U.S. patent number 3,634,614 [Application Number 04/816,613] was granted by the patent office on 1972-01-11 for infrared-energized visual displays using up-converting phosphor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. Invention is credited to Joseph E. Geusic, Le Grand G. Van Uitert.
United States Patent |
3,634,614 |
Geusic , et al. |
January 11, 1972 |
INFRARED-ENERGIZED VISUAL DISPLAYS USING UP-CONVERTING PHOSPHOR
Abstract
A color pictorial display is produced by scanning a phosphor
layer with a frequency and/or amplitude-modulated infrared beam.
Visible emission results by virtue of a two-photon or high-order
multiphoton process.
Inventors: |
Geusic; Joseph E. (Berkeley
Heights, NJ), Van Uitert; Le Grand G. (Morris Township,
Morris County, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Incorporated (Murray Hill, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
25221126 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/816,613 |
Filed: |
April 16, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
348/759;
348/E9.026; 348/744; 250/458.1; 313/501 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02F
2/02 (20130101); H04N 9/3129 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G02F
2/00 (20060101); G02F 2/02 (20060101); H04N
9/31 (20060101); H04m 009/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/71R,83R,83.3H,83.3HP,71.5S,71.5R ;252/301.4 ;178/5.4R
;313/18D |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"Lighting Up in a Group" Electronics, March 1968, pp.
104-110.
|
Primary Examiner: Griffin; Robert L.
Assistant Examiner: Stout; Donald E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A system for producing a visible video display comprising a
phosphor layer containing at least one activator ion, said phosphor
layer being capable of emitting at least two visible wavelengths,
each of the at least two wavelengths being of an amplitude
discernible to unaided human vision when said phosphor layer is
energized by radiation within the infrared spectrum; a source of
infrared radiation incident upon said phosphor layer; a source of a
video signal; means responsive to said video signal for modulating
a characteristic of said incident infrared radiations to produce
selection between and amplitude modulation of the at least two
visible wavelengths of radiation emitted by said phosphor layer as
a function of the variation in said video signal; and means for
scanning said phosphor layer with said infrared radiation.
2. System of claim 1 in which apparent selection between two said
wavelengths of visible radiation is dependent upon a characteristic
of said infrared radiation.
3. System of claim 2 in which a said characteristic is
amplitude.
4. System of claim 3 in which the two said wavelengths of visible
radiation result from different multiphoton processes associated
with a single activator ion.
5. System of claim 4 in which the said ion is Er.sup.3.sup.+.
6. System of claim 2 in which a said characteristic is
frequency.
7. System of claim 6 in which the said phosphor consists
essentially of a mechanical admixture of at least two distinct
compounds each containing at least one exclusive activator ion, and
in which variation in frequency of the said infrared radiation
results in selective absorption and consequent selective emission
within a given member of the admixed compounds.
8. System of claim 1 in which the said infrared radiation is
coherent.
9. System of claim 8 in which the radiation source is at least one
laser.
10. System of claim 9 in which the laser output is controlled by at
least one element interposed between the said laser and the said
phosphor.
11. System of claim 10 in which one of the said elements is an
amplitude modulator.
12. System of claim 11 in which the said modulator is dependent
upon an electro-optic interaction.
13. System of claim 10 in which one of the said elements is a
parametric oscillator.
14. System of claim 1 in which the said infrared source is
incoherent.
15. System of claim 14 in which the said incoherent source is at
least one gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode and in which
means is provided for forward biasing said diode.
16. System of claim 15 in which said source includes at least two
diodes with peak emission at different infrared wavelengths.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention is concerned with phosphorescent pictorial displays
such as are used in television systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art GaAs
A variety of systems have been utilized for producing pictorial
phosphorescent displays. Some have been used for producing colored
pictures.
The most common system, that which is used in essentially all home
television receivers, depends on the secondary phosphorescent
emission produced by an incident electron beam. In operation, the
electron beam, ordinarily resulting from a thermal source, scans
the phosphor coating level by level in sequence to produce a
raster. The beam is amplitude modulated as it scans so as to
produce an attendant change in secondary emission and a
reproduction image. Scan rates, emission lifetimes, and the
persistence of human vision are all such as to produce the illusion
of motion. Required voltages, minimization of collisions with gas
molecules, the nature of usual cathode materials, and other
considerations give rise to the requirement that both electron gun
and phosphor coating be contained in a sealed tube.
