U.S. patent number 3,640,090 [Application Number 05/042,972] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-08 for cold-heat recovery for air conditioning.
This patent grant is currently assigned to American Standard Inc.. Invention is credited to Roland A. Ares.
United States Patent |
3,640,090 |
Ares |
February 8, 1972 |
COLD-HEAT RECOVERY FOR AIR CONDITIONING
Abstract
A cold air replenishment unit for an enclosed building space
comprising a purge air system, a replenish air system, a heat pipe
assembly spanning the two systems to simultaneously provide
cold-heat potential transfer from the purge air to the replenish
air, a mechanical refrigeration system comprising the commonly
known cycle components, having an air-over fin tube evaporator
located downstream of the replenish air heat pipe section, and
having an air-over fin tube condenser located upstream of the purge
air heat pipe section, all systems jointly forming a cold-heat
recovery apparatus.
Inventors: |
Ares; Roland A. (Wilmington,
NC) |
Assignee: |
American Standard Inc. (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
21924753 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/042,972 |
Filed: |
June 3, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/436; 62/513;
165/104.26 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28D
15/0275 (20130101); F28D 15/0283 (20130101); F28D
15/04 (20130101); F24F 1/022 (20130101); F24F
12/002 (20130101); Y02B 30/56 (20130101); Y02B
30/563 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F24F
12/00 (20060101); F28D 15/04 (20060101); F24F
1/02 (20060101); F25d 017/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/119,259,406,305,434,513,507,305,436 ;165/106,105,58,59 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Article entitled "The Heat Pipe" in Mechanical Engineering-Feb.
1967, pp. 30-32, Authors Feldman and Whiting..
|
Primary Examiner: Perlin; Meyer
Claims
I claim:
1. In a cold air replenishment unit for an enclosed cold storage
space comprising a first duct for withdrawing stale air from the
space; a second duct for supplying fresh air to the space; and a
refrigerating machine comprising a refrigerant condenser in the
first duct, and a refrigerant evaporator in the second duct: the
improvement comprising sealed container means spanning the two
ducts to exchange heat with both duct airstreams; said container
means containing a heat transfer liquid that undergoes condensation
due to thermal contact with the outgoing stale air and vaporization
due to thermal contact with the incoming fresh air; said container
means having the portion thereof spanning the first duct located
upstream from the condenser; said container means having the
portion thereof spanning the second duct located upstream from the
evaporator.
2. The unit of claim 1 wherein the two ducts are parallel and
adjacent one another; said ducts having a common divider wall, and
said sealed container means comprising hollow pipes extending
through said common wall normal to the duct axis.
3. The unit of claim 2 wherein the two ducts are horizontal ducts
arranged in a common horizontal plane; said hollow pipes extending
horizontally crosswise of the ducts; each pipe having a wick lining
for capillary pumping of condensed liquid longitudinally along the
pipe.
4. The unit of claim 3 wherein the inlet for the first duct and the
outlet for the second duct are in a common plane for connection
with the building through a common opening.
5. The unit of claim 1 wherein the two ducts are parallel and
adjacent one another, said ducts having their respective inlets and
outlets at opposite ends of the unit so that the duct streams flow
countercurrent to one another.
6. The unit of claim 1 wherein the unit is arranged for rooftop
mounting on the building; the two ducts extending parallel and
adjacent one another in counterflow relation so that the inlet for
the first duct and the outlet for the second duct are in a common
vertical plane; said unit being connected to the building via two
elbow ducts arranged between the roof and respective ones of the
aforementioned inlet and outlet.
7. The unit of claim 1 wherein the enclosed building space takes
the form of a cold space for storing perishable commodities at
temperatures below about 30.degree. F.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the invention is concerned primarily with large volume
cold storage warehouses, wherein itinerant stored produce or
produces are material-handled by means of manually operated
forklift trucks. Such material handling equipment during constant
operation produce carbon monoxide exhaust byproducts which
contaminate the warehouse air, thereby posing a danger to both
operators working within the enclosures and to certain aspirating
produce, say apples.
