U.S. patent number 3,641,847 [Application Number 04/874,875] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-15 for open end ratchet wrench.
Invention is credited to Billy M. Horton.
United States Patent |
3,641,847 |
Horton |
February 15, 1972 |
OPEN END RATCHET WRENCH
Abstract
An open end ratchet wrench is made from three parts: The wrench
body, a single ratcheting pawl, and a spring actuator for retaining
the pawl in its operating position and actuating the pawl to permit
insertion of a nut. In one embodiment the pawl is pivotally mounted
about the end of one wrench jaw between drive and open positions.
This wrench is provided with three drive surfaces for contacting
the nut during drive operation, including the drive surface of the
pawl, the inner surface of the jaw opposite the pawl, and a
projection from the working surface between the jaws contoured to
contact the nut approximately 120.degree. from the other two
contact points. The working surface is further contoured to provide
room for the pawl to swing clear from the nut during ratcheting and
to permit the nut to contact as much of the working surface as
possible during ratcheting. In a second embodiment, the pawl is
both pivotable and slidable with respect to a slot in the wrench
jaw and has two drive surfaces for engaging a nut in two different
nut positions relative to the wrench jaws. In this embodiment the
working surface is contoured to accommodate the nut in both of its
drive positions and provides three-point drive contact in at least
one of these positions. Moreover, the adjacent surfaces of the pawl
and wrench jaw are contoured to prevent binding of the pawl during
ratcheting, irrespective of the point about which the wrench is
rotated. In yet another embodiment two drive positions of the nut
are made possible without the necessity of a pawl actuator to
permit nut insertion by providing two pawls, rotatable about
opposite jaws, and arranged so that each has its drive surface
contacting the nut in a respective one of the nut drive positions.
With the pawls in their normally retracted position the wrench jaws
may be slipped over a nut head.
Inventors: |
Horton; Billy M. (Washington,
DC) |
Family
ID: |
25364767 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/874,875 |
Filed: |
November 7, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
81/111;
81/179 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B25B
13/46 (20130101); B25B 13/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B25B
13/00 (20060101); B25B 13/46 (20060101); B25b
013/28 (); B25b 013/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;81/111,112-118,128 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Jones, Jr.; James L.
Claims
I claim:
1. An open-end ratchet wrench for driving a polygonal-shaped
element of specified size such as a nut, bolt, and the like when
rotated, said wrench comprising: a handle having a working head
secured thereto, said working head comprising a pair of receiving
jaws circumscribing a work area therebetween for receiving said
polygonal-shaped element, said work area being defined by an
interior surface extending between respective extremes of said
receiving jaws; a first pawl having a working surface and mounted
on said working head such that said pawl is movable relative to one
of said jaws; means for defining a first limit position of said
pawl wherein said working surface extends into said work area;
means for biasing said pawl toward said first limit position; means
for defining a second limit position of said pawl wherein said pawl
is sufficiently retracted from said work area to permit rotational
motion between said work head and said polygonal-shaped element
when said wrench is rotated about the latter in a first direction;
and wherein said interior surface is contoured to provide two
projections which combine with said working surface when said pawl
is in said first limit position to provide three 120.degree. spaced
drive points which engage and rotate said polygonal-shaped element
when the latter has a predetermined orientation within said work
area and said wrench is rotated in a second direction opposite said
first direction.
2. The wrench according to claim 1 wherein said one of said jaws
has an end section of reduced thickness so as to define a pair of
shoulders on opposite sides of said end section at the junction
between said end section and the remainder of said one jaw; and
wherein said pawl comprises a working member of which said working
surface is a part and which is disposed adjacent said interior
surface at said one jaw, a pivot pin extending between a transverse
bore defined through said end section of said one jaw for pivotally
mounting said pawl to said jaw, and a pair of support members
extending from said pivot pin along respective sides of said end
section of said first member to said working member, said
transverse bore being disposed such that said support members abut
respective ones of said shoulders when said pawl is in said first
limit position.
3. The wrench according to claim 2 wherein said transverse bore is
located closer to said handle than is said working surface when
said pawl is in said first limit position, whereby said shoulders
subtend an angle of less than 90.degree. with the surface of said
element which is engaged by said working surface.
4. The wrench according to claim 3 wherein said angle is
approximately 60.degree..
5. The wrench according to claim 1 wherein at least part of said
interior surface is contoured to conform with the area swept by
said polygonal-shaped element during ratcheting about a specified
point.
6. The wrench according to claim 5 wherein said one of said jaws
has an end section of reduced thickness and wherein said pawl is
bifurcated to fit over said end section without extending beyond
the exterior confines of said working head.
7. The wrench according to claim 6 wherein said pawl is mounted to
said end section for both rotational and translational motion
relative thereto, said pawl having a second working surface which
combines with a third projection from said interior surface when
said pawl is in said first limit position to provide two
180.degree. spaced drive points which rotate said element when the
latter has a further predetermined orientation within said work
area and said wrench is rotated in said second direction.
8. The wrench according to claim 7 wherein said interior surface in
the vicinity of said end section of said one jaw is contoured to
force said pawl into a combined rotational and translational motion
relative to said end section when said wrench is rotated in said
first direction.
