U.S. patent number 3,636,924 [Application Number 04/888,576] was granted by the patent office on 1972-01-25 for fur brush developing apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Ernest A. H. Weiler.
United States Patent |
3,636,924 |
Weiler |
January 25, 1972 |
FUR BRUSH DEVELOPING APPARATUS
Abstract
Fur brush developing apparatus for developing a latent
electrostatic image on an electrostatic member with toner by
simultaneously contacting the member to a toner cloud and
toner-laden fur brush including a container to hold toner having a
portion of its surface covered by a fur brush, the fur brush and
the portion of the container covered thereby having a plurality of
apertures, and means to oscillate the container while the fur brush
is in contact with the electrostatic member so that toner in the
container that is maintained in a mobile, agitated condition passes
through the apertures onto and between the fibers of the fur brush
and is deposited on the electrostatic member by the fur brush. The
fur brush apparatus can be oscillated in an orbital manner so that
it gives a multidirectional effect to the developing process
producing developed images free of directional marks and
background.
Inventors: |
Weiler; Ernest A. H.
(Rochester, NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Rochester,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25393451 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/888,576 |
Filed: |
December 29, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
118/629; 399/290;
430/123.1; 430/123.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0805 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/08 (20060101); B05c 005/02 (); G03g 015/00 ();
B05b 005/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/629,637 ;117/17.5
;355/3 ;95/1A ;96/1R,1E,1A,1SD |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
IBM, Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Developing Electrostatic Charge
Patterns, TM Crawford Vol. 8 No. 4 Sept. 1965.
|
Primary Examiner: Kee Chi; James
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for developing an electrostatic image on an
image-bearing member with toner by simultaneously contacting the
member with a toner cloud and toner-laden fur brush comprising:
a. a fur brush having fibers protruding from a backing material
supported adjacent the member with its fibers interfering with the
member;
b. means to load toner particles on the fibers;
c. means to move the fibers relative to the member to develop the
electrostatic image on the member with toner particles on the
fibers of the fur brush; and
d. means to form a toner cloud between the fibers on the fur brush
to simultaneously develop the electrostatic image on the member
with toner particles in the toner cloud.
2. The apparatus in claim 1 wherein means to load the toner
particles on the fibers and means to form a toner cloud between the
fibers are the same means.
3. An apparatus for developing an electrostatic image on an
image-bearing member with toner particles by simultaneously
contacting the member with a toner cloud and toner-laden fur brush
comprising:
a. an oscillatable toner container adjacent the member adapted to
hold a quantity of toner particles;
b. a fur brush having fibers protruding from a backing material
covering at least a portion of the container; the fur brush being
located on the side of the container facing the member with its
fibers interfering with the member;
c. a plurality of apertures in the fur brush and the portion of the
container covered thereby, the apertures being of sufficient size
to enable toner particles to pass from the container to the fibers
on the fur brush; and
d. means to oscillate the container to form a cloud of toner
therein whereby as the container is oscillated the toner particles
pass through the apertures and onto and between the fibers of the
fur brush.
4. The apparatus in claim 3 wherein the means to oscillate the
container includes means to move the container and fur brush in an
orbital path whereby the movement of the fibers on the fur brush is
multidirectional as development of the electrostatic image is
carried out.
5. The apparatus in claim 3 wherein the fibers located in the edge
areas on the fur brush are longer than the other fibers on the fur
brush whereby the toner cloud formed between the fibers on the fur
brush is contained within the edges of the fur brush.
6. The apparatus in claim 3 further including means to supply
additional toner particles to the toner container as development is
carried out whereby toner particles can be placed on the member
continuously.
7. The apparatus in claim 3 further including means to introduce
air pressure into the toner container whereby the toner cloud is
urged through the apertures onto and between the fibers on the fur
brush.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to developing latent electrostatic images,
and more particularly, to depositing toner on an electrostatic
member by the combined effect of simultaneously contacting the
member to a toner cloud and a toner-laden fur brush.