This cathode-ray tube has been adapted to the production of colored
pictures. The commercial form of the color tube generally includes
a triple gun producing three beams each containing picture
information for one of three addition colors. In this arrangement
there are three types of phosphors each of which produces secondary
emission of a fundamental color. Since all of the phosphors may be
excited by any of the electron beams, it is necessary to produce
"islands" of the basic color phosphors and to somehow provide for
selective excitation of each member of the trio by the associated
beam of the trio of beams. This is generally accomplished by shadow
masking in which selection depends upon beam angle. The engineering
problems resulting from the registry requirement on the fine scale
involved have been significant. The color cathode-ray tube remains
by far the single, most expensive element in the television
receiver.
Proposed alternative systems generally also make use of scanning,
amplitude modulated, high-energy beams which are down-converted to
produce secondary emission at visible wavelength from a phosphor
coating. One type of excitation energy which has been considered is
at ultraviolet wavelength, and the phosphors used are selected from
the large variety of secondary emission materials such as are
presently used in luminous dyestuffs lasers, etc.
Where such systems are adapted to the production of a colored
image, use has generally been made of the same type of three-gun
configuration as in the CRT. The screen may again be composed of
separate trios of islands with a member of each trio emitting at a
suitable characteristic wavelength. An alternative system depends
upon depth of penetration of one or more energizing beams to
successive homogeneous phosphor layers.
While there has been a widespread desire to produce a video display
on a flat, solid-state panel, this desire has not been fulfilled in
any as yet commercially realized from. PHosphor panels thus far
proposed have generally made use of a cross-point array of
electroluminescent elements. Such devices are ordinarily
monochromatic and detail has, in general, been coarse.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the invention, a pictorial phosphorescent
display results by up conversion from information introduced into
the phosphor coating in the form of infrared energy. Phosphorescent
materials suitable for this use are all capable of emission in the
visible spectrum at at least two distinct wavelengths, both of
which are readily discernible by the unaided human vision.
In one form of the invention, the display is apparently
monochromatic although the substantially white image actually
results from simultaneous emission of two different wavelengths.
Since, in such embodiment, efficiency of emission of the different
wavelengths differs, "color toning" to produce the apparently
substantially white image results from adjustment of amplitude of
the exciting infrared energy.
Various embodiments of the invention may result in a colored image.
As suggested by the preceding paragraph, amplitude modulation of
the exciting energy may produce an apparent color shift. In a
specific embodiment, this mechanism is accompanied by an additional
one which results in a third wavelength produced from a
mechanically admixed phosphor energized at a frequency which
differs from the peak absorption frequency of the two-color
phosphor. In this embodiment, complete apparent color selection
results from a combination of amplitude and frequency modulation of
the infrared excitation. In an alternative, two or three separate
beams may simply be amplitude modulated.
A commercially promising form of the invention utilizes but a
single infrared source, usually in the form of a columnated beam. A
convenient beam source is a solid-state laser or gas laser although
it is not a requirement that the energy be coherent. Elements for
amplitude modulating and elements for shifting frequency are in
advanced stages of development and several forms are already
commercially available.
Amplitude modulation may be accomplished by electro-optic or
magneto-optic interaction, see, for example, Vol. 38, Journal of
Applied Physics, p.1611 (1967) and Abstract IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. Mag. 2, p.304, Sept. 1966. Frequency shifting may
be accomplished parametrically and a particularly effective element
operating on this principle was recently described in 12 Applied
Physics Letters, p. 308 (1968).
Deflection systems may be digital or continuous, and these too have
been described in the literature, see Proceedings IEEE, Vol. 54,
No. 10, p. 1437, Oct. 1966. A particularly useful arrangement may
utilize digital deflection in one direction (i.e., fixed position
raster lines) in combination with continuous scanning in the other
in the manner of the usual CRT arrangement.
While the extreme simplicity of operating but a single beam is
appealing, certain embodiments may desirably use two or even three
separate beams. One exemplary phosphor material requires a
substantially different energy level for one of the colors. A
separate beam at such level (of such frequency incidentally as to
have little excitation effect on the remainder of the phosphor) may
be desirable. A different arrangement may use separate beams of
differing infrared wavelength to selectively excite the different
colors.
Regardless of whether excitation is by single or multiple beams,
the registration problem in the conventional color CRT is
completely avoided since the phosphor composition is homogeneous at
least on the scale required for image resolution.
While the preferred aspect of the invention is largely concerned
with the arrangements briefly described above, certain of the
compositions are novel, per se, and may be otherwise utilized.