9. The wrench according to claim 1 wherein the angle made by said
working surface in said first limit position with the tangent of a
circle centered at the apex of the other of said receiving jaws and
having a radius equal to the distance between said apex and said
working surface is an acute angle which is sufficiently small that
said pawl does not slip from said first limit position when said
wrench is rotated in said second direction and yet sufficiently
large as to prevent binding of said pawl against said one jaw when
said wrench is rotated in said second direction.
10. The wrench according to claim 1 further comprising: only one
additional pawl having a working surface and mounted on the other
of said jaws for relative motion thereto; means for defining a
first limit position for said additional pawl wherein said working
surface of said additional pawl extends into said work area; means
for biasing said additional pawl toward said first limit position;
means for defining a second limit position for said additional pawl
wherein it is retracted into said interior surface at said other
jaw; said polygonal-shaped element having a second orientation in
said work area in which it may be driven by two 180.degree. spaced
drive points comprising said working surface of said additional
pawl in its first limit position and a projection from said
interior surface, the opening at the open end of said wrench being
sufficiently large when both pawls are in their first limit
position to permit said working head to be inserted on said
polygonal-shaped element in the plane of the latter.
11. The wrench according to claim 1 wherein said pawl has a work
area defining surface, said latter surface having a
triangular-shaped depression lying between two coplanar flat
surfaces, said surfaces arranged such that at least one of said
coplanar surfaces contacts said polygonal-shaped element when it
has said predetermined orientation within said work area and one of
said surfaces defining said triangular-shaped depression in said
pawl engages said polygonal-shaped element when it has a second
orientation within said work area.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE
This invention relates to new and improved wrenches, and more
particularly to open-end ratchet wrenches of simple construction
and capable of imparting greater torque to a nut or bolt to be
driven than is possible with prior art open-end ratchet
wrenches.
Open-end ratchet wrenches have heretofore been characterized by
complex designs featuring large numbers of coacting movable
elements and close tolerances. In addition, prior art wrenches of
this type are usually characterized by a number of undesirable
features which limit their utility, among which are: a lack of
compactness which renders them impractical in limiting working
space; insufficiently rugged construction making their jaws
vulnerable to excessive spreading and even rupture under the
relatively heavy loads to which this type of wrench is often
subjected; and a high cost to manufacture.
Accordingly, an important object of the present invention is to
provide a wrench construction which will obviate the foregoing
disadvantages characterizing known wrench structures.
Another primary object of this invention is to provide an improved
open-end ratchet wrench.
A further object of this invention is to provide an open-end
ratchet wrench having sufficient strength for conventional utility
yet constructed of a minimum number of parts.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an
improved open-end ratchet wrench characterized by simplicity of
design and capable of performing satisfactorily for those who must
adjust fittings and other fasteners which are connected to tubing,
shafting, conduit, cable and the like in a coaxial manner.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a new and
improved open end ratchet wrench which is easy to manufacture,
functional in design, and low in cost.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel
open-end ratchet wrench having a single ratcheting element and
which is capable of driving a nut or bolthead in at least two
positions of the nut or bolthead relative to the jaws of the
wrench.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an
open-end ratchet wrench having a single ratcheting element yet
which maintains substantial contact with a nut or bolthead during
ratcheting operation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an
open-end ratchet wrench which requires no actuating device to
enable the wrench to be slipped into working engagement over a nut
or bolthead.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an
open-end ratchet wrench having a minimum number of parts and which
is capable of smoothly ratcheting about a hexagonal nut or bolthead
with a minimum resolution of 30.degree..
It is alleged by the manufacturers of certain open-end ratchet
wrenches that they are capable of providing a smooth ratcheting
action. Upon a superficial observation of these wrenches these
allegations appear to be true; however, when one attempts to use
these wrenches, their ratcheting capability is found to be somewhat
limited. More particularly, depending upon the point about which
the wrench handle is rotated during ratcheting operation, the
smoothness of the ratcheting varies. This is due to the fact that
the ratcheting element tends to bind (i.e., frictionally engage the
wrench body) to a greater degree for some pivot points than for
others. Thus, the user of the wrench is forced to jiggle the wrench
considerably during ratcheting operation in order to free the
ratcheting element from frictional engagement with the wrench body.
Consequently there is a distinct need for an open-end ratchet
wrench which is capable of smooth ratcheting action for every
possible point about which the wrench handle may be rotated during
ratchet operation.
Thus it is another object of the present invention to provide an
open-end ratchet wrench which is simple in construction and capable
of smooth ratcheting action irrespective of the point about which
the wrench handle is pivoted during ratchet operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention an open-end
ratchet wrench employs a single ratcheting pawl and consumes no
more space than a conventional open-end wrench of the nonratcheting
type. The pawl is rotatable over the end of one wrench jaw between
a drive position, in which a drive surface of the pawl engages a
surface of the nut, and an open position in which the pawl is
completely clear of the working area between the wrench jaws. In
the drive position the working surface of the pawl provides one of
three drive points which engage the nut or boltheads, the other two
drive points comprising the inner surface of the opposite wrench
jaw and a projecting portion of the working surface between the
wrench jaws, this projecting portion being displaced approximately
120.degree. from the other two drive points.