Also within the field of the invention are large produce ripening
rooms such as tomato repack storage vaults. These require an
atmosphere of ethylene gas for ripening prior to market
preparation, and which require air purging.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
The invention is particularly applicable as a makeup air unit for
use, but not necessarily limited as such, within the
prior-explained intended field of use. The cold-heat recovery
mechanism of the present invention provides for the contaminated
enclosure cold air heat potential recovery, plus the added
utilization of the contaminated purge air and replenish air
electromechanically induced airstreams for further supplementary
refrigeration effect, this effect being required to return
replenishing air to the enclosure at the same approximate
temperature as the outgoing purge air temperature.
THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a cold air replenishment unit
embodying the invention.
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the FIG. 1 unit.
FIG. 3 illustrates a charging apparatus for heat pipes unit in the
FIG. 1 embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a chart depicting the performance of a refrigeration
machine used in the FIG. 1 unit.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a cold air replenishment unit comprising a
rectangular casing 10 having a top wall 12, sidewalls 14 and 16,
bottom wall 18, and end walls 20 and 22. The unit as shown in FIG.
2 is mounted on the rooftop 24 of a building which may be a cold
storage warehouse, but not necessarily limited to such structures,
or other structure requiring both a periodic (or continuous)
replacement and purge of its room air with fresh air replenishment,
at a temperature below the prevailing outdoor ambient temperature
and near equivalent to the purged air temperature.
Unit 10 is subdivided by a longitudinal partition 26 into a purge
exhaust air passage 28 and a replenish air supply passage 13. A fan
(propeller or otherwise) 32, driven by an electric motor 34, draws
air out of the building through a duct elbow 36 that connects with
a duct opening in the building roof. When the building is a cold
storage warehouse the temperature of the air to be purged may be as
high as + 30.degree. F. or as low as - 20.degree. F., depending on
the product storage requirement of the warehouse. The purge air of
the warehouse, at an illustrative temperature of say 30.degree. F.
is drawn by fan 32 rightwardly through section 40a of the
transversely extending heat pipe or sealed container assembly 40.
As this cold purge air flows across the heat pipe assembly it
causes condensation of a volatile saturated gas element contained
internally in each parallel bank pipe of assembly 40, thus
abstracting coolness from the purge air and raising the heat pipe
assembly leaving-air temperature to a high value such as 60.degree.
F. The 60.degree. air is impelled by fan 32 through a conventional
finned condenser coil 42 which forms part of a mechanical
refrigeration system. The 60.degree. air flows across the condenser
coil finned surface and out of the unit through an outlet opening
44 in the unit top wall 12 (or thereabouts), thereby condensing
refrigerant flowing through condenser coil 42; the outlet air
temperature may be on the order of 97.degree. F. when the
refrigerating system is operating, all in the same manner as
commonly known air cooled condensing units operate.
Replenish air passage 30 comprises an inlet opening 46 in end wall
22. Flow through the passage or duct is established by a
conventional fan (centrifugal or otherwise) 48 which is belt-driven
or direct-driven by an electric motor (not shown). The fan
discharges into a flaring transition duct 50 leading to section 40b
of the heat pipe assembly 40. It will be seen from FIG. 1 that
pipes 40 are of sufficient length to span both ducts 28 and 30,
i.e., the entire space between sidewalls 14 and 16. Thus, the heat
pipes enjoy complete thermal contact with both necessary system
airstreams, thus allowing for its performance of cold-heat transfer
plus preconditioning its resultant oppositely flowing
airstreams.
The incoming replenish air in duct 30 will in many cases be at a
comparatively high temperature, for example averaging 85.degree. F.
