U.S. patent number 3,638,720 [Application Number 04/762,050] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-01 for method and apparatus for producing oil from underwater wells.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Ocean Systems, Inc.. Invention is credited to John P. Thomas.
United States Patent |
3,638,720 |
Thomas |
February 1, 1972 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING OIL FROM UNDERWATER WELLS
Abstract
A buoyant capsule for producing oil from a plurality of
underwater wells, the buoyant capsule being held in submerged
position by conduit means anchored in the floor of the body of
water which permit controlled lateral movement of the capsule
resulting from wave action. The pressure within the capsule is
regulated to maintain an ambient environment, and means are
provided within the capsule for compounding a nonexplosive,
noncombustible gas mixture conductive to human operation.
Inventors: |
Thomas; John P. (Brooklyn,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Ocean Systems, Inc.
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25063968 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/762,050 |
Filed: |
September 24, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/350; 166/357;
175/6; 166/337; 166/366 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/017 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/00 (20060101); E21B 43/017 (20060101); E21b
007/12 (); E21b 043/01 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/.5,.6 ;175/5-9
;61/46.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Purser; Ernest R.
Claims
I claim:
1. Apparatus for producing oil from a plurality of deep underwater
wells comprising:
a. a buoyant capsule held underwater in a substantially fixed
vertical position, the depth of said buoyant capsule below the
water surface being determined by the wave force contemplated,
surface hazards, and the pressure required of a gas mixture
conducive to human operations and which is noncombustible and free
of explosive hazards,
b. conduit means inclined relative to the vertical and operatively
connected at their upper ends to said capsule and anchored at their
lower ends in the floor of the body of water, said conduit means
being in tension due to the buoyancy of said capsule and serving
simultaneously to hold said capsule in said submerged position and
to permit controlled lateral movement of said capsule resulting
from wave action, said conduit means serving also to transfer fluid
from each of said wells to the capsule,
c. a plurality of wellheads within the capsule and connected to
said conduit means,
d. means for regulating the pressure within the capsule to maintain
an ambient environment, and
e. means within said capsule for compounding a nonexplosive,
noncombustible gas mixture conducive to human operation.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the capsule has a
plurality of apertures disposed about the periphery thereof to
provide access for advancing said conduit means through the
interior of the capsule, upper and lower guide means attached to
the capsule about the apertures for guiding the advancement of each
conduit means through the capsule into the ground, coupling means
mounted with the capsule, said coupling means interconnecting the
upper and lower guide means to prevent entrance of water into the
capsule, means for locking each conduit means to said lower guide
means after each conduit means has been advanced into the ground,
and means for sealing said upper and lower guide means for
preventing entry of water into said capsule when said coupling
means is open.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said capsule further
includes means for separating sediment, gas and water from the oil
produced, said separating means being connected to said
wellhead.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3, further including additional
conduit means communicating between the capsule and the ground for
the injection of secondary recovery fluids.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further including a removable
drilling structure, said structure being connected to said capsule
such that relative motion therebetween is prevented, said drilling
structure including a rotating drill table and derrick.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said drill table is
located approximately at the apex of said conduit means thereby
permitting drilling of a plurality of wells from essentially the
same drill rig location.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said drilling structure
has a base, and further including separate means for controlling
the buoyancy of said base.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said capsule is divided
into a plurality of watertight compartments each of which contains
one or more wellheads, said capsule further including separate vent
means for venting gases externally of the capsule and a bursting
member for relieving excess pressure from any compartment without
affecting the operation of the remaining compartments.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the capsule includes a
storage compartment for the collection of the oil produced, said
oil being stored at ambient pressures.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, further including a marine
terminal tanker mooring and loading system connected to said
capsule, and pumping means within the capsule for discharging oil
from the storage compartment into the tanker mooring and loading
system.
Description
This invention relates to oil production from underwater oil
fields, commonly known in the art as offshore oil production.
The conventional methods of producing oil from offshore locations
involve either the installation of underwater pipelines from each
well to the shore when the production is within a few miles off
shore, or the construction of production platforms supported from
the ground beneath the water and extending above the surface
thereof. In some instances, particularly when the underwater field
is far offshore, oil production platforms are used to collect the
oil from the underwater wells and then pump it into a pipeline
communicating with the shore. In other instances, production
platforms which include associated storage facilities are used to
collect, separate the waste products from the oil and store the oil
until it is either pumped into a pipeline or transferred to a
tanker.
The present offshore oil production systems are complex and
expensive, particularly when the wells are located 150 feet or more
below the surface. In cases where production platforms are
utilized, they must be designed to support the substantial weights
of the huge structures which usually provide not only for oil
storage but in addition, for living quarters for personnel as well
as for separation equipment, pumping equipment and various
mechanical handling equipment. The platform structures must also be
designed to withstand the forces of the most severe ocean storms.