The end of the jaw about which the pawl rotates is of reduced
thickness to provide a shoulder at the junction of that jaw end and
the remainder of the wrench working head. A pivot hole is defined
transversely through the wrench head near the juncture of the
shoulder and the outer contour of the working head. The pawl has a
cylindrical portion which is journaled in the pivot hole and two
support members which depend from this cylindrical portion along
opposite sides of the jaw end to the working surface of the pawl,
whereby the pawl structure substantially encircles a portion of the
jaw end about which it is designed to rotate. A compression spring
extends through the working head to retain the pawl in a position
whereby the depending members abut the shoulder between the jaw end
and working head. When a nut or bolthead is placed between the
wrench jaws in position to be driven, the pawl experiences only
compressive rather than tensile or torsional forces and therefore
is capable of transmitting relatively large forces to the driven
element without rupturing. By selectively compressing the retention
spring for the pawl it is possible to swing the pawl over the end
of the jaw, the inner surface of which is cut back to permit the
pawl to be swung clear of the working area and therefore permit
relatively easy insertion of a nut or bolthead between the wrench
jaws.
In another aspect of the present invention, a wrench of the type
described above is provided with a second pawl which encircles and
is rotatable about the opposite wrench jaw in a similar manner. The
pawls are arranged so that the working surfaces of each engages a
nut or bolthead to be driven in different respective one of two
possible driving positions of the nut relative to the wrench jaws.
In addition the second wrench jaw is cut back sufficiently so that
when both spring-loaded pawls are in their retained position the
working head of the wrench can be slipped over a nut or bolthead
without the need for an actuating mechanism for either pawl.
In still another aspect of the present invention a nut or bolthead,
for example, of hexagonal configuration, may be driven from either
two possible positions relative to the wrench jaws, yet only a
single pawl member is required to provide a ratcheting capability.
In this embodiment, the pawl includes two drive surfaces, each
engaging a driven element in a different drive position of that
element relative to the wrench jaws. The pawl in this embodiment is
both pivotable about and slidable along the end of one wrench jaw
so that the pawl may be pushed away from the nut or bolthead during
ratchet operation and yet rotated as required so that the
appropriate pawl drive surface engages the driven element in a
respective one of the two drive positions. Adjacent surfaces of the
pawl and working head are contoured so that the pawl, during
ratcheting operation, can be displaced from work area without
significant frictional engagement, irrespective of the point about
which the wrench handle is pivoted.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and still further objects, features and advantages of the
present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the
following detailed description of specific embodiments thereof,
especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of one embodiment of the open-end
ratcheting wrench of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary plan view of the working head of
the wrench of FIG. 1, with a nut disposed between the wrench jaws
in position to be driven;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary plan view of the working head of
a modified version of the wrench of FIG. 1, with a nut illustrated
between the wrench jaws in one of two drive positions;
FIG. 4 is identical to FIG. 3 with the nut illustrated in the other
of its two drive positions;
FIG. 5 is a plan view of the working end of another embodiment of
the open-end wrench of the present invention, the pawl being
removed to show details of the wrench head configuration;
FIGS. 6 and 7 are respective plan and perspective views of the
ratcheting pawl employed with the wrench of FIG. 5;
FIGS. 8 and 9 are both enlarged fragmentary plan views of the
working head of the wrench of FIG. 5, each illustrating a nut in a
respective one of two drive positions;
FIG. 10 is an enlarged fragmentary plan view of the working head of
the wrench of FIG. 5 with the pawl illustrated in position to
permit insertion of a nut between the wrench jaws.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now specifically to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the accompanying
drawings, there is illustrated an open-end ratchet wrench 10 made
of steel or similar structural material and having an handle 11 and
a working head 13. Working head 13, as in most open-end wrenches,
is substantially wider than handle 11 and is preferably, though not
necessarily, somewhat thicker than handle 11. The working head is
characterized by a pair of opposed receiving jaws 15 and 17 which
are preferably formed integral with handle 11. Jaws 15 and 17
circumscribe a central bore therebetween defined by an interior
surface 18 extending between extreme ends of the jaws. Interior
surface 18 differs from that of conventional nonratcheting open-end
wrenches in that the working surface of the conventional open-end
wrench includes two parallel sections extending from the ends of
respective receiving jaws inwardly toward the interior of the
working head; these sections are then joined by an arcuate section
of length dependent upon the size of the nut or bolthead for which
the wrench is designed. In FIG. 2, on the other hand, wherein a nut
20 is illustrated in drive position between receiving jaws 15 and
17, it may be seen that the interior surface 18 is segmented to a
much greater extent, the details of such segmentation being
described fully below. Nut 20 is illustrated as being of hexagonal
configuration having apices A, B, C, D, E and F disposed in
counterclockwise sequence such that parallel nut sides A-B and D-E
are adjacent respective jaws 15 and 17.
The extreme end 19 of jaw 15 is of reduced thickness (thickness
meaning the dimension into the plane of the drawing of FIG. 2),
thereby providing shoulders 21 and 23 at the junctions between jaw
end 19 and the remainder of the working head 13. Jaw end 19 is
configured to form a sector of a circle when viewed in plan (i.e.,
in FIG. 2) wherein the portion thereof comprising a part of the
interior surface 18 is the arc of the sector, shoulders 21 and 23
lie on one radius of the sector, and the outer surface of jaw 15
lies on the other radius of the sector.
