U.S. patent number 3,630,294 [Application Number 05/000,667] was granted by the patent office on 1971-12-28 for self-excited oscillator.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Dynamics Corporation. Invention is credited to John V. Bouyoucos, Boyd A. Wise.
United States Patent |
3,630,294 |
Bouyoucos , et al. |
December 28, 1971 |
SELF-EXCITED OSCILLATOR
Abstract
A self-excited pneumatic oscillator is described which includes
a reciprocating hammer member adapted to impact an anvil. The
hammer is disposed in a housing structure which includes a porting
arrangement. As the hammer moves towards engagement with the anvil,
it in sequence opens a discharge port and then an intake port in
communication with a source of pressurized air. The space between
the front surface of the hammer and an extended housing section
which supports the anvil defines an active cavity. The space
between the housing and the rear surface of the hammer defines a
passive spring cavity. The hammer and these cavities define a
system which is acoustically resonant and oscillates at a frequency
determined by the dimensions and masses thereof to convert the flow
of pressurized air into reciprocating motion of the hammer and
provides isolation (minimizing pressure fluctuations) between the
oscillator and the air source.
Inventors: |
Bouyoucos; John V. (Monroe
County, NY), Wise; Boyd A. (Monroe County, NY) |
Assignee: |
General Dynamics Corporation
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
21692515 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/000,667 |
Filed: |
January 5, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
173/136; 91/25;
173/138 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
1/00 (20130101); B25D 9/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B25D
9/08 (20060101); B25D 9/00 (20060101); E21B
1/00 (20060101); E21b 001/00 (); B25d 009/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;173/134,135,137,138
;91/25,27,50,234 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Brown; David H.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A self-excited pneumatic oscillator comprising
a. a housing, an anvil, and a movable hammer for impacting upon the
anvil,
b. the housing defining a hollow interior cylindrical space and
including a section which extends into the cylindrical space and
partitions said space into a supply chamber and an actuation
chamber,
c. said hammer being disposed in and partitioning the actuation
chamber into a passive spring cavity and an active cavity on
opposite sides thereof,
d. intake and discharge ports for pressurized air in said housing
both opening into the actuating chamber, and
e. said hammer being disposed in slideable engagement with the
housing and including means for blocking said inlet and discharge
ports and having a third port for sequentially communicating with
the discharge port and the intake port as said hammer moves towards
impact with said anvil, whereby said hammer executes self-excited
oscillatory movement and periodically impacts upon the anvil.
2. The invention as set forth in claim 1 wherein said section has
an opening in which said anvil is located in alignment with said
hammer.
3. The invention as set forth in claim 1 wherein said hammer has a
flexible web portion which interconnects a central anvil impacting
section to a shoe section which rides on the wall of said housing,
said web portion having spring characteristics.
4. The invention as set forth in claim 1 wherein the housing
defines a plenum in communication with the intake port and the
supply chamber.
5. The invention as set forth in claim 4 including means providing
communication between said plenum and said passive spring cavity
for stabilizing the axial position of said hammer.
6. The invention as set forth in claim 5 including means coupled to
the spring cavity to start the oscillator by driving the hammer in
one of a pair of directions, toward and away from the anvil.
7. The invention as set forth in claim 1 wherein said blocking
means of said hammer includes a shoe providing bearing surface
which is disposed in contact with a bearing surface provided by the
internal wall housing, said shoe encompassing the housing wall in
an area adjacent the intake and discharge ports.
8. The invention as set forth in claim 7 wherein the hammer
includes a hammer striking portion for impacting said anvil, a web
shaped portion which provides spring action during impact and which
interconnects the striking portion and said shoe.
9. The invention as set forth in claim 8 wherein said third port is
located in said shoe.
