U.S. patent number 3,635,195 [Application Number 04/857,979] was granted by the patent office on 1972-01-18 for method and apparatus for producing halftone electrographic prints.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Varian Associates. Invention is credited to Raymond L. Levy.
United States Patent |
3,635,195 |
Levy |
January 18, 1972 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HALFTONE ELECTROGRAPHIC
PRINTS
Abstract
Method and apparatus are disclosed for producing halftone
electrographic prints from continuous tone charge image patterns
deposited on the charge-retentive surface of an electrographic
recording medium. The continuous tone image patterns are developed
in the halftone rendition by developing the charge image pattern in
the presence of a closely spaced development electrode having a
development surface, facing the charge image pattern to be
developed, constituted of an array of projections in the form of a
halftone screen pattern. The projections concentrate the electric
field over the surface of the continuous tone charge image pattern
into a halftone image pattern which is developed by the pigment
particles of the electroscopic ink used for developing the charge
image patterns.
Inventors: |
Levy; Raymond L. (Palo Alto,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Varian Associates (Palo Alto,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25327166 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/857,979 |
Filed: |
September 15, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/244; 101/114;
101/DIG.37; 430/103 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/22 (20130101); G03G 15/10 (20130101); Y10S
101/37 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/22 (20060101); G03G 15/10 (20060101); G03G
15/00 (20060101); G03g 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/637,637LX
;117/37,37LX ;101/114 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Assistant Examiner: Millstein; Leo
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for developing a charge image on the
charge-retentive surface of a recording medium to form a visible
image, the combination comprising:
a development electrode having a development surface positioned
adjacent to the charge-retentive surface of the recording
medium;
halftone development projections formed on the development surface
of the development electrode and projecting toward the
charge-retentive surface of the recording medium to a position
closely adjacent to the charge-retentive surface for causing the
electric field extending between the development electrode and the
charge image on the charge-retentive surface to become concentrated
about each projection; and
means for applying liquid electrographic ink containing pigment
particles into the space between the development surface of the
development electrode and the charge-retentive surface of the
recording medium, the electric field concentrations causing the
pigment particles to deposit on the charge-retentive surface of the
recording medium in a halftone pattern.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for applying liquid
electrographic ink saturates the space between the development
surface of the development electrode and the charge-retentive
surface of the recording medium.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the development electrode is
pervious to the electrographic ink, and the means for supplying
electrographic ink forces the ink through the pervious development
electrode into the space between the development electrode and the
charge-retentive surface.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Heretofore, halftone electrographic prints have been obtained from
continuous tone charge image patterns by rolling a gravure roller
over the continuous tone charge image patterns for removing some of
the charge leaving a halftone dot pattern charge image to be
developed. Such an arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
3,248,216 issued Apr. 26, 1966. While this method may be suitable
for use with electrofax-type recording paper, it has been found
that electrographic recording paper, which employs a dielectric
charge-retentive film supported upon a conductive paper backing,
provides an extremely stable charge image pattern from which it is
very difficult to extract charge with the gravure roller to produce
the halftone pattern. Moreover, it would be desirable to provide a
processing method for producing halftone images which did not
require separate development and halftone-producing operations or
steps.
Other prior art workers have produced halftone electrographic
prints by exposing a photoconductor layer through a screen pattern
of uniformly distributed, finely divided transparent and opaque
areas to superimpose the halftone screen pattern upon the
continuous tone pattern of the subject to produce a composite
halftone image charge pattern of the subject to be printed. Such a
method and apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,598,732 issued
June 3, 1952. The problem with this method and apparatus is that it
requires the use of a separate mask or screen for projecting a
screened halftone image pattern upon the photoconductive layer. It
would be desirable to provide a method and apparatus for producing
halftone prints which did not require the use of the screen for
superimposing the halftone image pattern upon the continuous tone
image pattern.
Others have employed porous element electrodes for developing
continuous tone image patterns, such porous development electrodes
being saturated with liquid electroscopic ink for development of
the image pattern. Such development electrodes have had a smooth
surface adjacent the image pattern to be developed and have acted
in the normal manner of a development electrode for enhancing
development of continuous tone images. However, such porous
development electrodes have not, heretofore, produced a halftone
development of the continuous tone image. Such a porous development
electrode developing method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,096,198
issued July 2, 1963.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is the provision of
an improved method and apparatus for producing halftone
electrographic prints from continuous tone charge image
patterns.
One feature of the present invention is the provision of a
development electrode for developing the charge image pattern on
the recording medium, such development electrode having a
development surface disposed adjacent the image to be developed
constituted of a halftone screen pattern of projections for
concentrating the electric field over the charge image pattern to
be developed into a halftone screen pattern, whereby the image is
developed into a halftone electrographic print.