Defined transversely through the thickness of end 19, proximate the
juncture of its two radii, is a pivot hole or bore 25. The latter
is preferably a section cutout from the outer surface of jaw 15
adjacent the shoulders 21 and 23, the cutout section being
substantially narrower at the outer jaw surface than interiorily
thereof. Journaled in hole or bore 25 is a generally cylindrical
pin 27 comprising part of a pawl 30, the latter being shown in two
positions in FIG. 2. The pawl further comprises a pair of support
members 31 and 33 depending from opposite sides of pin 27 along
opposite sides of end 19 of jaw 15. A working member 29 extends
between support members 31 and 33 at their ends opposite pin 27 and
has a flat working surface 35 which is arranged to abut nut surface
A-B whenever pawl 30 is positioned such that support members 31 and
33 rest against shoulders 21 and 23 respectively. As illustrated in
FIG. 2, working surface 35 of the pawl is substantially larger than
the opposite surface of member 29 to permit a relatively large area
of the pawl to contact surface A-B of nut 20 whenever the latter is
to be driven.
Extending from the rear or closed end of working head 13 through
jaw 15 to interior surface 18 is a small-diameter bore or passage,
from which a channel extends, the latter being defined in working
surface 18 and extending to the terminus of jaw 15. The opposite
end of the bore terminates in a cylindrical chamber 37 of
substantially greater width than the bore and in which is disposed
a helically coiled end of a wire 39, for example, 0.045-inch piano
wire. A longitudinal section 41 of wire 39 extends from the coiled
end through the bore and along the channel and is soldered or
otherwise connected to working member 27 of pawl 30. If the
normally relaxed coil is compressed in chamber 37, longitudinal
section 41 of the wire forces pawl 30 away from shoulders 21 and 23
and toward the extreme end of jaw 15. The pawl thus pivots about
pivot hole 25 to swing working member 29 clear of the wrench
working area and thus permit the wrench jaws to be inserted over
the head of nut 20. To this end, the portion of working surface 18
comprising part of jaw end 19 is contoured to permit working member
29 to completely clear the working area of the wrench (as
illustrated by the dashed line position of pawl 30 in FIG. 2). When
the pawl is so pivoted, longitudinal section 41 of wire 39 rides in
the channel defined in interior surface 18.
Segmentation of interior surface 18 of the wrench is accomplished
with an eye toward optimizing two considerations, namely:
maximization of torque applied to nut 20 during drive operation;
and achieving the smoothest possible ratcheting action. As to the
first consideration, it can be shown by mathematical analysis that
an interior wrench surface configured to provide a three-point
drive capability places significantly less stress on the wrench
jaws than does an interior wrench surface configured to provide a
two-point drive capability. Three-point drive operation is achieved
for wrench 10 by means of
a. working surface 35 of pawl 30;
b. segment 43 of interior surface 18, disposed at the extreme end
of jaw 17 and configured to abut approximately one-quarter of nut
side E-F adjacent apex E; and
c. segment 45 of interior surface 18, configured to abut
approximately one-quarter of nut surface C-D adjacent apex C.
It is to be noted that the three contact points (working surface 35
and segments 43 and 45) are spaced by approximately 120.degree.,
thereby providing wrench 10 with the maximum possible torque
transfer capability for a three-point drive wrench.
Viewing wrench 10 in FIG. 2, it will now be appreciated that by
rotating the handle 11 clockwise, the three 120.degree. spaced
drive points will transmit clockwise torque to nut 20 and the
latter may be tightened.
To achieve a ratcheting operation for wrench 10 as viewed in FIG. 2
the handle 11 must be rotated counterclockwise about either point
X, at the counterclockwise end of surface segment 43, or point Y,
at the counterclockwise end of surface segment 45. To maximize
ratcheting smoothness, as much of interior surface 18 as possible
should contact nut 20 during the ratcheting operation. This
provides a guide for the wrench and minimizes the possibility of
the wrench and nut becoming disengaged. However, if too much of
interior surface 18 contacts nut 20 during the ratcheting
operation, there will be insufficient clearance for the various
apices of the nut and ratcheting will not be possible. I have found
that by providing an additional segment 47 of interior surface 18
adjacent but not abutting the nut, the nut is provided with an
additional guide surface which significantly improves ratcheting
smoothness. More particularly, segment 47 is disposed adjacent but
not abutting the end of nut side D-E at a location approximately
60.degree. displaced from each of segments 43 and 45. I have found
that when, during ratcheting, there is relative rotation between
the wrench and nut about either of points X and Y, the apices of
the nut sweep out an area which does not overlap segment 47, and
consequently this segment does not interfere with the ratcheting
operation. Moreover, in the drive operation, should there be any
flexure of the wrench jaws, segment 47 serves as a backup drive
point and reduces the stresses on the wrench.
The remainder of the contour of interior surface 18, with one
exception, is made to conform to the area swept by the apices of
nut 20 when there is relative rotation between the nut and wrench
about points X and Y. In this manner smooth ratcheting action is
assured because alignment of the wrench and nut can be maintained.
This is very important in the case of cocked wrenches where handle
11 and head 13 are not coplanar. The one exception mentioned about
concerns the portion of surface 18 in the vicinity of pawl 30. In
the latter case the contour of the interior surface of the wrench
must be made to conform to the clearance requirements of the
pawl.
Viewing the ratcheting operation in FIG. 2, upon counterclockwise
rotation of the wrench handle 11 about either of points X or Y, the
wrench head 13 tends to rotate counterclockwise relative to nut 20.
Nut side A-B tends to push the pawl 30 toward the end of jaw 15
until such time as apex B is disposed clockwise of the pawl. At
this time the pawl is returned into abutting relation with
shoulders 21 and 23 and the nut is in a position to be driven; in
this new position however the nut is disposed 60.degree. clockwise
from the position illustrated in FIG. 2.