This high temperature air flows across the heat pipes and causes
evaporation of the volatile cold potential liquid in the heat
pipes, thereby conductively cooling this air to a lower
temperature, for example 60.degree. F. The 60.degree. F. air flows
through a conventional refrigerant evaporator coil 50 which is
refrigerant cycle-connected with condenser 42 and an
interconnecting refrigeration compressor, not shown. The compressor
may be located upstream of coil 42, below outlet 44 or in a
compartment 43 on the unit top wall 12, or in any event, in close
proximity to this cold-heat recovery apparatus. In operation, the
compressor conduit transmits hot-compressed refrigerant gas
(containing both the heat of compression and low side 50 extracted
heat) to condenser coil 42 which is cooled by the duct 28 airstream
to effect change of state condensation of the refrigerant.
Condensed refrigerant is transmitted through a liquid line and then
directly fed to a restriction (e.g., capillary tube) to the
evaporator 50 where it is vaporized by the duct 30 airstream.
Vaporized refrigerant is returned to the compressor for recycle.
The aforegiven description of the refrigerant cycle operation is
brief and intended so for such U.S. Pat. No. 2,445,527 to Hirsch
and U.S. Pat. No. 2,511,127 to Phillip show the art detail of such
commonly known refrigeration systems. The resultant cooled
replenish air flowing off of the fins on evaporator 50 is directed
through an outlet 52 into an elbow passage 54 that communicates
with an opening in the building roof. Suitable duct work within the
building (not shown) is acceptable to distribute the cold replenish
air to different areas of the building as required.
At the same time suitable purge air is drawn from the building at
near to equal volumetric flow rate as the replenish makeup air,
thus providing needed enclosure (building) air change rate and
satisfactory air pressure balance in the building. The replenish
makeup airflow may be greater than or equal to the purge airflow,
since some enclosure air leakage may be expected to occur through
various normal openings, etc. In a typical installation the airflow
through each duct 28 or 30 might be about 1,000 c.f.m. Each duct
might have a cross-sectional area of about 2 square feet to provide
a linear flow rate of about 500 ft./min., but understanding that
these air values and duct sizes will vary as to the applications
and requirement, they are not limited therein but only typical in
nature.
HEAT PIPE 40 (SEALED CONTAINERS)
FIG. 2 shows three rows of heat pipes, each row containing seven
pipes. In practice a greater number of pipes would probably be
required, depending on the heat load, airflow, and refrigerating or
heating effect to be produced by the heat pipes. In most cases it
is preferred to provide extended heat transfer surface in each
airstream, as by means of the illustrated plate-type fins 38
extending parallel to the duct axes. Such fins would be provided
for the full length of the heat pipe assembly.
Each heat pipe may be formed as shown and described in U.S. Pat.
No. 2,350,348 issued to R. S. Gaugler. As shown in FIG. 1, an
individual heat pipe comprises a sealed container in the form of an
elongated cylindrical tube 56. The plate-type fins 38 are secured
on the tube outer surface by the usual flangelike collars 39. Each
heat pipe is preferably lined with capillary wick material 58 for
its full length. As described in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No.
2,350,348, the wick material may be porous sintered metal bonded to
the interior surface of the tube, for example as a part of the
sintering operation. Various other methods of retaining the
capillary lining in the tube may be employed, as described for
example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,095,255 to J. F. D. Smith or U.S. Pat.
No. 3,460,612 to E. I. Valyi. As before mentioned, each pipe or
tube is charged with a volatile liquid which undergoes condensation
in pipe area 40a and vaporization in pipe area 40b.
FIG. 3 illustrates an apparatus for charging each tube 56 prior to
installation of the heat pipe assembly into casing 10. As shown in
FIG. 3, the tube may be closed at its left end by means of a
conventional cap 60. The right end of the tube may have inserted
therein a cap 62 having a capillary filler tube 64 projecting
therethrough. The apparatus designated by numeral 66 is used
initially to evacuate pipe 56, and to then introduce volatile
liquid from fluid source 68 into pipe 56.