Accordingly, such materials are intended to form a part of this
invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one display system in
accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of another display system in
accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 3 is an energy level diagram in ordinate units of wave numbers
for activator ions of concern in accordance with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In FIG. 1, infrared radiation is produced by source 1. In this
embodiment, source 1 produces infrared emission, either coherent or
incoherent, such as may be produced by diode 2 biased through leads
3 and 4 connected to electrical energizing means not shown. Diodes
5 and/or 6, shown in phantom, may emit energy either or both at an
amplitude and/or frequency different from that of diode 1. These
optional diodes are provided with leads 7-8 and 9-10 also connected
with biasing source not shown. Diodes are provided with a parabolic
reflector 11 which, together with external lens 12, may serve to
columnate and/or focus beam 13 on the surface of deflector mirror
14. Deflector 14 is provided with a pivot point 15 to permit
scanning in at least one direction. In any event, the deflected
beam, now denoted 16, is focused by lens system 17 so as to result
in focused beam 18 which excites phosphor coating 19 on screen
substrate 20. Also not shown but usefully incorporated in certain
forms of the system represented by FIG. 1 are means for varying the
amplitude of emission from diodes 2, 5 or 6. This variation, which
may be continuous or digital, may take any appropriate form
depending on the type of visual display desired.
It has been noted that research and development in laser technology
has produced rapid advances in the infrared field in general. The
arrangement of FIG. 2 is one form of inventive embodiment which
makes use of some of those advances. In the arrangement shown,
coherent infrared radiation is produced by laser source 25 which
may consist of a single laser 26 as supplemented by either or both
of lasers 27 and 28 shown in phantom. While emission from laser
source 25 may be utilized directly and its output may be modulated
internally by any of the various means such as have been described
in the literature, present frequencies availability from the most
efficiently operating of the solid-state lasers suggests use of
certain auxiliary nonlinear elements. Of course, use of such
solid-state lasers is to be considered as to be exemplary only and
similar arrangements may make use of other coherent light sources
such as gas lasers or liquid lasers. In the embodiment shown, the
emission from laser source 25 is first passed through a second
harmonic generator 29 which produces a first overtone of the
fundamental emission of 25. Thereafter, the resulting
half-wavelength beam 30 is passed through one or more parametric
oscillators 31 which may be electrically tuned by means of leads
shown schematically as 32 and 33 so as to produce a desired fixed
or varying output frequency in a beam now depicted as 34. This beam
34 may now be passed through one or more amplitude modulators 35
which may, for example, depend on an electro-optic interaction, in
which event, modulation is furnished in the form of an electric
bias applied via leads 36 and 37 connected to source not shown.
Exciting beam 38 which may now contain frequency and/or amplitude
adjusted components is next introduced into deflector system 39 so
designed as to produce at least a single axis scanning beam 40
which thereby illuminates excessive portions of phosphor coating 41
supported on screen substrate 42.
It is not considered within the necessary scope of this description
to describe the ancillary modulating and deflector elements such as
29, 31, 35 and 39 in detail. Briefly, SHG element 29 may be
constructed of the phase-matchable, nonlinear material Ba.sub.2
Na.sub.5 NbO.sub.15. Engineering criteria such as crystallographic
direction, temperature, etc., have been adequately described in the
literature, see, for example, Vol. 12, Applied Physics Letters, p.
308 (1968). Element 31 may also be constructed of Ba.sub.2 Na.sub.5
NbO.sub.15. Modulator 35 may desirably utilize a crystal of lithium
tantalate, and an element utilizing this material and demonstrating
frequency capability sufficient for the purposes of this
arrangement has been described in Vol. 38, Journal of Applied
Physics, p. 1611 (1967). Deflector system 39 may take any of
several forms. It may be a mechanically rotating prism or prisms or
it may be one of the electric deflector systems in which the
outgoing direction of beam 40 is dependent upon refractive index
which is, in turn, dependent upon the electrical bias applied by
means not shown. One composition which has demonstrated the desired
capability is a mixture of potassium tantalate and potassium
niobate known as KTN. This material is substantially
crystallographically cubic in its operating condition and,
consequently, is characterized by large effective aperture for the
incoming and outgoing beams. A description of a deflector utilizing
this material is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,290,619 (Dec. 6,
1966). As there described, suitable KTN compositions may be
represented by the atomic formula KTa.sub.x Nb.sub.1.sub.-x O.sub.3
in which x equals from 0.2 to 0.8 .