It is pertinent to pause here and consider the significance of the
embodiment described above. For one thing the position of a body
confined to a plane is determined by three points because there are
three degrees of freedom in that plane (two translational and one
rotational). By providing the three symmetrically disposed drive
points, approximately 120.degree. apart, I have provided the
minimum number of drive points to prevent the wrench from slipping
off the nut during the drive operation. By making only one of these
drive points movable and having the other two fixed, I have also
provided ratcheting with only one ratcheting element. I have thus
provided an open-end ratcheting wrench which holds the nut in the
optimum manner in view of the number of possible degrees of freedom
of motion and at the same time minimizing the number of moving
parts that permit ratcheting. Important in the ratcheting scheme is
the fact that the surfaces and apices of the nut itself are
employed to maintain wrench and nut alignment.
The positioning of pawl 30 on receiving jaw 15 bears some
consideration at this point. For one thing, it is noted that the
pawl pivot point (bore 25) is further back toward wrench handle 11
than is drive surface 53, so that in the drive position support
members 31 and 33, which abut shoulders 21 and 23 respectively, are
not perpendicular to nut surface A-B. Similarly, of course,
shoulders 31 and 33 are not perpendicular to nut surface A-B. There
are reasons for so placing the pivot point; more particularly the
further back (i.e., closer to the handle 11) the pivot point is
moved the smaller the angle through which pawl 30 must move in
order to provide clearance for apex B during ratcheting. Also
aiding to decrease the ratcheting angle for pawl 30 is the fact
that the pawl pivot point (bore 25) is proximate the outer surface
of jaw 15 and as far away from working member 29 as possible. There
are limitations to how far back the pivot may be moved. For example
if the pivot point is moved too far back toward handle 11, surface
35 will tend to slip off nut surface A-B during drive operation. On
the other hand if the pivot point is moved too far forward toward
the open end of the wrench, the pawl might tend to bind during
ratcheting. I have found that the angle between nut surface A-B and
shoulders 21 and 23 is optimized between 70.degree. and 80.degree.
for most purposes. For extremely clean smooth oily surfaces an
angle greater than 80.degree., but less than 90.degree., may be
used. For extremely dirty, dry or rough surfaces an angle of
70.degree. may be preferable to insure proper ratcheting.
Another important feature of the open-end ratchet wrench of FIGS. 1
and 2 is the fact that pawl 30 is placed under compression only
when nut 20 is tightened. It is important for the life and
reliability of the wrench that pawl 30 does not experience either
tension or torsion stresses during drive operation because the
latter stresses require substantially less applied force to produce
rupture of the pawl than does compressive stress.
In summary, some of the advantages of wrench 10 may be enumerated
as follows:
a. It grips the nut during drive operation at three drive points
spaced approximately 120.degree. apart, thereby placing
substantially less stress on the wrench jaws than is the case for
the conventional two-point drive in conventional open-end
wrenches;
b. It requires only a single ratcheting element;
c. The pawl experiences compressive forces only during tightening
operation;
d. It occupies no more space than that occupied by a conventional
open-end wrench;
e. Manufacture of the wrench is extremely simple because it can be
made with only three parts namely the wrench body including handle
11 and working head 13, pawl 30, and the retention spring 39.
It should be pointed out that the pawl 30 may be arranged to
contact surface A-B of the nut closer to apex A than is
illustrated, whereby even less stress would be experienced by the
wrench jaws during tightening; however, this makes the wrench more
cumbersome during ratcheting and would require enlarging jaw 15
somewhat.
For some applications it is desirable to have an open-end ratchet
wrench which requires no special actuator to permit the wrench jaws
to be inserted over the nut head from the side. In other
applications it is desirable that the nut be capable of being
driven from more than one position relative to the wrench jaws;
this means that the minimum ratcheting angle for the hexagonal nut
shown in FIG. 2 should be less than 60.degree.. An embodiment of
the present invention which encompasses both of these features is
illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawings and
employs two pawls of the type described above, arranged so that
each is in position to drive the nut in a respective one of two
drive positions of the nut relative to the wrench jaws. More
particularly, the open-end ratchet wrench 50 of FIGS. 3 and 4
includes a handle 51 and a working head 53, the latter being
characterized by opposed receiving jaws 55 and 57. The receiving
jaws circumscribe a central bore defined by interior surface 59
extending interiorily of working head 53 between extremities of
jaws 55 and 57. Interior surface 59 is contoured to permit nut 60
to be fixedly positioned thereagainst in two positions, namely the
position illustrated in FIG. 3 wherein parallel nut surfaces A-B
and D-E are substantially parallel to the direction in which
receiving jaws 75 and 57 extend, and the position illustrated in
FIG. 4 wherein nut 60 is rotated 30.degree. counterclockwise
relative to its position in FIG. 3. Interior surface 59, in order
to accommodate the nut in both of these positions, is segmented to
a greater degree than is interior surface 19 in FIG. 2 as described
in detail below.
The extreme end 63 of receiving jaw 55 is of substantially reduced
thickness relative to the remaining portion of working head 53, and
is separated therefrom by a pair of shoulders 65, only one of which
is illustrated and which are similar to shoulders 21 and 23 in FIG.