These factors require the platforms to employ extremely heavy
structural sections, resulting in substantial material, fabrication
and installation costs. The platforms are still vulnerable to
damage by surface marine traffic as well as by storms, and numerous
cases of complete loss of the structures as well as of substantial
damage thereto have already been recorded.
Several additional problems of a major nature are associated with
the use of offshore production platforms. Since many production
platforms are designed to handle the production from 20 or more
wells concurrently, a significant time delay in beginning
production from any of the wells is usually required until after
the drilling of many wells has been completed from the same
platform. The reason for this is that it ordinarily is extremely
hazardous to produce oil from previously drilled wells from a given
platform concurrently with the drilling of new wells from the same
platform because of the possibility of fires or explosions. The
magnitude of this delay in production can be substantial, resulting
in a serious loss of revenue. For example, if a typical well
requires 1 month of drilling time, a platform equipped to produce
oil from 20 wells would usually delay production from any of the
wells for a period of as much as 2 years.
Another major difficulty is that many areas of the country consider
offshore platforms unsightly in appearance as well as a hazard to
marine navigation, and have accordingly passed legislation which
greatly restricts the number of such platforms permissible within
view of the shore. The effect of the restrictions is that only the
most productive oil fields are placed into production; frequently,
many small oil fields with known reserves are left untapped. This
is particularly prevalent when the smaller fields are relatively
far offshore or in relatively deep water.
Still another major problem in the systems of the prior art using
production platforms and or pipelines, with wellheads at the bottom
of the body of water is that the systems are substantially limited
to the range of depths corresponding to present diving
capabilities. The reason for this is that it is usually necessary,
even in totally automated production systems, to require divers to
perform maintenance and repair functions at the wellhead site at
the bottom of the body of water. Thus, although oil may exist in
substantial quantities at deep levels, for example, 2,000 feet or
more, present systems are economically incapable of producing the
oil.
Finally, the present underwater completion systems are complex as
well as expensive in cost and installation. The reason for this is
that present wellheads located adjacent to the ground beneath the
water must provide for maintenance over the producing life of the
well. The wells are presently maintained and serviced from
locations remote from the well which in turn requires extremely
complex and expensive wellheads and associated equipment.
An object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for
producing oil from underwater oil fields which does not require the
use of surface production platforms.
Another object is to provide an offshore production method and
apparatus which does not require the use of flow lines from each
well to the shore.
A further object is to provide an offshore production method and
apparatus which is not affected by the full force of surface
weather conditions.
Still another object is to provide a method and apparatus which is
not vulnerable to collision from surface vessels or objects, e.g.,
icebergs.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method and
apparatus which facilitates the production of oil from previously
drilled wells concurrent with the drilling of additional wells
without substantial hazards of fire and explosion. In accordance
with the invention, the interior of the capsule is always at
ambient pressure, and the gaseous mixture for breathing provided at
this pressure is such as to permit a safe operating
environment.
A further object is to provide an offshore production method and
apparatus which is not limited to any depth of water.
A still further object is to provide an apparatus for producing oil
which is substantially lower in cost, as compared with conventional
surface production platforms.
Another object is to provide an apparatus which can safely operate
completely submerged.
Yet another object is to provide a method and apparatus which
enables the use of land-type wellheads and associated equipment of
simple construction and lower cost than present underwater
wellheads and associated equipment.
Still another object is to provide a method and apparatus which is
easier and less costly to service and maintain than systems located
on the bottom of the water.
A still further object is to provide an apparatus which is
completely submerged and which includes means for collection,
separation and storage of oil.
Another object is to provide a marine terminal tanker mooring and
loading system connected to the production capsule.
Yet another object is to provide a submerged apparatus having
provision for receiving and holding the base of a drilling
structure.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from
the remaining specification and appended claims.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective cutaway view of an apparatus according to
the present invention for producing oil from one or more underwater
wells;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary elevational view of a portion of
the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, illustrating a removable
coupling means;
FIG. 4 is an elevational view of another embodiment of the
invention;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are elevational views illustrating a method of
installing the apparatus of the invention.
According to the invention a method is provided for producing oil
from an underwater well by providing a submerged buoyant oil
production zone intermediate the well and the water surface. The
oil is extracted from the well and flowed into such submerged zone.
Preferably, the sediment, water and gas is at least partially
separated from the oil within the production zone. Thereafter the
oil is either transferred to a submerged storage zone or discharged
into a pipeline or tanker for transmission to the shore.