Phosphor material such as that of which layers 19 and 41 are
composed is a critical element of the invention and is discussed in
some detail. It is convenient to describe this material in terms of
an energy level diagram. A preferred composition for use either in
a colored or black and white display makes use of the sensitizer
and activator trivalent cations of ytterbium and erbium,
respectively. Whether for black and white or color display
purposes, it may be desired to utilize different visible emission
wavelengths available from the single ion Er.sup.3.sup.+ or the
pair Er.sup.3.sup.+ and Ho.sup.3.sup.+. A preferred matrix which
permits readily discernible levels of different wavelength
emissions is an oxychloride of a more complex stoichiometry than
MOCL (in which M is any cation) in which the chlorine to oxygen
ratio is greater than one. Where a color display is desired, a
third wavelength of visible emission may be obtained from trivalent
thulium in a mechanically admixed compound. Selection as between
the Er.sup.3.sup.+ and Ho.sup.3.sup.+ wavelengths, the
Ho.sup.3.sup.+ wavelength and the Im.sup.3.sup.+ wavelength is on
the basis of a difference in absorption by the common sensitizer
Yb.sup.3.sup.+ in different hosts.
The energy level diagram of FIG. 3 is representative of such a
system. The details of the absorption and emission levels were
measured spectroscopically. Excitation routes for certain of the
multiphoton processes are, however, deduced from observed emission.
Recognizing that excitation routes may differ somewhat from those
indicated, the diagram is nevertheless sufficient for describing in
general the type of mechanism which is responsible for at least a
preferred phosphor in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 3 contains information on Yb.sup.3.sup.+, Er.sup.3.sup.+,
Ho.sup.3.sup.+ and Tm.sup.3.sup.+. While the pairs Yb.sup.3.sup.+
--Ho.sup.3.sup.+ and Yb.sup.3.sup.+ --Tm.sup.3.sup.+ are not the
most efficient for energy up conversion, the former does provide a
strong green fluorescence and enables a desirable color shift and
improvement in efficiency when included as an ancillary pair with
Yb.sup.3.sup.+ --Er.sup.3.sup.+. Further, the Yb.sup.3.sup.+
--Tm.sup.3.sup.+ couple provides a source of blue fluorescence.
The ordinate units are in wavelengths per centimeter
(cm..sup..sup.-1). These units may be converted to wavelength in
angstrom units (A.) or microns (.mu.) in accordance with the
relationship.
The left-hand portion of the diagram is concerned with the relevant
manifolds of Yb.sup.3.sup.+ in a host of the invention. Absorption
in Yb.sup.3.sup.+ results in an energy increase from the ground
manifold Yb.sup.2 F.sub.7/2 to the Yb.sup.2 F.sub.5/2 manifold.
This absorption defines a band which includes levels at 10,200
cm..sup..sup.-1, 10,500 cm..sup. .sup.-1 and 10,700
cm..sup..sup.-1. The positions of these levels are affected by the
crystal field of splitting within the structures having at least
one each of two different anions or at least one anion vacancy per
unit cell or formula unit. In the oxychlorides, for example, they
include a broad absorption which peaks at about 0.94.mu.(10,600
cm..sup..sup.-1), there is an efficient transfer of energy from a
silicon-doped GaAs diode (with its emission peak at about
0.93.mu.). This contrast with the comparatively small splitting in
lanthanum fluoride and other less anisotropic hosts in which
absorption peaking is at about 0.98.mu. for Yb.sup.3.sup.+.
The remainder of FIG. 3 is discussed in conjunction with the
postulated excitation mechanism. All energy level values and all
relaxations indicated on the figure have been experimentally
verified.
POSTULATED EXCITATION MECHANISMS
Following absorption by Yb.sup.3.sup.+, of emission from the GaAs
diode, a quantum is yielded to the emitting ion Er.sup.3.sup.+ (or
as also discussed in conjunction with the figure, to Ho.sup.3.sup.+
or Tm.sup.3.sup.+). The first transition is denoted 11. Excitation
of Er.sup.3.sup.+ to the .sup.4 I.sub.11/2 is almost exactly
matched in energy (denoted by m ) to the relaxation transition of
Yb.sup.3.sup.+. However, a similar transfer, resulting in
excitation of Ho.sup.3.sup.+ to Ho.sup.5 I.sub.6 or Tm.sup.3.sup.+
to Tm.sup.3 H.sub.5, requires a simultaneous release of one or more
phonons (+P). The manifold Er.sup.4 I.sub.11/2 has a substantial
lifetime, and transfer of a second quantum from Yb.sup.3.sup.+
promotes transition 12 to the Er.sup.4 F.sub.7/2 manifold. Transfer
of a second quantum to Ho.sup.3.sup.+ or Tm.sup.3.sup.+ results in
excitation to Ho.sup.5 S.sub.2 or , after internal relaxation from
Tm.sup.3 H.sub.5 to Tm.sup.3 H.sub.4 (by yielding energy as phonons
in the matrix), excitation to Tm.sup.3 F.sub.2 with simultaneous
generation of a phonon. Internal relaxation is represented on this
figure by the wavy arrow. In erbium, the second photon level
(Er.sup.5 F.sub.7/2) has a lifetime which is very short due to the
presence of close, lower lying levels which results in rapid
degradation to the Er.sup.4 S.sub.3/2 state through the generation
of phonons.