2. A pawl 70, substantially identical in configuration to pawl 30
of FIG. 2, is pivotally engaged to end portion 63 of receiving jaw
55 in the same manner as pawl 30 is engaged to end 19 of jaw 15 in
FIG. 2. Pawl 70 can thus be pivoted so as to be displaced along the
segment of interior surface 59 which is part of the end portion 63
of jaw 55. The pawl may thus be pushed away from interference with
nut 60 during ratcheting operation. A generally cylindrical
compartment 71 is located in jaw 55, closer to handle 51 than to
end 63 of jaw 55. A narrow passage 73 extends coaxially from
chamber 71 and terminates at working surface 59 slightly rearward
(to the left in FIG. 3) of end portion 63. A channel 75 is defined
in interior surface 59, extending from the terminus of passage 73
to the end of jaw 55.
A compression spring 77 is disposed in chamber 71 and has secured
thereto flexible wire element 79 which is secured to pawl 70 in a
manner similar to that by which wire section 41 is secured to pawl
30 in FIG. 2. Spring 77 thus normally retracts pawl 70 to the
position shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 whereby the pawl abuts shoulders
65. When biased against shoulders 65, pawl 70 has its working
surface 74 abutting nut surface A-B near apex A when nut 60 is
positioned as in FIG. 3.
A somewhat similar pawl arrangement is provided at jaw 57, however
not at the extreme end of jaw 57; rather, the section 81 of reduced
thickness at jaw 57 is isolated between the extreme end of jaw 57
and the remainder of the working head 53. A pawl 80 is configured
substantially the same as pawl 70 and is pivotable about a bore 83
formed transversely through jaw 57 at the forwardmost (to the right
in FIG. 3) portion of section 81 of jaw 77 and substantially
adjacent the outer surface of the jaw. A pair of shoulders 85
define the juncture between the extreme end portion of jaw 77 and
the jaw section 81 of reduced thickness. Pawl 80 is biased against
shoulders 85 by a compression spring 87 disposed in a chamber 89 in
working jaw 57 rearwardly of section 81.
Pawl 80 has its working surface 95 positioned in abutting
relationship with side D-E near apex D of nut 60 when the latter is
oriented as illustrated in FIG. 4.
The contour of interior surface 59 is arranged so that there are at
least two drive points for nut 60 in each of its two drive
positions, yet clearance for pawls 70 and 80 is provided so that
they do not interfere with the ratcheting operation. More
specifically, surface 59 is provided with a segment 101 which abuts
side D-E near apex D of nut 60 (when the latter is positioned as in
FIG. 3) at a point displaced from working surface 74 of pawl 70 by
approximately 180.degree.. To provide the second drive point when
nut 60 is positioned as illustrated in FIG. 4, interior surface 59
projects inwardly to contact side A-B of nut 60 near apex A. This
segment designated 103 in the drawings, provides contact with side
A-B across the thickness of the interior surface 59 of the wrench.
Contact segment 103 is spaced approximately 180.degree. from
working surface 95 of pawl 80 when the latter is in its drive
position.
The portion of working surface 59 extending between contact
segments 103 and 101 is divided into five toothlike projections,
spaced by 30.degree., the spaces between alternate projections
being arranged as illustrated to receive the apices of nut 60 in
each of its two drive positions.
The portion of interior surface 59 immediately clockwise of contact
segment 103 and counterclockwise of jaw end 63 is contoured to
provide clearance for the apices of nut 60 during ratcheting
(counterclockwise rotation of wrench 50) irrespective of which
projection the wrench is pivoted about. The segment of interior
surface 59 which coextends with end 63 of jaw 55 is contoured to
permit clearance for pawl 70 during ratcheting so that the pawl
does not interfere with the apices of the nut. Likewise the segment
of surface 59 which is counterclockwise of contact segment 101 is
contoured to permit clearance for the nut apices during ratcheting,
and is also recessed at 105 to receive pawl 80 during
ratcheting.
Operation of the wrench, with nut 60 positioned as in FIG. 3, is as
follows: to tighten the nut the wrench handle is rotated clockwise
whereupon working surface 74 of pawl 70 and contact segment 101 of
interior surface 59 provide the primary drive points. For
ratcheting operation the handle is rotated counterclockwise,
causing relative motion between working surface 59 and nut 20. More
specifically, as the relative rotation between nut and wrench
progresses, nut side D-E pushes pawl 80 into recess 105. After
30.degree. of ratcheting the nut will be in a drive position
similar to that of FIG. 4 and the pawls will return to their
spring-loaded position.
When the nut is positioned as in FIG. 4, the following operation is
possible: When the wrench is rotated clockwise, nut 60 is driven
primarily by contact segment 103 and working surface 95 of pawl 80.
In the ratcheting mode, nut side A-F displaces pawl 70 and neither
pawl interferes with the ratcheting operation.
Important to note with regard to wrench 50 is that the wrench may
be inserted over nut 60 from the side, without actuating either
pawl, so that the nut is positioned as illustrated in FIG. 3. This
is made possible as shown in FIG. 3 by the fact that the pawls 70,
80, when in their normal positions, are spaced by a distance which
is slightly greater than the distance between parallel sides of nut
60. This distance between the pawls can in fact be smaller than
this because, upon insertion of the nut, pawl 80 will be pushed
into recess 105 and thereby provide sufficient clearance to
complete the insertion.