The apparatus comprises a stationary cylinder 70 having a movable
piston 72 slidable therein to alternately compress and relax an
O-ring seal element 74. In operation, compressed air from a source,
not shown, may be introduced through a fitting 78 to chamber 76,
thereby moving cylinder 72 leftwardly to compress the O-ring 74 and
produce an inward radial motion of the seal element against the
outer surface of tube 64. With the passage structure thus sealed,
the vacuum pump 80 may be operated to evacuate the interior of pipe
56 through passage 82 and selector valve 84. Upon establishment of
a suitable low pressure in tube 56 the selector valve 84 may be
rotated to the dotted line position wherein pipe 56 communicates
with fluid source 68. The vacuum in pipe 56 then draws fluid from
source 68 into the pipe 56 interior. Valve 84 is maintained in the
fluid-charging mode for a sufficient time period calculated in
accordance with the thickness and length of porous lining 58.
Normally the charging time will be chosen so that sufficient liquid
is charged into pipe 56 to completely saturate lining 58 without
substantially supersaturating the lining. A slight liquid excess is
not fatal to performance. After tube 56 is charged a suitable pinch
clamp (not shown) may be closed on tube 64 to seal the unit, after
which valve 84 may be turned to its full line position, and the air
pressure vented from space 76 by valve means, not shown; this
allows spring 86 to move piston 72 rightwardly for relaxing O-ring
74 to permit insertion of the next heat pipe unit into the
apparatus.
The various heat pipes 40 may be evacuated and charged together in
a single fixture which includes duplicates of apparatus 66;
alternately the various heat pipes may be evacuated and charged in
successive operations, using a single apparatus 66 or a single row
of such apparatus.
HEAT PIPE OPERATION
Heat pipe operation is generally similar to the operation described
in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 2,350,348. Heat pipe areas 40a
within duct 28 are subjected to 30.degree. air, while heat pipe
areas 40b in duct 30 are subjected to higher temperature air, for
example 60.degree. F. The cold airstream in duct 28 causes the
liquid in the pipe 40a interior lining 58 to be condensed, while
the hotter airstream in duct 30 causes the condensed liquid in the
40b interior lining 58 to be evaporated. A suitable tube charging
liquid is selected that will provide an intended economic
temperature conductance between 30.degree. and 60.degree. under the
pressure chosen for the tube 56 chamber.
Each heat pipe has a central space 61 which allows vapor from
section 40b to move longitudinally into section 40a; meanwhile the
capillary porous lining 58 functions to pump condensed liquid from
section 40a into section 40b. The overall operation involves a
cyclic mass transfer and heat transfer between section 40a and
section 40b.
Preferably the heat pipes 40 are arranged with their axis
substantially horizontal or slightly pitched so that section 40a is
slightly elevated above pipe section 40b, the purpose being to
enable gravitational forces to assist or at least not interfere
with capillary flow of liquid from section 40a to section 40b.
However this preferred pitching, as I understand, is not of
significant importance in the heat pipe theory of acceptable
performance.
OPERATION OF THE REFRIGERATION MACHINE
FIG. 4 illustrates in chart form the general operation of a
refrigeration machine having a condenser 42 and evaporator 50.
Compressor operation involves the adiabatic compression of
refrigerant vapor from condition C along line C-D. Refrigerant
condensation in condenser 42 involves the isothermal condensation
of super-cooled refrigerant along line D-A. The usual restrictor
(capillary tube or expansion valve) is interposed between condenser
42 and evaporator 50 so that evaporation of refrigerant occurs
adiabatically along line A-B; line A-B measures the useful cooling
produced by the evaporator. Efficiency of the refrigeration cycle
is improved by super-cooling the refrigerant in the condenser but,
more beneficially by the reduction of the compression and resultant
condensing energy requirement thus producing line C'-D'. The
super-cooling causes line D-A to be displaced leftwardly, thereby
somewhat increasing the length of useful cooling line A-B. The
lower condenser coil entry (purge) air temperature reduces the
compressor input power requirement (compressor size) to line B-C'
and results in a lowering of the condenser coil work load and
relevant size to line C'-D'. The added effect of the heat pipe onto
intended replenish airstream can be diagrammatically illustrated in
relative respect, by the h BTU/lb. increase by line A-A'.
