U.S. patent number 3,631,291 [Application Number 04/820,564] was granted by the patent office on 1971-12-28 for field emission cathode with metallic boride coating.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to Louis J. Favreau.
United States Patent |
3,631,291 |
Favreau |
December 28, 1971 |
FIELD EMISSION CATHODE WITH METALLIC BORIDE COATING
Abstract
A field emission cathode comprises a hairpin rhenium filament
coated with lanthanum boride and with a fine tungsten tip attached
to the rhenium filament serves as an efficient source of electrons.
The presence of free lanthanum atoms at the tungsten surface lowers
the work function and enhances the field emission from the tungsten
tip.
Inventors: |
Favreau; Louis J. (Elnora,
NY) |
Assignee: |
General Electric Company
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25231154 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/820,564 |
Filed: |
April 30, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/345;
313/346R; 313/336 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
1/304 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
1/30 (20060101); H01J 1/304 (20060101); H01j
001/14 (); H01j 019/06 (); H01k 001/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/336,345,346 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schonberg; David
Assistant Examiner: Kusmer; Toby H.
Claims
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the
United States is:
1. A field emission cathode comprising:
a hairpin filament;
said filament including at least two sides with a tungsten tip
connected at the apex thereof; and
a coating of lanthanum boride on at least one side of said filament
for enhancing the field emission from said tungsten tip, the sides
of said filament being impervious to boron diffusion.
2. A field emission cathode as recited in claim 1 wherein said
sides are made of rhenium metal.
3. A field emission cathode as recited in claim 2 further
comprising support means connected to the ends of said rhenium
filament for supporting the same.
4. A field emission cathode as recited in claim 1 wherein said
lanthanum boride coating is applied to each side of said filament
for providing a source of free lanthanum atoms which migrate to
said tungsten tip at elevated temperatures thereby lowering the
work function of said tungsten tip.
5. A field emission cathode as recited in claim 4 further
comprising support means connected to the ends of said filament for
supporting the same.
6. A field emission cathode as recited in claim 2 wherein said
lanthanum boride coating is applied to the sides of said filament
for providing a source of free lanthanum atoms which migrate to
said tungsten tip at elevated temperatures thereby lowering the
work function of said tungsten tip.
7. A field emission cathode as recited in claim 1 further
comprising support means connected to the ends of said rhenium
filament for supporting the same.
Description
This invention relates generally to field emission cathodes and
more particularly to cathodes having a metallic boride coating.
The emission of electrons from the surface of a conductor into a
vacuum or into an insulator under the influence of a strong
electric field have found many useful applications. One such
application includes field emission microscopy in which some of the
most powerful microscopes known have been constructed. Such
microscopes generally utilize a "hairpin" cathode with a fine
tungsten point at the apex of the hairpin as a source of electrons.
Since the degree of magnification obtained by field emission
microscopes is a function of the emission levels from the tungsten
tip, it is desirable to utilize a hairpin filament with high
emission levels so that high magnification can be obtained.
Conditions conducive to high emission are a high operating
temperature, an ultrahigh vacuum, and a high electric field. With
these conditions, a relatively high emission can be obtained;
however, the useful life of a hairpin filament operated in this
manner is considerably reduced. Additionally, as a result of the
high temperatures, the field emission microscope is limited in
application to an investigation of those metals having a melting
point higher than the operating temperature of the filament.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a filament which
provides the same or higher emission current with a lower work
function than existing filaments.
As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,639,399 to J. M. Lafferty,
properties of the rare earth metal borides and in particular
lanthanum boride, LaB.sub.6, exhibit particularly desirable
characteristics for electron emitters.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a field
emission cathode having a lower work function with enhanced field
emission.
It is another object of this invention to provide a field emitter
that is highly efficient and has a longer useful life than prior
art emitters even when operated at emission levels several orders
of magnitude higher than prior art emitters.
Briefly, the field emitter of the present invention includes a
hairpin filament of rhenium metal with a fine tungsten point at its
apex and a coating of lanthanum boride applied to the sides of the
rhenium filament. The presence of free lanthanum atoms on the
tungsten surface lowers the work function and enhances the field
emission from the tungsten tip.
The invention will be better understood from the following
description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing and
its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.
In the drawing, the FIGURE illustrates a cross-sectional view of a
hairpin cathode constructed in accord with the present
invention.