The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, as described above,
does in fact permit nut insertion without a special actuator and
also permits 30.degree. ratcheting. However it achieves these
features with two ratcheting elements and by utilizing only two
primary drive points. The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 5-10,
while requiring an actuator for nut insertion, has a 30.degree.
ratcheting capability and three-point drive with only one
ratcheting element. More specifically, and referring now to FIGS.
5-10 of the accompanying drawings, a wrench 110 comprises a handle
111 and working head 113. The working head comprises two receiving
jaws 115 and 117 which circumscribe a working area therebetween,
bounded by interior surface 119 extending between extremities of
the two jaws.
The forwardmost (to the right in FIG. 5) section 121 of jaw 115 is
of reduced thickness from that of the rest of working head 113,
there being a pair of shoulders 123 (only one illustrated) on
either side of section 121 defining the juncture between that
section and the rest of the working head. Section 121 is provided
with a slot 125 disposed in accordance with considerations to be
described in detail below.
A pawl member 130 includes a pair of opposed sidewalls 131, 132
each having one edge 133 configured to substantially match the
contour of shoulders 123. A second edge 134 of sidewalls 131, 132
intersects edge 133 at an apex point and is configured to
substantially match the configuration of the outer edge 129 of jaw
section 121; however, it should be noted that edge 134 is longer
than edge 129 so that the former may be viewed as an extended
version of the latter. A third edge 136 of sidewalls 131 and 132
joins edges 133 and 134 and is configured in accordance with
considerations to be described below.
Joining sidewalls 131 and 132 in precise alignment and extending
therebetween are spaced working members 135 and 137, each having a
working surface which is coplanar with a respective portion of edge
136 of sidewalls 131, 132. The spacing between sidewalls 131, 132
afforded by working members 135 and 137 is sufficient to permit
section 121 of wrench jaw 115 to be inserted between the pawl
sidewalls so that edges 133 and 134 of the sidewalls are in precise
registration with shoulders 123 and surface 129 respectively of the
wrench.
The pawl 130 is secured to the wrench body by means of a pin 143
extending through slot 125 and through aligned transverse holes
141, 142 defined through sidewalls 131, 132 respectively. Pin 143,
combined with slot 125, provides pawl 130 with the capability of
both rotational (about the pin) and translational (along the slot)
motion relative to wrench jaw 115.
A compression spring 145, inserted in a compartment 147 provided in
handle 111, has extending therefrom a wire 149. The latter passes
through a passage 151 which is defined through the wrench body and
terminates at that portion of interior surface 119 which is part of
jaw section 121. The end of wire 149 which extends through passage
151 terminates in a loop 153 which is of sufficiently large
diameter to prevent the loop from being drawn into passage 149.
Loop 153 receives pin 155 which also passes through aligned
transverse holes 157, 159 defined through sidewalls 131, 132
respectively. Holes 157, 159 are slightly more rearward and closer
to the axis of handle 111 than are holes 141, 142.
An actuator arm 161 is pivotally mounted at one end on handle 111
at pivot point 163. Secured to actuator arm 161 at a point
displaced from pivot point 163 is a linkage member 165 which
connects the pivot arm to spring 145. When actuator arm 161 is in
the position indicated by the solid lines in FIG. 5, spring 145 is
placed in tension so that loop 153 is retracted against interior
surface 119. In this condition the pawl 130 is in its drive
position relative to the wrench head as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and
9.
If actuator arm 161 is now pivoted counterclockwise to the position
illustrated by the dashed lines in FIG. 5, spring 145 is compressed
and loop 153 is extended to its position illustrated by dashed
lines in FIG. 5. In this condition pawl 130 is extended to its open
position as illustrated in FIG. 10.
The contour of edge 135 of pawl 130 includes a first surface S1
which is coextensive with a portion of the bottom edge of forward
working member 135 and therefore extends rearwardly from pawl edge
134. With the pawl in its drive position and a nut 100, having
apices A, B, C, D, E and F, arranged in counterclockwise sequence,
positioned as illustrated in FIG. 8, surface S1 is parallel to and
abuts nut side A-B adjacent apex B. A second surface S2,
coextensive with a portion of the bottom edge of rearward working
member 137, is coplanar with surface S1 and abuts nut surface A-B
adjacent apex A. Between surfaces A and B edge 136 forms a recess
comprising two edge sections intersecting at an angle of
120.degree.. This recess is adapted to receive an apex (for
example, apex A) of nut 100 when the latter is positioned in its
second drive position as illustrated in FIG. 9. Rearwardly of
surface S2 the pawl edge 136 is configured to avoid interference
with the area of the path swept by nut 100 during ratcheting about
even the most disadvantageous pivot point, which, it turns out, is
point Z, the terminus of interior surface 119 at the end of jaw
117.
Interior surface 119, in its portion coextensive with jaw 117,
comprises a series of five toothlike projections, including that
whose apex is point Z, spaced 30.degree. apart. The recessions
between these projections are formed by two surfaces, intersecting
at a 120.degree. angle, so that each sequence of alternate
recessions receives respective sequential apices of nut 100 in a
respective one of the wrench drive positions.
In the vicinity of jaw 115, interior surface 119 is contoured to
permit clearance between jaw section 121 and rearward working
member 137. In this regard, the uppermost portion of the contour of
interior surface 119 is seen to be curved so that the pawl 130 may
be moved from its drive position (FIGS. 8, 9) to its open position
without frictional engagement between the upper surface of rearward
working member 137 and the interior wrench surface 119. Proceeding
clockwise from this uppermost portion of its contour, surface 119
curves back down toward forward working member 135 so as to contact
the upper surface of the latter at region P. Still proceeding
clockwise, surface 119 curves up and away from region P and working
member 135 until terminating at the end of jaw 115.