In reproduction apparatus such as those employing the xerographic
process, a latent electrostatic image conforming to the information
to be reproduced is first formed on an electrostatic member and
then developed by the application of an electroscopic pigmented,
resinous, finely divided powder called toner. A known method of
developing the latent image is by applying toner to the
electrostatic member with a suitable toner-laden developing brush
such as a fur brush having a plurality of fibers protruding from a
backing material. Toner is loaded onto the fibers of the developing
brush and then the brush is brought into contact with the
electrostatic member to develop the latent image thereon.
There are several methods by which toner can be placed on the
fibers of a fur brush. One method of accomplishing this is to pass
the brush through a toner reservoir. In this technique, the toner
particles are picked up and held by the fibers of the brush as it
passes through the reservoir by mechanical forces and/or forces of
electrostatic attraction. Although this method of loading is
relatively simple in theory, there is inherent difficulty
associated with it in actual operation since a cavity develops in
the toner reservoir as the brush rotates making it extremely
difficult to continue to load the brush. The toner particles in the
reservoir tend to become packed and stuck together especially at
high humidities, and, as a result, once the toner particles
immediately adjacent the brush are removed from the reservoir the
fibers on the brush no longer contact the remaining toner particles
in the reservoir. An auger or other types of mixing apparatus can
be placed in the reservoir to prevent the toner from packing but it
has been found that such cavities still occur in the toner
reservoir resulting in inefficient loading of the brush over a
period of continuous operation.
A second loading technique is to distribute toner particles onto a
brush through a screened hopper. The hopper can be vibrated and
placed over the brush so that the toner held inside the hopper
falls through the screen, usually of a fine mesh, and onto the
fibers of the brush. This type of loading device has a serious
problem in that it is difficult to achieve uniform placement of
toner on the fibers and the nonuniformity of toner greatly impairs
the developing process. In addition, it is important to place a
charge of desirable polarity and uniform intensity on the toner
particles before they reach the plate and this is difficult to
achieve in a hopper loading system.
In addition to the loading problems associated with known fur brush
development systems, the quality of the toner images produced by
fur brush development process is not always the highest due to
directional marks in the toner image and the spurious deposition of
toner in the nonimage areas of the electrostatic member. A common
manner in which fur brush is utilized in continuous reproduction
equipment is to make the brush cylindrical in shape and rotate it
continuously in one direction to deposit toner on the electrostatic
member. Since the fibers always interfere with the member in one
direction, directional marks, or perceivable nonuniformities in the
toner image over the areas of equal potential, result in the
developed image. These marks can appear as streaks, discrete lines,
untrue edges, etc., and generally degrade the appearance and
quality of the toner images. The casual deposition of toner in
nonimage areas of the member accompanied by toner images of too
little density can also result when a cylindrical fur brush is used
for development.
The present invention is a fur brush developing apparatus adapted
to eliminate the problems of the prior art devices. The apparatus
disclosed herein carries out development by simultaneously
contacting the latent electrostatic image to a toner cloud and a
toner-laden fur brush which together produce dense toner images
free of background toner and directional marks. The apparatus
includes an oscillatable toner container covered with a fur brush
which contacts the electrostatic member and applies toner thereto.
The container and fur brush contain apertures so that when they are
oscillated an agitated cloud of toner particles passes through the
apertures onto and between the fibers of the brush. The fibers of
the brush, in turn, control the deposition of toner on the
electrostatic member through a multidirectional movement.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to improve fur brush
apparatus used in developing electrostatic images.
It is another object to improve fur brush developing apparatus by
loading the toner on the brush with an agitated, mobile cloud of
toner particles.
It is another object of this invention to load fur brush
development apparatus by forming a mobile, agitated cloud of toner
particles within the brush enabling the toner particles to pass
through apertures to fibers on the brush.
