U.S. patent number 3,646,320 [Application Number 04/872,940] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-29 for isothermal furnace.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Thomson-CSF. Invention is credited to Carlo Rosatelli, Arvind Shroff.
United States Patent |
3,646,320 |
Rosatelli , et al. |
February 29, 1972 |
ISOTHERMAL FURNACE
Abstract
A furnace providing an isothermal heating all along its height
comprising a liquid which is heated for filling an envelope
surrounding the volume to be heated with the vapor of this liquid
and a system for filling the upper part of this envelope with a
gas, not mixing with this vapor, for varying the operating height
of the furnace.
Inventors: |
Rosatelli; Carlo (University of
Bologne, IT), Shroff; Arvind (Paris, FR) |
Assignee: |
Thomson-CSF (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
8657214 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/872,940 |
Filed: |
October 31, 1969 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/401; 219/209;
219/440; 117/223; 165/96; 219/427; 219/530 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
3/0014 (20130101); B01J 19/0013 (20130101); B01J
6/00 (20130101); F28D 15/02 (20130101); B01J
2219/00132 (20130101); Y10T 117/1092 (20150115); B01J
2219/00094 (20130101); B01J 2219/00164 (20130101); B01J
2219/00171 (20130101); B01J 2219/00162 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B01J
6/00 (20060101); B01J 19/00 (20060101); F28D
15/02 (20060101); H05B 3/00 (20060101); F27d
011/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/426-427,401,530,540,535,440,209-210,341,311-316 ;165/32,38,105
;122/32 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Mayewsky; Volodymyr Y.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An isothermal furnace for heating material placed therein to a
uniform temperature, which comprises:
1. a cylindrical, hermetically sealed, double-walled envelope, the
inner and outer walls of said envelope defining therebetween an
internal volume;
2. a pair of plugs for mating engagement with the upper and lower
ends of said cylindrical envelope, said plugs and said cylindrical
envelope defining a sealed furnace enclosure in which the material
to be heated is placed;
3. a vaporizable liquid in said internal volume and normally lying
at the bottom of said cylindrical double-walled envelope;
4. electrically operated heating means, proximate the lower end of
said furnace and in thermal contact with said fluid, for applying
heat thereto and causing said liquid to vaporize, said vapor rising
upwardly in said internal volume, condensing on the walls of said
envelope and isothermally transferring heat energy to the material
in said furnace enclosure; and
5. means communicating with said internal volume through the outer
wall of said cylindrical envelope for introducing, under pressure,
a gas which is immiscible with said vapor, said gas displacing at
least a portion of said vapor, whereby the amount of said furnace
enclosure which is heated may be selectively varied by varying the
amount of vapor displaced by said gas.
2. The furnace according to claim 1, further comprising a heat
shield substantially surrounding said cylindrical envelope to
inhibit thermal losses by radiation and convection therefrom; and
said gas introducing means comprises a tank containing a quantity
of said gas under pressure, an expansion valve connected to said
tank, pipe means interconnecting said expansion valve with said
cylindrical envelope, and a valve in said pipe means for
controlling the amount of gas supplied to said internal volume.
3. The furnace according to claim 1, wherein said gas is argon.
4. The furnace according to claim 1, wherein said gas is neon.
Description
The present invention relates to heating furnaces of the isothermic
type.
In number of industrial applications it is necessary to raise
bodies to determinate temperatures, under perfectly isothermal
conditions throughout the whole of the heated volume. In the field
of the electrical energy, it is known, for example, to employ
resistance furnaces operating by the Joule effect, electron
bombardment furnaces, where the calorific energy is derived from an
electron beam striking an anode which is formed by the body to be
heated, and high-frequency furnaces in which the energy is supplied
to the body to be heated, through the medium of a circuit wound
around this body and wherein high-frequency alternating current is
flowing.
Furnaces of this type have two drawbacks; they are hardly capable
of achieving uniform temperature all along their structure and, on
the other hand it is difficult to adjust the length of the heated
zone, which is a fundamental necessity in certain applications.
It is an object of this invention, to avoid such drawbacks.