The first significant emission of Er.sup.3.sup.+ is from the
Er.sup.4 S.sub.3/2 state (18,200 cm..sup..sup.-1 or 0.55.mu. in the
green). This emission is denoted in the figure by the broad
(double-line) arrow A. The reverse of the second photon excitation,
the nonradiative transfer of a quantum from Er.sup.4 F.sub.7/2 back
to Yb.sup.3.sup.+ must compete with the rapid phonon relaxation to
Er.sup.4 S.sub.3/2 and is not limiting. The phonon relaxation to
Er.sup.2 F.sub.9/2 also competes with emission A and contributes to
emission from that level. The extent to which this further
relaxation is significant is composition dependent. Erbium emission
B is, in part, brought about by transfer of a third quantum from
Yb.sup.3.sup.+ to Er.sup.3.sup.+ which excites the ion from
Er.sup.4 S.sub.3/2 to Er.sup.2 G.sub.7/2 with simultaneous
generation of a phonon (transition 13). This is followed by
internal relaxation to Er.sup.4 G.sub.11/2 which, in turn, permits
relaxation to Er.sup.2 F.sub.9/2 by transfer of a quantum back to
Yb.sup.3.sup.+ with the simultaneous generation of a phonon
(transition 13'). The Er.sup.2 F.sub.9/2 level is thereby populated
by at least two distinct mechanisms and indeed experimental
confirmation arises from the finding that emission B is dependent
on a power of the input intensity which is intermediate in
character to that characteristic of a third-photon process and that
characteristic of a second-photon process for the Y.sub.3 OCl.sub.7
host. The relationship of the power of the variation in output
intensity and intensity of the pump for multiphoton processes is
well known (see, for example, Quantum Electronics, pp. 356-360,
John Wiley & Sons, 1967). Emission B, in the red, is at about
15,250 cm..sup..sup.-1 or 0.66.mu..
While emissions in the green and red are predominant, there are
many other emission wavelengths of which the next strongest
designated C is in the blue (24,400 cm.sup..sup.-1 or 0.41.mu.).
This third emission designated C originates from the Er.sup.2
H.sub.9/2 level which is, in turn, populated by two mechanisms. In
the first of these, energy, is received by a phonon process from
Er.sup.4 G.sub.11/2. The other mechanism is a four-photon process
in accordance with which a fourth quanta is transferred from
Yb.sup.3.sup.+ to Er.sup.3.sup.+ exciting Er.sup.4 G.sub.9/2 from
Er.sup.4 G.sub.11/2 (transition 14). This step is followed by
internal relaxation to Er.sup.2 D.sub.5/2 from which level energy
can be transferred back to Yb relaxing Er to Er.sup.2 H.sub.9/2
(transition 14').
Significant emission from holmium occurs only by a two-photon
process. Emission is predominantly from Ho.sup.5 S.sub.2 in the
green (18,350 cm..sup..sup.-1 or 0.54.mu.). A similar process in
thulium also results in emission by a three-photon process (from
Tm.sup.1 G.sub.4 in the blue at about 21,000 cm..sup..sup.-1 or
0.47.mu.). The responsible mechanisms are clear from FIG. 3 and the
foregoing discussion.