It is another object of this invention to develop a latent
electrostatic image on an electrostatic member by simultaneously
contacting the member with a toner cloud and a toner-laden fur
brush.
It is another object of this invention to develop a latent
electrostatic image on an electrostatic member by applying toner to
the member in a multidirectional action.
SUMMARY
This invention relates to a fur brush developing apparatus having a
oscillatable toner container covered by a fur brush. As the
container oscillates, the toner within it in a mobile, agitated
mass passes from the container through a plurality of apertures in
the container and brush onto and between the fibers of the fur
brush. The toner particles are deposited on an electrostatic member
bearing the latent image by fur brush development as the brush
fibers interfere with the member and by toner cloud development as
the mobile, agitated mass of toner between the fibers contacts the
member.
One embodiment of the invention takes the form of an oscillatable
toner container having one side covered with a fur brush which is
oscillated in an orbital path. A second embodiment of the invention
is a hollow, cylindrical container having a fur brush wrapped about
its periphery which is rotated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention as well as other
objects and further features thereof, reference is had to the
following detailed description of the invention to be used in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings; wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the multidirectional movement
of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an alternate embodiment of
the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention can be used for the developing step in any
reproduction system wherein toner particles are applied to an
electrostatic member bearing a latent electrostatic image. Although
the invention is described within the environment of a xerographic
copier, for the purpose of this disclosure, it is not intended that
it be limited to use in this type of reproduction system.
Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic illustration of a xerographic
copying machine is shown which utilized the invention. The
principle element of the machine is electrostatic member 60. Member
60 has five processing stations arranged about its periphery which
carry out the operational steps of the xerographic process. These
stations include charging station 10, exposing station 20,
developing station 30, transfer station 40, and cleaning station
50. Member 60 is supported by rotatable drum 63 which is driven
about the shaft 64 by motor M-1. The peripheral surface of the drum
63 is covered with layer 62, an electrically conductive material,
which, in turn, is covered on its outer surface with layer 61, a
photoconductive material such as vitreous selenium.
An latent electrostatic image is formed on the member 60 by passing
it through charging station 10 and exposing station 20. The
charging station includes any suitable means of placing uniform
charge on layer 61 such as corona charging device 11. Exposing
station 20 comprises any suitable projector 21, or the like, which
forms and focuses a light image on the member conforming to the
information being reproduced. The movement of the light image
projected onto the electrostatic member 60 is synchronized with the
rotation of the electrostatic member causing selective charge
dissipation on elemental areas of layer 61 to form a latent
electrostatic image thereon.
After the formation of the latent electrostatic image,
electrostatic member 60 passes through developing station 30. At
the developing station toner particles are applied to the surface
of the drum by a developing brush having fibers 35. Fur brush 37
comprises a unified structure including a backing material 36 and
fibers 35 protruding from the backing material. The fur brush is
attached to container 32 and the whole assembly is oscillatable by
any suitable mechanism 34 which produces such motion. The
oscillating means is connected to the container by arm 33. The
arrows showing the directions of oscillation of the developing
brush are indicative of only one oscillatory motion that can be
used and may not necessarily be the most optimum for all copier
configurations. When the developing brush is oscillated, toner
particles 31 inside container 32 form a mobile, agitated mass of
toner which moves through apertures 39 and onto and between the
fibers of the fur brush. The fibers then, in conjunction with the
toner cloud therebetween, deposit the toner particles on the
surface of member 60. Toner particles which are applied to the
surface of the member by developing brush adhere to the drum
surface according to the configuration of the latent electrostatic
image formed beforehand. Various aspects of the structure and
operation of the fur brush developing apparatus shown at station 30
will be described in more detail below.
Following the development step, the toner image is brought through
transfer station 40 where the image is transferred from the drum
surface to support material 41. Transfer of the toner image to the
support material is carried out by corona device 42 which forms an
electrostatic field between the support material and member 60.