In the FIGURE, a field emission cathode 10 comprises a pair of side
support members 11 and 12 having a filament 13, preferably of
rhenium wire, connected therebetween in the form of an inverted V
and secured, as by welding, to support members 11 and 12,
respectively, at the extremities thereof. Secured to the apex of
the hairpin-shaped filament is a fine tungsten point 14 of
conventional design, fabricated by an electrolytic etching
technique well known to those skilled in the art. Unlike
conventional hairpin field emitters of pure tungsten, however,
lanthanum boride is applied to each side or leg of the filament 13.
The lanthanum boride coating is illustrated in the FIGURE by the
numeral 15. The sides of the rhenium filament 13 to which the
lanthanum boride coating 15 is applied, is typically 10 mil
diameter.
The coating 15 may be applied to the sides of the rhenium filament
by painting, spraying, or dipping. For example, a paste slurry of
lanthanum boride powder and ethyl alcohol may be applied by
painting or dipping. Reference may be made to the aforementioned
U.S. Pat. No. 2,639,399 for a description of other methods which
may also be used to provide the desired coating 15 on the rhenium
filament 13.
As described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,312,856 to J. M. Lafferty and W. R.
Grams, when certain metal borides are in contact with commonly used
refractory metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, platinum, niobium,
or tantalum at high temperatures, boron diffuses into these metal
lattices forming interstitial boron alloys which are very brittle
and which reduce the supply of emissive material in the metal.
Rhenium metal, however, possesses physical and mechanical
properties which are impervious to boron atoms and make its use
desirable in practicing the present invention; however, other
metals which are affected by boron diffusion at high temperatures
could likewise be used.
The field emission cathode constructed in accordance with the
instant invention has several advantages over prior art devices. In
particular, the lanthanum boride coating serves as a dispenser of
free lanthanum metal atoms which at a temperature of approximately
1,400.degree. C. migrate to the tungsten tip thereby lowering the
work function and enhancing the field emission from the tungsten
tip. Laboratory tests have demonstrated that emission levels of
approximately 1,000.degree. times higher are achieved with the
instant invention over hairpin filaments with a tungsten tip but
without the lanthanum boride coating. Additionally, under vacuum
conditions such as 10.sup..sup.-6 torr, which would be completely
unsuitable for operation of an uncoated hairpin filament, the field
emission cathode of the instant invention provides emission
currents which were very stable and were attained with
anode-to-cathode potentials of only 3.5 kilovolts. Additionally,
whereas conventional hairpin filaments require a tungsten tip of a
half-micron radium of curvature to provide emission currents of
10.sup..sup.-7 amperes, the hairpin filament of the instant
invention can achieve the same or higher levels with a tungsten tip
of 2-3 microns radius of curvature. Since it is very difficult and
costly to fabricate tungsten tips of a half-micron radius of
curvature, the cost of highly emissive field emitters is greatly
reduced.
Another advantage of the instant invention is that field emission
from the activated tungsten tip is enhanced by approximately 10
times by slightly heating the filament; that is, given a particular
emission level, it can be increased tenfold by slightly heating the
filament. The temperature is so low that no color temperature is
visible; however, increased field emission is observed. The reason
for the field emission enhancement under this condition is not
clearly understood since the temperature of the cathode is not high
enough for thermionic emission from the lanthanum hexaboride
coating. If desired, however, the field emission cathode of the
instant invention can serve as a thermionic by simply heating the
filament to a temperature of approximately 1,000.degree. C. so as
to enable the lanthanum hexaboride to emit thermionic electrons. In
this mode of operation, only a few hundred volts anode-to-cathode
voltage would be required. This mode of operation would be most
useful for out-gasing of electrodes by electron bombardment.
From the foregoing, it may be appreciated that there is disclosed a
field emitter having a hairpin configuration with a lanthanum
boride coating in which emission currents a thousand times greater
than pure tungsten tips are achieved. Additionally, good emission
is achieved with a tungsten tip of 2 to 3 microns radius of
curvature whereas prior art tungsten tips with a half-micron radius
of curvature could not produce the same results. Stable emission is
also achieved in vacuums of 10.sup..sup.-6 torr with the field
emitter of the present invention whereas prior art emitters require
a vacuum in the order of 10.sup..sup.-9 or 10.sup.-.sup.10 torr for
stable emission.
While the invention has been described in connection with a
specific hairpin structure, it is to be understood that the present
invention is not limited thereto. Many variations and modifications
of the specific embodiment disclosed will occur to those skilled in
the art. Therefore, it is intended by the following claims to
include all such structures as fall within the true spirit and
scope of this invention.
* * * * *