The detail at the bottom of FIG. 3 is an expansion of a portion of
the .sup.2 F.sub.5/2 multiplet for ytterbium in two different
exemplary hosts. The expansion is in the same ordinate units of
wave numbers. Absorption spectra are shown for Yb.sup.3.sup.+ in an
oxychloride host and also for the same trivalent sensitizer ion in
a tungstate host. The oxychloride splitting results in more
pronounced peaks in the portion of the spectrum shown, and one of
these peaks denoted a occurs at about 10,200 cm..sup..sup.-1 or
about 0.98 .mu.. By contrast, there are many more sharp absorption
peaks in the spectrum for the tungstate, and, for the purpose of
this discussion, an absorption in the region b is considered. In
actuality blue emission from Tm.sup.3.sup.+ is relatively difficult
to excite. By pumping the phosphor at about 10,200 cm..sup..sup.-1
(a) or at 10,500 cm..sup..sup.-1 at an appropriate amplitude, only
Er.sup.3.sup.+ and Ho.sup.3.sup.+ emission from the oxychloride
host will be discernible to the unaided vision. By varying the
amplitude at either of these wavelengths, the Er.sup.3.sup.+ and
Ho.sup.3.sup.+ activator emission may be varied from essentially
pure green to apparently essentially pure red as discussed. By
pumping the tungstate or b lattice at about 10,350 cm..sup..sup.-1
at an appropriate amplitude (for this example the required
amplitude is an order of magnitude higher than for the
oxychloride), discernible emission may result from the activator
ion contained in the tungstate. In accordance with a particular
embodiment of the invention, the tungstate lattice contains as its
only activator ion the trivalent ion of thulium. Accordingly,
pumping of this wavelength produces blue Tm.sup.3.sup.+ emission.
The absorption for Yb.sup.3.sup.+ in the oxychloride at this
wavelength is sufficiently weak so the discernible emission does
not result from the Er.sup.3.sup.+ or Ho.sup.3.sup.+ activator in
that lattice.
MATERIAL PREPARATION
Since the phosphors of the invention may be in powder or
polycrystalline form, growth presents no particular problem.
Oxychlorides, for example, may be prepared by dissolving the oxides
(rare earth and yttrium oxides) in hydrochloric acid, evaporating
to form the hydrated chlorides, dehydrating, usually near
100.degree. C. under vacuum, and treating with Cl.sub.2 gas at an
elevated temperature (about 900.degree. C.). The resulting product
can be the one or more oxychlorides, the trichloride or mixtures of
these depending on the dehydrating conditions, vacuum integrity and
cooling conditions. The trichloride melts at the elevated
temperature and may act as a flux to crystallize the oxychlorides.
The YbOCl structure is favored by high Y contents, intermediate
dehydration rates and slow cooling rates while more complex
chlorides such as Yb.sub.3 OC1.sub. 7 are favored by high rare
earth content, slow dehydration and fast cooling. The trichloride
may subsequently be removed by washing with water. Dehydration
should be sufficiently slow (usually 5 minutes or more) to avoid
excessive loss of chlorine.
Oxybromides and oxyiodides may be prepared by similar means using
hydrobromic acid and gaseous HBr or hydroiodic acid and gaseous HI
in place of hydrochloric acid and Cl.sub.2 in the process.
Lead fluorochloride and fluorobromide may be prepared simply by
melting PbF.sub.2 and PbCl.sub.2 or PbBr.sub.2 together. The
products can, in turn, be melted together with the oxyhalide
phosphors to adjust their properties.
Sodium ytterbium tungstates containing Tm can be grown from a
Na.sub.2 W.sub.2 O.sub.7 flux by slow cooling from 1,275.degree.
C., and yttrium ortho-aluminates containing Yb and Ho can be
similarly grown from lead oxide based fluxes and by pulling from
the melt.
COMPOSITION
The essence of the invention is the use of a mixture of powders,
each having a different crystal field environment for rare earth
ions, each sensitized by Yb.sup.3.sup.+, and one containing
Tm.sup.3.sup.+ as a sensitizer while the other(s) is sensitized by
or and/or Ho all in conjunction with an infrared source whose
output can be varied in frequency as well as in intensity. Examples
of the phosphor matrices are rare earth oxychlorides, oxybromides,
oxyiodides, the corresponding bismuth compounds (those containing
BiOC1, for example), the oxychalkogenides (those containing ThOS,
for example), and fluorohalides (those containing PbFCl or PbFBr,
for example), rare earth fluorides, ortho-aluminates and gallium
garnets, tungstates, molybdates, phosphates and vanadates. They are
best employed in combinations where the broadest Yb.sup.3.sup.+
absorption lines are for the matrix containing Tm.sup.3.sup.+ and
narrower absorptions are associated with those containing Er and/or
Ho.