The contours of interior surface 119 and the upper surface of
working member 135 at their region of contact are of crucial
importance. This is best appreciated from an operational
description of the wrench. More specifically, and referring to FIG.
8, there are three driving points for nut 100 with the nut in the
illustrated position. These are:
a. Surface S1 of the pawl which contacts nut side A-B adjacent apex
B;
b. Surface segment 171, a defining surface of one of the toothlike
projections from interior surface 119, which abuts nut side E-F
adjacent apex F at a point displaced approximately 120.degree.
counterclockwise from drive point (a) above; and
c. Surface segment 173, the segment extending immediately clockwise
from point Z, which abuts nut side C-D adjacent apex D at a point
approximately 120.degree. displaced from each of drive points (a)
and (b) above.
When the wrench is rotated clockwise from its position in FIG. 8, a
clockwise torque is applied to the nut by surface segments 171 and
173 from jaw 117. The torque applied by surface S1 is received from
jaw 115 via jaw section 121 and forward working member 135. Thus it
is region P at which jaw 115 transmits forces to pawl 130 for this
position of nut 100. It is important that the upper surface of
member 135 be contoured so that it does not slide to the right
relative to region P; for if such were to occur, the pawl would
move relative to nut 100 and would be unable to drive the nut.
Let us now examine the ratchet operation, initiated with the nut
positioned as in FIG. 8. As the wrench is rotated counterclockwise,
nut side A-B at apex A tends to push working member 137 upward and
to the right. Upward movement is restricted somewhat but not
entirely by pin 143 abutting the upper wall of slot 125. Upward
movement of member 135 is restricted by contact region P. As a
consequence the net movement is part rotational, part translational
whereby the upper surface of forward working member 135 rides
clockwise along the contour of interior surface 119 and the upper
surface of rearward working member 137 moves clockwise toward the
uppermost point in the contour of interior surface 119. This motion
continues, with nut apex A progressing clockwise along surface S2
until it reaches the clockwise end thereof, at which time the pawl
is retracted by spring 147 and apex A resides in the recess defined
in edge surface 136 between surfaces S1 and S2. This new position
of the nut corresponds to the second drive position illustrated in
FIG. 9.
An important aspect of the above-described ratcheting sequence is
that the rearward section of the upper surface of forward working
member 135 must be contoured to permit that member to slide
clockwise along interior surface 119. It is noted that it was
precisely this motion which must be prevented during a drive
operation, as discussed above. Consequently the relative contours
of the upper surface of member 135 and the interior surface 119 to
the right of region P must be optimized against these
counterbalancing considerations. Obviously the coefficient of
friction of the material employed comes into play here, so that the
optimum angle will vary. In general, the following analysis will be
helpful: If we imagine a circle, centered at point Z (the worst
case pivot point) and having a radius extending to region P,
surface 119 must make a positive angle with the tangent to that
circle at P in order to prevent binding between member 135 and the
wrench during ratcheting; the greater this angle, the less the
tendency to bind; however if this angle is too great, member 135
will slip during drive operation.
Referring now specifically to FIG. 9 and the position of the nut
therein, there are two primary drive points, namely:
a. Surface 177 in the recess of pawl edge 136 which abuts nut side
A-F adjacent apex A; and
b. Surface 179, comprising the edge of one of the toothlike
projections in surface 119 disposed 30.degree. counterclockwise of
surface 173, which abuts nut surface C-D adjacent apex D at a point
displaced approximately 180.degree. from drive point (a).
In this case, surface 179 receives its driving force directly from
jaw 117 of which it is a part; surface 177 receives the force
transmitted to pawl 130 by jaw 115 at shoulder 123.
To ratchet from the position illustrated in FIG. 9, the wrench is
again rotated counterclockwise. In this case apex A of the nut
tends to push forward working member 135 to the right of jaw
section 121 and at the same time slides clockwise along the recess
in pawl edge surface 136. Upon clearing the recess apex A no longer
pushes the pawl, and the latter is retracted back towards the drive
position illustrated in FIG. 8. Here, the major consideration to be
kept in mind is that pawl edges 133 must not bind against shoulders
123 and sufficient clearance must be provided in this region.
One consideration which bears mentioning is that the retraction
force exerted by spring 145 on the pawl should be directed
substantially in the direction of slot 125 so that the spring does
not exert a rotational force on the pawl. Such rotational force
could cause the pawl to bind on the wrench jaw in region P. In
other words if the retracting force of the spring tended to rotate
the pawl clockwise, the angle between surface 119 at point P and
the tangent to the imaginary circle, centered at point Z and
extending to P, would be reduced.
On the other hand, the extension force applied by the spring when
placing the pawl in its open position should have a slight
counterclockwise component in order to initially raise the rear end
and lower the forward end of the pawl. This permits member 135 to
readily clear the wrench jaw.
The direction of the forces applied by spring 145 can be readily
controlled by properly orienting passage 151 relative to slot
125.
While I have described and illustrated specific embodiments of my
invention, it will be clear that variations of the details of
construction which are specifically illustrated and described may
be resorted to without departing from the true spirit and scope of
the invention as defined in the appended claims.
* * * * *