is positioned in inductive
relation to the conductor 15 supplying current to the electric
motor 2 for the gas compressor 1. Similarly, a current sensing coil
71 is provided in an inductive relation to the conductor 18
supplying the operating current to the electric motor 4 for this
second gas compressor 3. An overload relay 72 is connected across
the terminals of the current sensing coil 70 and similarly an
overload relay 73 is connected across the terminals of the current
sensing coil 71. If the current drawn by either electric motor 2 or
4 should exceed a predetermined maximum representative of an
overload condition, the potential induced in the respective sensing
coil 70 or 71 will cause the respective voltage sensitive overload
relay 72 or 73 to operate. For example if the overload relay 72 is
operated by an overloaded condition for the electric motor 2 and
gas compressor 1, the contact 72' will be closed to energize the
down capacity solenoid valve coil 27 thus moving the inlet vanes
for the gas compressor 1 in a decrease capacity direction. As soon
as the capacity of the gas compressor 1 is reduced to a safe,
no-overload condition, the current drawn by the associated electric
motor 2 will be reduced such as to cause the overload relay 72 to
be restored to a non-operated condition, thus deenergizing the
decrease capacity solenoid coil 27. Similarly, when the overload
relay 73 is energized, its contact 73' will be closed to operate
the decrease capacity solenoid coil 28.
In accordance with the invention, the current sensing coil 70 is
interconnected with the current sensing coil 71 through resistors
75, 76 and 77. These interconnections and coils are of a polarity
to result in opposing currents flowing through the resistor 76, one
current flowing in one direction being the current induced in
sensing coil 70 and the other current flowing in the opposite
direction being the current induced in the sensing coil 71. By
suitably choosing the values of the resistors 75, 76 and 77 in
relation to the parameters of the coils 70, 71 and overload relays
72 and 73 as will be obvious to any one skilled in the art, the
associated overload relay 72 or 73 can be caused to be operated
when the current drawn by one of the electric motors 2 or 4
appreciably differs from the current drawn by the other electric
motor 2 or 4. The connections are such that should the electric
motor 2, for example, draw more current than the electric motor 4,
indicating that the gas compressor 1 is working at higher capacity
than the gas compressor 3, the overload relay 72 would be energized
to close its contacts 72' and actuate the decrease capacity
solenoid coil 27 to adjust the inlet vanes for the gas compressor 1
in a direction to reduce its capacity until its capacity
approximates that of the capacity of the gas compressor 3 as may be
indicated by a current flow through the conductor 15 approximately
the same as the current flow through conductor 18. In other words,
when the currents flowing through the conductors 15 and 18 are
equal, the opposing currents flowing in the resistor 76 will
balance so that there will be no effective potential, adding or
subtracting, to cause a preferential operation of either the
overload relay 72 or 73 intended to be responsive to the detected
unbalance of the load division between the two electric motors 2
and 4 and compressors 1 and 3.
Another feature of the invention is the provision of shorting
contactors 80 and 81 respectively for the associated current
sensing contactor coils 70 and 71. The shorting contactor 80 is
normally open but is operated to be closed when current is not
supplied to operate the electric motor 2 and energize the shorting
contactor coil 82. Similarly the shorting contactor 81 is normally
opened but will be closed and operated when current is not passing
through the shorting contactor coil 83 to the electric motor 4.
Thus if either electric motor 2 or 4 is deenergized and not
operating, the respective overload sensing coils 70 or 71
associated therewith will be shorted. However the provision of the
resistors 75 and 77 will enable the capacity control and the
overload responsive circuit for the operating one of the electric
motors 2 or 4 to continue to function even though another one of
them may be deenergized with its current sensing overload detecting
coil shorted.
Referring now to FIG. 6 of the drawings a wiring diagram showing
the additional resistor interconnections for the system of the
invention as applied to three electric motor driven centrifugal gas
compressors will be described. Sensing coil 90 is inductively
related to the current leads for the electric motor of a first gas
compressor not shown. Similarly sensing coil 91 is associated with
the current leads to the electric motor for a second centrifugal
gas compressor while the current sensing coil 92 is associated with
the current leads to a third electric motor driving a third
centrifugal gas compressor not shown. Resistors 93, 94, 95, 96, 97
and 98 are connected in the arrangement shown to provide the
desired bridge circuit interconnections so that opposing currents
flow through the resistors 94, 96 and 98 associated with a
respective sensing coil 90, 91 and 92. The sensing coils 90, 91 and
92 are poled as shown respectively to produce the desired opposing
currents flowing in the sensing resistors 94, 96 and 98 as
previously described. Each overload relay controlling the
associated decrease capacity solenoid valve is connected to the
terminals of the respective sensing coils 90-93 as shown at 100,
101, 102, 103 and 104, 105 respectively. A shorting contactor 110
is associated with the current sensing coil 90 and a similar
shorting contactor 111 is associated with sensing coil 91 and
shorting contactor 112 is associated with sensing coil 92. Each of
the shorting contactors 110-112 are operated by associated shorting
contactor coils similar to the contactor coils 82 or 83 previously
described in connection with FIG. 1 of the drawings. The provision
of the respective shorting contact 110-112 enables any one of the
electrically driven compressors associated with the respective
current sensing coils 90-92 to be deenergized and not operating
while the remainder of the compressors that are connected in
parallel in the common refrigerant system remain operated and the
arrangement is such that the load sharing would be evenly divided
between the total number of operating compressors regardless of how
many of the other compressors are not energized for any reason
whatsoever.
It should be understood that the chain circuit of FIG. 6 may be
expanded indefinitely to include as many parallel connected
electric motor driven centrifugal compressors as would be desired
for a given refrigeration system. Although the load sharing circuit
of the invention has been described in connection with a particular
type of capacity control designed to operate with inlet
pre-rotation capacity controlling vanes for centrifugal
compressors, it should be obvious that the load sharing circuit
could be used with other forms of capacity controls and centrifugal
compressor systems. Various modifications will occur to those
skilled in the art.
* * * * *