The oxychlorides, oxybromides and oxyiodides are preferred
embodiments of the narrow band Yb.sup.3.sup.+ absorption type and,
of these, the oxychlorides are the preferred class. The latter
consist of at least two varieties although others are not to be
construed as excluded. These have various structures including (a)
the tetragonal D7/4h -P4/nmm structure in common with YOCl or (b) a
hexagonal structure with an oxygen-to-chlorine ratio of less than
one, for which a composition with the analyzed metal ratios: Y=56%,
Yb=43% and Er=1%, lattice constants A.sub.o =5.607 and C.sub.o
=9.260 and prominent d-spacings of 9.20, 2.33, 3.09, 4.62 and 2.83
are typical. Analysis indicates a structure (RE).sub.3 OCl.sub.7,
where RE= any of the rare earths or yttrium. Of these two
structures, (b) is preferred due to a greater range of fluorescent
characteristics and this structure is generallized as Y.sub.3
OCL.sub.7 for simplification herein. Na.sub.0.5 Yb.sub.0.5
WO.sub.4, Na.sub.0.5 Yb.sub.0.5 Mo0.sub.4 and divalent
ion-containing fluorides are preferred embodiments of the broad
band Yb.sup.3.sup.+ absorption group. However, the latter need not
be employed if a sufficient number of narrow-band absorption types
are available.
While the structural considerations are essential the compositions
must also contain the requisite ion pair Yb.sup.3.sup.+
--Er.sup.3.sup.+, Yb.sup.3.sup.+ --Ho.sup.3.sup.+, mixtures
thereof, or Yb.sup.3.sup.+ --Tm.sup.3.sup.+. As described in
conjunction with FIG. 3, initial transfer of energy is to
Yb.sup.3.sup.+. A minimum of this ion is set at 5 percent based on
total A cation content (e.g., ABO.sub.3, A.sub.3 B.sub.5 O.sub.12,
(A,A')WO.sub.4) since appreciably below this level transfer is
insufficient to produce an expedient output efficiency regardless
of the activator content. A preferred minimum of about 10 percent
on the same basis may, under appropriate conditions, result in an
output intensity competitive with the best gallium phosphide
diodes. The maximum ytterbium content is essentially 100 percent on
the same basis, and it is an advantage of compositions of the
invention that such rare earth levels may be tolerated. For
ytterbium content above 80 percent, however, brightness does not
increase substantially with increasing ytterbium; and this level,
therefore, represents a preferred maximum.
It has been noted that strong activator fluorescence may vary from
essentially pure green emission at about 0.54 to 0.55.mu. to a
mixture of green and red, the latter at about 0.66.mu. when
Er.sup.3.sup.+ or Er.sup.3.sup.+ +Ho.sup.3.sup.+ is the activator.
Due to the effect of exchange coupling of Yb.sup.3.sup.+ to
Er.sup.3.sup.+ on internal relaxation, red emission from erbium
tends to be dominant for larger ytterbium concentration. Ytterbium
concentration between about 20 and 50 percent results in mixed
green and red output for (YbErY).sub.3 OCl.sub.7 while amounts in
excess of about 50 percent, under most circumstances, result in
output approaching pure red. A preferred range for a red emitting
phosphor coating, therefore, lies between 50 and 80 percent
Yb.sup.3.sup.+.
The erbium range is from about 1/16 to about 20 percent. Below the
minimum, erbium output is not appreciable. Above the maximum, which
is only approached for high Yb concentrations, internal
radiationless processes substantially quench erbium output. A
preferred range is from about 1/4 to about 2 percent. The minimum
is dictated by the subjective criterion that only at this level
does a coated diode with sufficient brightness for observation in a
normally lighted room result. The upper limit results from the
observation that further increase does not substantially increase
output, for any given pump level.
Holmium, recommended as an adjunct to erbium in conjunction with
ytterbium, as well as with ytterbium alone, may be included in an
amount from about 1/50 to about 5 percent to obtain green emission
of to strengthen the green output of erbium. Such activation may be
desirable in the intermediate 20 to 50 percent Yb range alone or
when erbium is present as well as at greater concentrations of Yb.
Lesser amounts of holmium produce little discernible output as
viewed by the eye. Amounts substantially larger than 2 percent
result in no substantial increase and above about 10 percent result
in substantial quenching. Thulium may also activate phosphors, and
its value is premised on its blue output. Amounts of from about
1/16 to about 5 percent are effective. Limits are derived from the
same considerations discussed with holmium.
Where the required cation content of the hose is not met by the
total Yb+Er+Ho+Tm, "inert" cations may be included to make up the
deficiency. Such cations desirably have no absorption levels below
and within a small number of phonons of any of the levels relevant
to the described multiphoton processes. A cation which has been
found suitable is yttrium. Others are Pb.sup.2.sup.+,
Gd.sup.3.sup.+ and Lu.sup.3.sup.+.