According to the invention there is provided a furnace comprising
an envelope defining the enclosure to be heated; within said
envelope an amount of liquid; means for heating said liquid for
providing saturated vapor of said liquid within said envelope; and
means for modifying the volume of the portion of said envelope
filled with said vapor.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the
same may be carried into effect, reference will be made to the
drawing accompanying the ensuing description and in which:
FIG. 1 shows a furnace according to the invention; and
FIG. 2 shows a modification.
The furnace shown in FIG. 1, comprises a cylindrical volume
surrounded by a double wall 2 defining a closed volume 2a in which
a vaporizable liquid 3 has been enclosed. A heating device 4 using
the Joule effect, is placed at the bottom of the cylindrical body
2a and the volume 1 is closed at its two ends if need be by screwed
plugs 5 and 6. An envelope 7 forming a "heat shield" improves the
efficiency of the assembly by preventing external thermal energy
losses.
A duct from a source of gas under pressure 8 with an expansion
valve 9, a pressure gauge 10 and a cock 11, communicates with said
volume. The gas used should not be capable of reacting chemically,
at the operating temperatures, with any other of the bodies it
contacts, and may for example be argon or helium.
The operation of the furnace of the invention is as follows:
The liquid 3 is raised to boiling point by the heating device 4 and
its vapor fills the whole of the closed volume 2. The volume and
the pressure at the operating temperature should be so related that
the vapor is always saturated, i.e., in a state of equilibrium with
the liquid.
The physical laws governing the states of fluids as a function of
temperature and pressure, indicate on the one hand that at a given
pressure there is a maximum temperature of operation above which
the whole of the fluid is evaporated and at which the mechanism
described, which implies the simultaneous presence of the liquid
and the vapor phases, can no longer take place, and on the other
hand that at a given temperature there is a minimum pressure of
operation below which the whole of the fluid is evaporated, with
the same consequence.
If the temperature and pressure ranges are selected so that the
vapor and liquid phases are present simultaneously, volume 2a and
the walls are the seat of a heat exchange phenomenon resulting from
the equilibrium between the thermal energy lost to the exterior
across the walls, and the thermal energy supplied at the same point
which compensates the heat lost by the condensation of an
appropriate quantity of vapor. This liberation of heat corresponds
to the thermal energy expended at the time of evaporation. By way
of example, and in order to give some idea of the orders of
magnitude involved, a furnace 40 cm. long according to the
invention, using liquefied lithium as a fluid has isothermally
produced a temperature of 1,920.degree. K. at a power of 2,500
watts, corresponding to 100 watts per square centimeter of
wall.
Thus the tubular enclosure and its walls are strictly isothermal
over the whole of the length.
This length can be varied in the following manner:
A neutral gas such as argon or neon, under a pressure higher than
that prevailing in volume 2a, is caused to flow, by means of the
arrangement 9, 10, 11, from the source 8 into the volume 2a. This
gas should have such a density that for all practical purposes it
does not mix with the vapor present in the volume 2a. It propagates
towards the top of the volume 2, so that the upper part of the
volume is filled with gas. Accordingly, over the whole of the
height portion of the volume 2a, there is no vapor, and accordingly
no thermal exchange between the vapor and the wall. The temperature
prevailing within the corresponding portion of the volume 2a is
extremely low compared to that prevailing in the remaining portion
of the volume.
Thus by controlling the quantity of gas admitted within the volume
2a, the height of the volume over which the furnace operates can be
adjusted.
FIG. 2 shows a modified embodiment of the furnace of FIG. 1,
wherein similar reference numbers designate similar parts. In this
embodiment the gas duct is connected at the upper part of the
volume 2a, i.e., at the end which is opposite to that were the
liquid container is located. This may be particularly useful if the
density of the gas and that of the vapor are not very much
different, since the separation of gas and vapor by density is
facilited.
Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments
described and shown which were given solely by way of example, in
particular in so far as the heating of the liquid, the nature of
the gas or even the manner in which the pressure within the volume
2a may be varied, are concerned.
* * * * *