10. In a self-excited oscillator the combination comprising
a. means for providing a source of pressurized air,
b. a housing, an anvil system, and a movable hammer impacting upon
the anvil system and movable in first and second successive strokes
in each cycle of oscillation away from and toward said anvil
system,
c. said housing defining active and passive spring cavities for
acting upon said movable hammer,
d. means defining a supply chamber connected to said pressurized
air source means, and
e. porting means for sequentially providing during each of said
first strokes communication between said supply chamber and said
active cavity and then communication between said active cavity and
a discharge for said active cavity, and during each of said second
strokes communication between said active cavity and a discharge
for said active cavity and then between said supply chamber and
said active cavity.
Description
The present invention relates to pneumatic oscillators and
particularly to a self-excited pneumoacoustic vibration
generator.
Heretofore, most pneumatic oscillators for driving a valve member
or hammer in a reciprocal fashion were relaxation oscillators that
operate on what is known as a dump-and-fill cycle. In such
arrangements, pressurized air charges a chamber driving the valve
member axially. Thereafter, the charge is discharged. The return
stroke operates in a similar fashion with the exception that
typically it uses a smaller porting arrangement. These devices are
limited in frequency because they have inherent inertial problems
in stating, accelerating, stopping and reversing the valve member.
Further, these relaxation oscillators have an inherent upper
frequency limit that is imposed by the supply pressure, the mass of
the valve member and the travel of the stroke. In practical
devices, the supply pressure is often limited to about 100 p.s.i.
and the frequency of oscillation to about 20- 50 cycles per second.
With relaxation oscillators in order to increase their frequency of
oscillation, to a range 100 cycles per second, it is necessary to
use a lightweight hammer and to decrease the stroke. In addition,
such oscillators are subject to the so-called "wire-drawing" effect
by virtue of the input porting arrangements used therein. Thus, the
available operating pressure inside such oscillators is reduced.
All of the foregoing disadvantages limit the application of these
low-power devices.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an
improved self-excited pneumatic oscillator capable of being used in
an impact tool.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved
self-excited pneumatic oscillator wherein the oscillator and the
flow source are isolated without an acoustic transmission line
filter mechanism which would complicate the oscillator mechanism
and require additional space.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved
pneumatic oscillator which is configured to provide for efficient
power transmission from the oscillator to a load.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an
improved pneumatically driven oscillator which eliminates back
pressure flow and provides for high compression which will increase
efficiency of the power transmission to load.
Another object of the present invention is to provided an improved
pneumatically driven oscillator which develops substantially higher
power output than existing devices, but which still uses the same
general level of inlet operating pressure.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an
improved pneumatic oscillator having an improved air inlet system
such that the wire-drawing effect is substantially eliminated.
Briefly described, a pneumatic oscillator embodying the invention
includes a self-excited hammer which is constrained to generally a
single degree of freedom and is adapted to periodically impact upon
an anvil system. The arrangement is such that between the hammer
and an extended section of the housing there is defined an active
cavity, whereas between the rear surface of the hammer and the
housing there is defined a passive spring cavity. When the hammer
is in its rearward position, the spring action of the passive
cavity exerts a force on the hammer member which causes it to
decelerate, reverses its movement and finally drives it forward
towards the anvil. The hammer is adapted to open and close a
multiplicity of intake and discharge ports in communication with
the active cavity before the hammer impacts upon the anvil. This
porting arrangement provides for higher effective operating
pressures by eliminating the wire-drawing effect.
It is an important feature of the present invention to provide a
porting arrangement which functionally provides for isolation
between the oscillator and the flow source during the time
intervals when the pressure in the cavities is higher than the flow
source pressure.
The invention itself both as to its organization and method of
operation, partitions well as additional objects and advantages
thereof will become more readily apparent from a reading of the
following description taken with the accompanying drawing, the sole
FIGURE of which is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of an
oscillator constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of
the invention.