Other requirements are common to phosphor material in general.
Various impurities which may produce unwanted absorption or which
may otherwise "poison" the inventive systems are to be avoided. As
a general premise, maintaining the compositions at a purity level
resulting from use of starting ingredients which are three nines
pure (99.9 percent) is adequate. Further improvement, however,
results from further increase in purity at least to the five nines
level.
The absorption bands of Yb.sup.3.sup.+ lie at various energies
depending upon the properties of the host material containing the
ion. Therefore, one of a mixture of two or more phosphors that are
sensitized by Yb.sup.3.sup.+ can be excited preferentially by use
of narrow band excitation in a unique absorption region for
Yb.sup.3.sup.+ in a particular host. Diode arrays in which
different diodes emit at a different frequency (e.g., through
various indium doping levels) may be used to obtain such
selectivity. Alternatively, individual components of a phosphor
mixture may be excited with a single beam using a parametric
oscillator that can be tuned in output wavelength to match the
desired absorption regions of Yb.sup.3.sup.+ in the various
matrices and may be varied in intensity to obtain the desired
levels of fluorescence.
Consider the exemplary mixture (a) (Yb.sub.0.3 Er.sub.0.01
Ho.sub.0.002 Y.sub.0.6898).sub.3 OC1.sub.7 and (b) Na.sub.0.5
Yb.sub.0.49 Tm.sub.0.01 WO.sub.4. The former emits green (0.54-
5.mu.) under weak infrared excitation, appearing to shift through
intermediate colors to red (0.66.mu.) as excitation amplitude
increases. In this compound, Yb.sup.3.sup.+ has absorption peaks at
0.94, 0.95 and 0.98.mu. with no absorption between 0.96 and
0.97.mu.. The latter emits blue (0.47.mu.) under strong infrared
excitation and has absorption peaks in the 0.96- 0.97.mu. region as
well as at other frequencies. Hence, it is possible to excite blue
emission from the tungstate (b) alone (through the Yb.sup.3.sup.+
absorption peaks in the 0.96-0.97.mu. region) or in the presence of
the oxychloride (a). The process for blue emission from
Tm.sup.3.sup.+ is relatively inefficient and requires much stronger
excitation than those producing green or red emission from erbium
and/or holmium in the oxychloride. Hence emission from (b) will
have little affect on the hue of the overall output when both (a)
and (b) are excited, say at 0.98.mu. at a level sufficient to
produce erbium emission.
The excitation source can be an array of coherent or incoherent
diodes with one diode emitting in a controlled manner at each
critical frequency in response to programmed signals or it can be a
coherent source, followed by a parametric oscillator that can shift
the output frequency over the necessary range, and a modulator to
change the output intensity. In the parametric oscillator case, a
frequency shift may result from the application of an electrical
stress to the parametric oscillator as well as by a temperature
change, and intensity modulation can be controlled by the use of a
standard electro-optic modulator such as the LiTaO.sub.3 --based
device described in 38 J. Appl. Phys. 1611 (1967).
The expected short term impact of the invention is in the field of
pictorial representation produced by infrared energizing. This
energy, generally in the form of one or more beams, is generally
caused to scan a substantially homogeneous phosphor either from the
front or from the back. An arrangement resulting in a substantially
black and white image has been described. Systems whereby at least
two-color or three-color images may be produced by use of
variations in frequency and/or amplitude to match different lattice
absorptions and/or to cause different multiphoton processes to
predominate have been described.
While a significant advantage of the invention is considered to
derive from the use of a homogeneous (albeit sometimes mechanically
admixed) phosphor, certain arrangements may give rise to a desire
for a patterned screen. It is expected that any such arrangement
will also utilize a scanning beam although scanning may be
discontinuous or quasi-continuous.
Under certain circumstances, it may be desired also to utilize
certain of the described phosphors of the invention in conjunction
with an array of infrared sources. Proposed arrangements include
cross-point arrays of gallium arsenide diodes. While such
arrangement is not preferred in accordance with these teachings,
certain of the phosphors described herein are advantageously
employed in such a system.
The invention is largely concerned with the representation of
pictorial information. By pictorial information is ordinarily meant
representative information as seen by the human eye in life
situations. Such information is represented not only in varying
color where color is employed but also in varying color intensity.
Under certain circumstances, it is desired to represent information
in terms which do not include gradations of intensity. The
inventive systems and phosphors are, of course, equally suitable
for such purposes.
* * * * *