Another feature of the present invention is the same as the
preceding feature including the provision of forcing liquid
electroscopic ink under pressure through the screen pattern in the
development electrode surface and against the charge image to be
developed, whereby relatively large area continuous tone image
patterns are developed at relatively high speed into halftone
prints.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become
apparent upon perusal of the following specification taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectional view, partly schematic, of an electrographic
camera,
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary plan view of a recording web,
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the structure of FIG. 2 taken along
line 3--3 in the direction of the arrows,
FIG. 4 is a plot of charge density versus transverse distance for
the electrographic charge image produced by the camera and subject
of FIG. 1,
FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view of a development apparatus for
developing the electrographic prints derived from the camera of
FIG. 1,
FIG. 6 is a plot of pigment particle density versus transverse
distance depicting a halftone electrographic print derived from the
printer of FIG. 5,
FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of a portion of
the structure of FIG. 5 delineated by line 7--7,
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary plan view of a development electrode
incorporating features of the present invention,
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the structure of FIG. 8 taken along
line 9--9 in the direction of the arrows,
FIG. 10 is a fragmentary plan view of an alternative development
electrode of the present invention,
FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the structure of FIG. 10 taken along
line 11--11 in the direction of the arrows,
FIG. 12 is a fragmentary plan view of an alternative development
electrode structure of the present invention,
FIG. 13 is a sectional view of the structure of FIG. 12 taken along
line 13--13 in the direction of the arrows, and
FIG. 14 is a schematic line diagram depicting an alternative
development electrode structure of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown an electrographic camera 1
for depositing continuous tone charge image patterns of a subject
being photographed onto the charge-retentive surface of an
electrographic recording medium 2. The electrographic recording
medium 2 is best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3 and comprises an
electrographic recording web or paper 2 having a conductive paper
or web 3 supporting a thin dielectric charge-retentive film 4 from
one side thereof.
The electrographic camera 1 includes an optically transparent
substrate plate member 5, as of glass, onto which is deposited a
transparent conductive electrode 6. A photoconductive layer 7 is
deposited over the electrode 6. The electrographic recording web 2
is positioned adjacent the photoconductive layer 7 with the
charge-retentive surface 4 facing the photoconductor 7. A
conductive backing electrode 8 is disposed adjacent the conductive
paper web 3. A suitable source of operating potential 9, as of -600
volts relative to ground, is connected intermediate the conductive
backing electrode 8 and the transparent conductive electrode 6 via
a timing switch 11. A wedge-shaped partially transparent object 12
to be photographed is disposed between a light source 13 and the
transparent substrate 5. The timer switch 11 is actuated for a
suitable exposure time, such as a fraction of a second, to apply
the voltage derived from the source 9 across the photoconductor 7
and electrographic recording paper 2 to cause an electric charge
image pattern to be formed upon the charge-retentive surface 4 of
the recording paper 2 in accordance with the intensity of the light
image falling upon the photoconductor 7 as transmitted through the
slightly light-absorptive wedge-shaped transparency 12. The
resultant charge image pattern has a charge density taken across
the charge-retentive surface in the direction d as shown in FIG. 4,
i.e., the charge density corresponding to the thickest part of the
object 12 has the lowest charge density, whereas the charge density
is highest corresponding to the thin edge of the transparency 12.
In this manner, a continuous tone charge image pattern having a
relatively large area is deposited upon the charge-retentive
surface 4 of the recording paper 2.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown an electrographic developer
14 of the present invention for developing the continuous tone
charge image pattern on the charge-retentive surface 4 of the
recording paper 2. The developer 14 includes a conductive baseplate
15 onto which is formed the electrographic recording paper 2 with
the conductive paper backing 3 disposed facing the conductive
electrode 15 and with the image-bearing surface 4 facing a
development electrode structure 16. The development electrode
structure 16 includes a development surface portion 17 disposed
adjacent the charge-retentive surface 4 of the recording paper 2.
The development surface 17 is constituted of a halftone screen
pattern of conductive projections 18 projecting from the surface
toward the charge-image-retentive surface or layer 4 of the
recording paper. The projections 18 are preferably formed by
embossing the surface of a porous metallic plate 19 through which
liquid electroscopic ink is pumped under pressure from a reservoir
21 via line 22 and pump 23 to a chamber 24 disposed at the back
side of the porous development electrode plate 19.
The halftone screen pattern of projections 18 causes the pigment
particle density, as deposited from the electroscopic ink onto the
charge image pattern, to be as shown in FIG. 6, thereby producing a
halftone rendition of the original continuous tone charge image
pattern of the type as depicted in FIG. 4. The halftone rendition
is believed to occur due to the concentration of the electric field
at the projections 18 of the development surface 17, as shown in
FIG. 7. More particularly, a thin film of electroscopic liquid ink
is formed at the charge-retentive surface 4 between that surface
and the halftone screen surface 17 of the development electrode 16.