Referring more particularly to the drawing, a representative
oscillator 10 is shown to include a housing 12 which is comprised
of two end pieces 14a and 14b, a cylindrical member 16 and an
extended sectional member 18, somewhat conical in shape, all of
which are secured together by means of a series of bolts 20. The
housing 12 is configured to define a large interior hollow
cylindrical area 21. The sectional member 18 extends from the
forward end piece 14a into the interior cylindrical area 21 and
terminates at a position where it defines a receiving hole 22. The
hole 22 is adapted to receive the end portion 24a of an anvil 24.
An O-ring 25 allows the anvil 24 to move axially. A flange portion
27 and an internal shoulder 29 form an end stop. Another stop (not
shown) to prevent excessive motion forwardly (to the left) may also
be provided. It is desireable to vent the space between the flange
27 and the member 18 to the atmosphere, and a vent hole (not shown)
in the member 18 may be provided for this purpose. The interior
cylindrical area 21 is positioned so that between the interior of
the extended sectional member 18 and the end piece 14a, there is
defined a supply chamber 26 which by means of an intake fitting 28
is in communication, via a channel, such as a pipe, with a source
of pressurized air. The remaining portion of the cylindrical area
21 defines an actuation chamber which is partitioned into a passive
spring cavity 30 located between the end piece 14b and the hammer
34 and an active cavity 32 located between the hammer and a surface
18a of the extended member 18. A fill hole 70 for the cavity 32 is
provided in the member 18. The active and passive spring cavities
are dimensioned so as to have approximately the same volume in the
position shown. By means of the geometry of the cavities 30 and 32
and the geometry and mass of the hammer 34, the free or oscillating
frequency of the device can be predetermined.
The hammer member 34 includes a cylindrical striking portion 34a
and a somewhat web-shaped flange portion 34b. The hammer is made of
a resilient metal (e.g. steel) and includes an outward cylindrical
shoe portion 36 biased into a sliding engagement with the interior
surface 16a, thereby, by virtue of the resiliency in the flange
34b; thus providing some bearing support. The rearward end of the
hammer 34 is provided with an elongated cylindrical section 38
which is in sliding bearing relationship with an interior bearing
surface 40 of a hole provided in the end piece 14b. Holes 39 in the
section 38 may be provided so that the region 41 forms part of the
spring cavity 30. The foregoing bearing arrangement stabilizes the
hammer 34 as it moves to and from anvil 24 which desirably has
predetermined spring characteristics. The hammer 34 is arranged so
that its web portion 34b coacts with the anvil 24 during impact.
The large diameter hammer 34 needed to achieve high frequency
without sacrifice in hammer weight is specially proportioned to
take advantage of all requirements, including the beneficial effect
of an impact spring between the massive shoe section 36 of the
hammer and the top 24a of the anvil 24. This massive shoe section
36 has negligible compliance.
The center section 34a acts as a mass too, but is a small
percentage (say less than one-fourth to about one-twentieth) of the
shoe 36 weight.
The conical spring provided by the web 34b deflects in a
combination of tension and shear. Even if the oscillator is turned
over the primary hammer stresses are a combination of compression
and shear such that operation in the inverted position is possible.
A feature of the invention is the compactness of the device and its
ease of providing an air receiver.
Note the advantage of the approximately center placement of the
spring web 34b on the shoe 36. The angles on the inside of the shoe
top and bottom may be made about twice as great as would be
possible with end placement of the spring web on the shoe.
Tolerances on the upper and lower ends of the shoe 36 are large and
the shoe is a rigid, acoustically short massive element.
The sliding bearing provided by the outer periphery of the shoe 36
are long enough to provide good protection against cocking (they
may be slightly over one diameter in length). These bearings are
however short enough to give a compact construction.
Pressurized air from the high volume source such as a compressor
changes the supply chamber 26 by way of the intake 28. A series of
channels 44 in the rear end of the section member 18 delivery air
to a plenum 46 formed between the outer surface of the member 16
and an extended flange of the end piece 14a. The plenum 46 is in
communication with the active cavity 32 when circumferentially
spaced ports or holes 50 in the shoe portion 36 are in alignment
with cooperating circumferentially spaced ports 48 in the member
16.