Apparatus for producing oil from an underwater well according to
the invention is provided and comprises a buoyant capsule always
maintained at ambient pressure; conduit means interconnecting the
underwater well with the capsule, and a wellhead within the capsule
and connected to the conduit means. Preferably the capsule is
interconnected by suitable conduit means to a plurality of
underwater wells thus enabling one submerged capsule to serve many
wells. Preferably, the conduit means interconnecting the well or
wells with the capsule are anchored into the ground and serve as
means for holding the buoyant capsule in a substantially fixed
vertical position. All casing is suspended within and anchored by
the conduit means at the mudline, except for the production strings
which extend vertically into the capsule and are attached to the
wellhead.
Since, according to the invention, the capsule is buoyant, the
conduit means serving to hold the same in a substantially fixed
vertical position will always be in tension. As will be seen in
FIGS. 1 and 4 to 6, the conduit means are inclined relative to the
vertical thereby to permit controlled lateral movement of the
capsule due to wave action and the like, notwithstanding the
vertical buoyant forces applied to the conduit means. This permits
relatively thin-walled conduits to be used. According to the
preferred embodiment of the invention, the conductor tubes used
during the drilling of the underwater wells are employed as the
conduit means for a conventional oil production casing arrangement
to transfer the oil to the capsule and to hold the capsule in a
substantially fixed vertical position. Thus additional holddown
means for the capsule as well as separate oil transfer conduits
from the wells to the capsule are not required.
Preferably, the capsule contains means for separating sediment,
water and gas from the oil as well as a storage compartment for
holding the oil at ambient pressure pending its transferral into a
tanker or pipeline.
According to another embodiment of the invention, a removable
drilling structure having a buoyantly controllable base is
connected to the submerged capsule. This drilling structure
includes a rotatable drill table and derrick. This structure
enables a plurality of wells to be drilled and produced without the
aforementioned safety hazards, since the capsule forms a buoyant
production zone located below the surface.
Referring to the drawings, particularly FIGS. 1 and 2, a buoyant
capsule 10 is shown submerged intermediate one or more wells W and
the water surface S, and constitutes a buoyant oil production zone.
Conduit means 12 interconnect the wells W with the capsule 10, the
upper end of each conduit being connected to a conventional
wellhead 14 of substantially land type located within the capsule.
Preferably, the conductor tubes used during the drilling of the
wells are not discarded, but instead are employed as the conduit
means 12 for housing a production-casing arrangement (not shown) to
transfer the oil produced into the capsule 10. Moreover, as
aforementioned, since the capsule is buoyant, heavy structural
supports are not required and thus the conduit means 12 anchored
into the ground preferably serve to hold the capsule in a
substantially fixed vertical position. Alternatively, if desired,
the capsule could be held down by separate cables (not shown).
The buoyant capsule 10 is preferably constructed with a plurality
of watertight compartments C, each of which may contain one or more
wellheads. Additional watertight compartments E may be provided for
living quarters, equipment rooms, storage areas, etc. Each of the
compartments preferably includes vent means 20 for venting gases
externally of the capsule and further preferably includes a
bursting member 22 for relieving pressure in excess of ambient
without affecting the operation of any other compartment.
The capsule has a passageway 11 closed off by removable hatch 19
for ingress and egress. The passageway and hatch are adapted to
mate with the hatch of a pressure-controlled personnel transfer
capsule T which can also serve as a deck decompression chamber for
the men working under ambient pressure conditions in the
capsule.
Preferably, the capsule contains one or more separating means 18
connected to the wellheads 14 for at least partially separating
sediment, water and gas from the oil flowing into the capsule. The
separation means 18 is preferably connected by suitable piping to
storage compartments S and H for discharging sediment and water
removed respectively from the crude oil entering the capsule. The
gas produced in the separating means 18 is preferably transferred
to compressors 42 and compressed therein to high pressures.
Thereafter the pressurized gases are transferred from the
compressors through conduits 15 into the wells as secondary
recovery fluids in order to increase the recovery of oil produced.
Alternatively, the gas separated may be fed to gas transfer
compressors 43, compressed therein, and transferred to a pipeline.
In remote locations, it may be necessary to merely burn off the
separated gases into the atmosphere via a flaring line (not shown)
leading from the capsule to the surface. The capsule may also have
a storage compartment 26 for storing the oil until its transfer to
a vessel or pipeline. The capsule includes pumping means 40 for
discharging the oil from the storage area into a pipeline.
Alternatively the pumping means 40 may be used for discharging the
oil into a marine terminal tanker mooring and loading system 50
connected to the production capsule as well as supplemental pumps
41 for transferring oil into the separation equipment and
thereafter into the storage compartments. The marine terminal
system may include a mooring whereby a tanker may be held in place,
a hose connection for the transportation of fluids, control
facilities, power generation and other systems necessary to
accomplish the offloading process.