This thin film of developer prevents electrical contact being
established between the projections 18 and the charge image pattern
formed on the recording paper 2. Some experiments have shown that
even if electrical contact is established charges do not migrate
from the charge-retentive surface 4 to the electrode. At any rate,
it is believed that the projections 18 produce localized
concentrations of the electric field causing the charges deposited
on the charge-retentive surface 4 to migrate into clusters
conforming to the halftone screen pattern of the projections 18.
Toner particles are then attracted to the halftone pattern of
charge images on the recording web 2, thus producing the halftone
print as indicated in FIG. 6.
The projections 18 can be formed on the development surface 17 any
convenient way such as by embossing the surface as by knurling,
photoetching, grooving or the like.
Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, there is shown one of the possible
surface configurations 17 for the development electrode 16 wherein
the surface 17 is embossed with an array of projections 31 as of
rectangular cross section which can be conveniently formed by an
orthogonal array of intersecting grooves. Such grooves can be
conveniently formed by machining or by photoetching.
Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, there is shown an alternative
embossed surface 17 of the development electrode 16 wherein an
array of elongated land-type projections 32 are formed in surface
17 of the development electrode 16.
Referring now to FIGS. 12 and 13, there is shown an alternative
halftone pattern of projections formed on the surface 17 of the
development electrode 16, wherein the halftone pattern is formed by
a woven screen mesh 33 affixed to the porous plate 19 as by spot
welding or sintering. The projections are formed at the crossover
points for the interlaced wires of the mesh 33. As described above,
a variety of halftone screen patterns may be employed for the
embossed surface 17 of the development electrode 16. The
projections may be of circular, triangular, or rectangular cross
section. They may be disposed in a regular pattern or in a random
distribution and may be of various sizes.
Any one of several halftone screen sizes may be employed, the finer
sizes generally giving the more natural or higher quality results
in the halftone rendition of the continuous tone image. Thus, while
a coarse halftone screen having 50 and 60 dots or lines to the
linear inch will be useful for some purposes, finer screens such as
those having 100, 200, 300, 400 and even more dots or lines to the
inch will give more nearly a continuous tone appearance to the
finished halftone print. For purposes of comparison, newspaper
printing utilizes halftone patterns ranging from about 60 to about
100 times per linear inch and a pattern of approximately 150 dots
per linear inch produces an image in which no dots are discernible
to the naked eye.
Referring now to FIG. 14, there is shown a high-speed rotary
developer 35 incorporating features of the present invention. More
particularly, the developer 35 includes a rotatable drum-shaped
development electrode 36 made of a porous metallic substrate and
embossed on its outer surface with a halftone pattern of conductive
projections, as above described. Liquid electroscopic development
ink is fed through a hollow axle 37, on which the drum rotates, to
a trough 38 disposed adjacent the inside surface of the drum 36 via
transverse feed pipes 40. A curved skirt 39 is affixed to the
trough 38 and extends in the direction of rotation of the drum 36
from the trough in closely spaced relation, as of 0.010 inch, from
the inside of the drum 36. Electroscopic ink is fed via pressure
into the trough 38 and is trapped by hydrostatic pressure between
the skirt 39 and the inside of the drum 36 to cause the
electroscopic ink to be forced under pressure through the porous
drum to the outside thereof. Electrographic recording paper 2
having continuous tone charge image pattern deposited on the lower
side thereof is fed onto the drum 36 between an elastic belt 41 and
the drum 36 such that the recoding paper is pulled into nominal
contact with drum 36 as the drum rotates about the axle 37. Belt 41
is driven at the same speed as the drum such that the ink is forced
through drum against the charge-image-bearing surface or of the
paper for developing same. The developed print is peeled from the
drum 36 via a comb structure 42 and thence fed through a pair of
squeegee rollers 43 for removing the excess ink. The print is then
dried by an air blower, not shown. This type of rotary developer is
disclosed and claimed in copending U.S. application Ser. No.
858,044, filed Sept. 15, 1969, assigned to the same assignee as the
present invention.
The advantage of combining the halftone image production step with
the inking step, as obtained with the method and apparatus of the
present invention, is that the separate step of producing the
halftone image is eliminated, thereby reducing the number of steps
required for the production of halftone prints. Moreover the method
is applicable to the development of electrographic recoding papers
which comprise merely a dielectric charge-retentive film disposed
upon conductive backing and which do not include a photoconductive
layer as a part of the paper. Thus, the present method is
applicable to the halftone development of both electrofax and
electrographic papers, whereas the prior art method of removing
charge in a halftone pattern by rolling with a conductive grounded
gravure roller is not applicable to electrographic papers which do
not include a photoconductive layer as a part thereof.
Since many changes could be made in the above construction and many
apparently widely different embodiments of this invention could be
made without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that
all matter contained in the above description or shown in the
accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not
in a limiting sense.
* * * * *