Transfer takes place between guide rollers 45 which act to the
position the support material against the electrostatic member in
the transfer station. Support material 41 is fed from reel 43
before transfer and is rewound on reel 44 after transfer takes
place. If support material 41 is the permanent substrate upon which
the toner image is to be fixed, fusing device 46 is desirable to
make the toner image permanent and can be placed along the path of
the support material between the point where the toner image is
transferred to the support material and the point where the support
material is rewound on reel 44. The fusing device is positioned to
heat the toner particles and fuse them to the support material.
The final station shown in FIG. 1 is cleaning station 50 which
includes a cylindrical fur brush 51 which contacts the surface of
the electrostatic member. The cleaning station is desirable to
remove any residue toner particles from the electrostatic member
after transfer occurs and before the surface begins a new
cycle.
It is intended that various moving elements be driven and
controlled by any suitable means (not shown) so that the copier
operates as described above.
It is within the confines of development station 30 that the
present invention is utilized. As shown in FIG. 1, the developing
brush includes oscillatable container 32 having fur brush material
secured to one of its sides, the side of the container facing the
electrostatic member 60. The container may be made of any suitable
material which is adapted to hold toner. The container should be
relatively airtight save the apertures since it is undesirable for
the toner particles to escape from the container in any other
manner than through the apertures intended for this purpose.
The side of the container immediately adjacent the electrostatic
member is covered with fur brush 37. The fur brush consists of a
unitary structure having backing material 36 with fibers 35
protruding therefrom and is mounted so that the fibers are readily
engageable with the surface of the member. The fur brush can be
made of any suitable synthetic or natural material; for example,
natural materials such as rabbit fur, fox fur, camel hair, etc.,
can be used, or in the alternative, synthetic materials such as
dynel (a synthetic fiber of 40 percent acrylon nitrile and 50
percent vinyl chloride), velvet, nylon, etc., can be used.
The side of the container to which the fur brush is securely
mounted has a plurality of apertures 39. The size of the apertures
can vary from 0.0025 to several square inches depending on the
amount of toner desired to flow to the fibers and member. The
purpose of these apertures is to enable the mobile, agitated mass
of toner created within the container to pass from the container
onto and between the fibers of the fur brush material as the
apparatus oscillates. If the apertures are made in the vicinity of
0.0025 square inch, the flow of toner to the fibers is small, and
the developing brush is more adaptable to low-speed copiers. It has
been found that when sizes much below 0.0025 square inch are used
there is a chance of clogging the apertures and restricting the
action of the toner as a single, agitated mass.
On the other hand, apertures may be used which extend to several
square inches in area. The limiting factor on the overall size of
the apertures is the amount of fibers retained on the fur brush to
carry out brush development. As the aperture size increases the
amount of fibers decrease proportionally. Thus, the size of the
apertures in any given development system will depend on a balance
between the amount of toner flow desired and the amount of fibers
necessary to carry out adequate brush development.
The character of the oscillations of the developing brush may be
such as to produce either a powder cloud or a fluidized bed of
toner. In the powder cloud situations, the toner forms a cloudlike
mass which is controlled by the fur brush and either toner alone or
a developer mixture of toner plus a granular material called
carrier beads can be used in the toner container. In the case of a
fluidized bed, a developer mixture of both carrier beads and toner
is used at all times in the container and the oscillations are such
that the entire mass of developer expands and takes on some of the
characteristics of a fluid. In this situation the toner between the
fibers of the brush is also controlled by the movements of the
brush.
FIG. 2 shows the fur brush apparatus being oscillated in an orbital
path to achieve a multidirection effect in development. The
movement of the toner container 32 and brush 37 is controlled by
any suitable mechanism 38 which is joined to the container by arm
33. Mechanism 38 can be a cam and follower apparatus or any other
suitable apparatus which causes the developing brush to move in an
orbital path such as the path shown in arrows in FIG. 2. The term
"orbital path" herein is meant to be a generic term to include all
movement which gives the fur brush a multidirectional action
relative to the member 60 being developed and can include simple
back-and-forth oscillation, circular motion, elliptical motion,
etc.