In the arrangement of FIGS. 1 and 2 the air supplied to condenser
42 is at a relatively low temperature, for example 60.degree. F.,
so that condenser 42 is able to achieve more super-cooling of the
refrigerant and require less work effect than if the air were
supplied at a higher temperature, for example 85.degree. F. The
cooling of the air in duct 30 by heat pipes 40 reduces the heat
load on coil 50 and thus decreases the mass refrigerant flow
requirements through the evaporator, thereby appreciably reducing
the operating costs and refrigerant cycle component sizes for
compressor operation. In a typical installation it is estimated
that operational savings might be on the order of 50 percent of the
cost based on units wherein heat pipes 40 supplemental to
mechanical refrigeration are not employed. It is an apparatus that
not only recovers the potential cold content of the purged
contaminated air but, by using the same air moving devices normally
needed for air purge and replenish, also transfers or uses the cold
content in the incoming airstream and the crossflow-arranged
refrigeration coils.
DIFFERENTIATION OVER PRIOR PRACTICE
The described apparatus in operation differs from known methods of
enclosure air purge and replenish primarily in the respect that it
returns makeup air at relatively the same temperature as purged.
Known conventional methods of accommodating contaminated air purge
is by thermowheel equipment, having porous rotating cell(s) that
embrace the two air systems, having mechanical seals and subject to
air bypass. The thermowheel, requiring a deep cell or banks of
in-parallel cells for effective heat recovery at large .DELTA.t,
does not lend itself in practical nature to low-refrigerated
enclosure temperature use. Also, the thermowheel can never return
replenish air at the same or even near same dehumidified air
temperature as the enclosure purge air exhausted. The introduction
of nondehumidified replenished air can cause psychrometric
vaporization within the enclosure, in the form of frost vapor, in
excess, can cause stalactite formation within the enclosure, but
also can sanitarily affect the stored product, say beef, by causing
sliming or bacteria formation. The thermowheel's intent is for air
conditioned or heated enclosure use whereas this invention is an
apparatus intended for refrigeration use.
There are no known devices that this invention parallels or
duplicates in its intended use or scope.
UNIT ORIENTATION
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, casing 10 is disposed on the roof top of
the building or enclosure so that elbow ducts 36 and 54 are both
located at the same end of the casing. This arrangement may have
some advantage in reducing erection costs because a single large
opening in the roof top can then be used to contain the duct work
which connects with the two elbows 36 and 54. Normally a curb
structure or framework must be formed for each duct elbow which
enters the building; the cost of a single subdivided curb structure
is probably somewhat less than the cost of two separate curb
structures located at opposite ends of the casing.
It is not essential that the unit be rooftop mounted. For example,
casing 10 can be mounted on a slab outside the building, in which
event the inlet 37 for duct 28 and the outlet 52 for duct 30 can
connect with the building through a common subdivided opening. The
unit can also be mounted in the building or enclosure, in which
event outlet 44 for duct 28 and inlet 46 for duct 30 would connect
with a common subdivided opening in the building wall; duct 44
might in that case be located in end wall 22.
The illustrated unit 10 is a cool-only unit wherein duct 30
supplies only cool replenish air to the building. The unit 10 can
be made as a heat-cool unit by substituting a reversible heat pump
refrigeration machine for the described machine. In that event
coils 50 and 42 would function both as evaporators and as
condensers. During regular cycle operation, coil 50 would function
as an evaporator while coil 42 would function as a condenser.
During reverse cycle operation, coil 42 would function as an
evaporator and coil 50 would function as a condenser; a refrigerant
flow reversing valve would of course be used to enable the two
coils to perform the dual evaporation-condenser functions. During
reverse cycle operations, supplemental heat could be added to the
duct 30 airstream by a conventional gas-fired heater or oil-fired
heater. Such a reverse cycle unit operation could be used, but not
limited to, say banana ripening vaults.
Heat pipes 40 are able to reversibly transfer heat, either from
duct 28 to duct 30 or from duct 30 to duct 28, depending on the
prevailing temperatures in the two ducts. Therefore heat pipes 40
are adapted to summertime operation or wintertime operation without
adjustment or structural change.
* * * * *