Similarly, a series of circumferentially spaced discharge ports 52
spaced rearwardly form the ports 48 in the member 16 will discharge
the active cavity when the ports 50 are in alignment therewith. It
should be noted that there is a channel 56 which leads from the
plenum 46 to an adjustable screw orifice 58 for permitting the
difference between the average pressure in the passive cavity 30
and that in the active cavity 32 to balance the average of the
force pulses transmitted to the anvil 34 system, thereby to
stabilize the average position of the hammer. A bleeding orifice 60
is also provided in the passive cavity 30 for adjusting the average
pressure in the passive cavity as required.
In operation, assuming the hammer 34 is in its most rearward
position (to the right as viewed on the drawing), the force exerted
by the cavities 30 and 32 because of air compression and expansion
is such that it urges the hammer 34 towards the anvil system 24 at
a high velocity. Shortly thereafter, the ports 50 are in alignment
with the ports 52 reducing the pressure in the active cavity 32 and
increasing the force on the hammer 34. Just prior to impact the
ports 48 and 50 will come into alignment but will not have
sufficient effect to reduce the impact blow of an impact section
34a of the hammer and the surface 24a. However, the pressure in the
active cavity will have increased and will in conjunction with the
rebound of the hammer 34 off the impact system 24 drive the hammer
in the reverse direction. Thereafter the ports 50 will again open
up the ports 48 building the pressure in the active cavity 32 and
driving the hammer 34 rearwardly at an increasing velocity until
the port 50 aligns itself with the port 52 for a short period of
time which will decrease the active cavity pressure. Thereafter the
operation will repeat itself at the frequency determined by the
geometry and masses as heretofore mentioned.
By means of the inlet porting arrangement in the form of an
integral receiver and a multiplicity of short low-impedance ports,
there will be high effective operating pressures. The wire-drawing
effect common to prior air-operated percussive devices is
substantially eliminated.
In order to start up the oscillator there is provided a stator port
section 62 in the end piece 14b (normally closed) which permits a
high burst of pressurized air into the passive cavity 30 which will
rapidly drive the hammer 34 towards impact and thus initiates the
start of oscillation. Thereafter the port 62 will be closed by
appropriate valving means.
Starting may be accomplished as well without the port 60. Consider
the hammer 34 to be in the down position. The air fills supply
chamber 26.
Air starts to fill cavity 32 and 21 through vent 70 and bleed 58.
Since vent 70 is bigger than bleed 58, cavity 32 fills faster. The
hammer 34 then moves up.
When inlet ports 48 line up with hammer ports 50, the in rush of
air rapidly increases the pressure in cavity 32, thereby
accelerating the hammer 34 upwardly. The momentum of the hammer 34
will, when the air charge in cavity 30 is still low, move the
hammer to open the exhaust ports 52. This will drop the pressure in
cavity 32; thus allowing hammer to be accelerated downward. On this
cycle, the hammer 34 will move to and slightly beyond the position
that aligns the hammer ports 50 with the inlet 48. The hammer will
be accelerated with greater momentum than on the previous cycle and
will again reach exhaust ports 52, even through cavity 30 is at
higher pressure than on the previous cycle. The open ports in
cavity 32 will again drop the pressure, starting another cycle
downward. This precess continues with each cycle building up to
higher amplitude. As pressures stabilize in cavities 32 and 21 and
as the hammer starts to impact on the anvil 24a and energy is
extracted from the oscillation, the level of oscillation will
stabilized so that force and energy balances are maintained. This
is the condition of steady running.
While an embodiment of the invention has been described, variations
thereof and modifications therein within the spirit of the
invention will undoubtedly suggest themselves to those skilled in
the art. Accordingly, the foregoing description should be taken as
illustrative and not in any limiting sense.
* * * * *