The multidirectional brush movement is desirable since it tends to
eliminate directional marks in the toner image which are common in
unidirectional brush development. In addition, multidirectional
brush development forms denser toner images and leaves nonimage
areas free from the casual deposition of toner due to the sweeping
action of the fibers during development. The sweeping action sweeps
any spuriously deposited toner from the nonimage areas into the
image areas where it is desired thereby producing reproductions of
high quality.
The present apparatus carries out development through the combined
effects of toner cloud development and fur brush development. The
toner which reaches the fibers of the brush is deposited on the
electrostatic member by the wiping action of the brush fibers on
the member. As mentioned above, this development technique
eliminates incidental deposit of toner in nonimage areas and
directional marks. The toner which remains mobile in toner cloud
form between the fibers of the brush is deposited on the
electrostatic member as the member becomes exposed to the toner
cloud. The toner cloud is particularly advantageous for dense solid
area coverage and the formation of images of good resolution.
The toner cloud is controlled by the fibers so that it remains
within the development area and any incidental deposit of toner in
nonimage areas caused by the toner cloud is swept into the image
areas by the fibers of the fur brush. The result of the combined
action of simultaneous toner cloud and fur brush development is
dense solid area coverage with good resolution together with little
or no directional marks and no background toner. To insure that a
high degree of control is maintained on the powder cloud and that
the powder cloud does not escape the fur brush, those fibers on the
fur brush which are located at its edges can be made slightly
longer than the rest of the fibers. In this manner, the powder
cloud and/or toner particles on the fur brush tend to be sealed
within the edge or boundary fibers of the brush.
In addition to the oscillations produced by mechanism 38, a low air
pressure can be introduced into the toner container by any suitable
source 53 to aid the creation of the toner cloud and urge it to
pass freely through the apertures and onto the fibers. As the toner
particles pass onto the fibers and drum and are eventually used to
develop the latent image, means can be provided to replenish the
supply of toner particles within the container. For example,
additional toner particles can be brought into the container with
the blast of low air pressure introduced into the container to
produce the toner cloud, by passing the air through a toner
reservoir 52.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an alternative embodiment of
the developing brush. In this embodiment, container 132 assumes the
shape of a rotary, hollow container. Wrapped about its periphery is
fur brush 137 comprised of a backing material 136 having a
plurality of fibers 135 protruding therefrom. The developing brush
is surrounded by housing 138 which contains any particles which may
escape from the developing brush completely. The container and fur
brush have a plurality of apertures 139 which serve the same
function as the apertures described in conjunction with FIG. 1.
Housing 138 surrounds the developing brush on every side except in
the area where the fibers interfere with drum 60; that is, the area
where development takes place.
The operation of the rotary developing brush is similar to the
developing brush described in conjunction with the FIG. 1, except
that the developing brush in FIG. 2 rotates rather than oscillates.
As the developing brush rotates, toner particles 131 held within
the brush form a mobile, agitated mass of toner or toner cloud. The
toner cloud passes through the apertures and onto and between the
fibers of the developing brush.
Housing 138 can be biased as shown in FIG. 2 to keep the toner
cloud among the fibers of the developing brush. This result is
accomplished if the polarity of the bias placed on the housing were
the same polarity as the triboelectric charge existent on the toner
particles being used for development. Since like charges repel, the
toner particles are repelled from this housing area and are urged
into and among the fibers of the fur brush. Although the bias on
the housing is optional, the presence of the housing itself about
the developing brush is desirable to maintain the toner particles
in among the fibers of the brush.
While the invention has been described with reference to the
structures disclosed herein, it is not confined to the details set
forth and this disclosure is intended to cover such modifications
as will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading
the disclosure.
* * * * *