As shown in FIG. 2, in addition to containing wellheads 14, the
capsule further includes second conduit means 15 extending into the
ground for injecting secondary recovery fluids into the wells from
a point within the capsule. The capsule also contains means 16 for
controlling the ambient atmosphere therein in order to maintain
same in a dry condition and to prevent the formation of explosive
mixture due to possible oil or gas leaks from the wellheads or
separation equipment. The atmosphere control means may include
filters, precipitators, scrubbers, burners, absorption media, gas
generators, gas analysis equipment, etc. The atmosphere control
means may also have provisions for regulating the total pressure
within the capsule to maintain the ambient pressure.
Preferably, the capsule has means 27 for receiving and holding the
base of a drilling structure (see FIG. 4) in order to prevent
relative motion between such structure and the capsule. Mechanical
or electromechanical locking devices of conventional design are
suitable for this purpose. This enables a drilling structure to be
aligned with and held in place by the submerged capsule which in
turn permits a plurality of wells to be drilled while adjacent
wells are concurrently being completed and produced from.
As shown in FIG. 4, a removable drilling structure D is connected
to the capsule 10. The drilling structure includes a buoyantly
controllable base 31 extending between vertical legs 29. The legs
29 include a vertical shaft 33 which is attached to the means 27 on
the capsule, and surrounding sleeve 34 movable over the shaft 33.
The upper ends of legs 29 are attached to drilling platform 35
which supports a rotating drill table 36 and derrick 37. The base
31 includes a valved intake conduit 38 and a bleed conduit 39. By
appropriate control of the intake and bleed valves the buoyancy of
the drilling structure can be altered. In addition, in the same
manner, the height of the drilling platform above the water can be
regulated in order to position the drill table 36 so that it is
located approximately at the apex of the conductor tubes 12. With
the drill table 36 located at the apex of the inclined conductor
tubes, a plurality of wells can be drilled from the same position
by making only minor adjustments to the derrick. This is an obvious
advantage in that it substantially reduces the time and cost of
bringing the plurality of wells serviced by each capsule into
production. The inclination of the conductor tubes 12 additionally
serves as above described to permit controlled lateral movement of
the capsule due to the forces of wave action and the like. It is to
be understood that although a buoyant drilling structure is shown,
the invention can be carried out with nonbuoyant drilling
structures as well, so long as the capsule and drilling structure
as a unit are buoyant.
To install the capsule, it is first transported to position above
the desired location. Thereafter a pulldown cable L (see FIGS. 5-6)
is reeved through an anchor pile P to a moored vessel V equipped
with a wildcat or winch so that a downward pull can be exerted on
the capsule. Depending upon conditions such as the size of the
capsule and the depth to which it will be submerged, the capsule
may be partially flooded to make it easier to submerge and later
pumped out after the same has been secured below the surface. Gas
may be added to the structure during the submerging step to control
its buoyancy.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the capsule is provided with pairs of
guide tubes 21 extending into the capsule through apertures A and
being joined to the capsule wall. A removable coupling means 13 is
connected between the guide tubes 21 to prevent water from entering
the capsule. Prior to submerging the capsule, the conductor tubes
12 are installed through the guide tubes 21 and through the
removable coupling means 13 so that the lower ends thereof extend
beyond the guide tubes on the lower portion of the capsule as shown
in FIG. 5. The conductor tube 12 is held in place after insertion
through the guide tube 21 by locking means 44. Just prior to
installing the conductor tube 12 into the ground G, the locking
means 44 is unlocked. After the conductor tubes are installed to
the desired depth, the locking means 44 are permanently locked and
sealing means 45 is installed.
The locking means may consist of a split ring and the sealing means
may comprise ordinary packing. Thereafter a downward pull is
exerted upon the capsule through the pulldown cable L in order to
submerge the capsule to the desired depth with the conductor tubes
12 touching the ground G. Finally, while the capsule is held at the
desired depth, the conductor tubes 12 are installed into the ground
to the desired depth. Preferably, the number of conductor tubes and
the depth to which they are installed is such, in relation to the
buoyancy of the capsule, as to adequately hold down the same so as
to maintain it in a substantially fixed vertical position.
The use of the invention as aforedescribed enables the art to
economically produce oil from offshore locations without
substantial effects from weather conditions or marine traffic,
since the production zone is submerged. Aesthetic problems
associated with surface platforms are nonexistent for the same
reason.
The use of a submerged capsule enables the use of substantially
conventional land-type wellheads which are of less complicated
construction and lower in cost than wellheads located on the ocean
floor. In addition, since the wellheads are located within the
capsule instead of on the ocean floor, wells of almost any depth,
far beyond present diving capabilities, can be drilled and produced
since repairs and workovers may be carried out from within the
capsule instead of on the ocean floor.
While the invention has been described in connection with a
specific system for drilling and producing oil from an underwater
well, it is obvious that many changes may be made in the system
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as
defined in the claims.
For example, conventional surface vessel drilling means may be used
to drill the well in lieu of the combination drilling and producing
structure shown in FIG. 5.
* * * * *