U.S. patent number 3,627,924 [Application Number 04/825,274] was granted by the patent office on 1971-12-14 for flat screen television system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.. Invention is credited to Gordon Ross Fleming, Kenneth E. Van Landingham.
United States Patent |
3,627,924 |
Fleming , et al. |
December 14, 1971 |
FLAT SCREEN TELEVISION SYSTEM
Abstract
An electroluminescent array and a method and circuit arrangement
for energizing the discrete elemental points on the
electroluminescent array a row at a time and in a manner to
energize each discrete elemental point on the selected row for
different periods of time to establish a plurality of different
light intensities to obtain a gradient of gray scales across the
selected row visually to display a single scan line portion of a
video display pattern. The electroluminescent array may include a
predetermined number of row circuit lines and a predetermined
number of column circuit lines arranged in a cross grid X-Y pattern
to form a circuit juncture at each crossing of the column and row
circuit lines, and a threshold-operated electroluminescent circuit
is connected at each of the junctures. Each threshold-operated
electroluminescent circuit, most advantageously, comprises a
bidirectional threshold-switching device having time delay
characteristics, and electroluminescent element, and a resistor.
Means are provided to apply operating potential sequentially to
each of the row circuit lines one after the other and, while any
given row circuit line is energized each of the electroluminescent
circuits connected along that row will remain in a stable off
condition until a given start signal is applied to each of the
column circuit lines at which time the electroluminescent circuit
connected to the junctures of the selected row and the column
circuit lines will be energized to emit light. The light intensity
from each of the electroluminescent circuits connected across the
selected row will depend on the point in time the
electroluminescent circuit is rendered operative to emit light from
the electroluminescent element thereof. Most advantageously, all of
the electroluminescent circuits along the selected row circuit line
are simultaneously deenergized by the removal of the operating
potential from the row circuit line, and the next row circuit line
receives operating potential to receive a subsequent scan of video
information.
Inventors: |
Fleming; Gordon Ross (Sylvan
Lake, MI), Van Landingham; Kenneth E. (Hazel Park, MI) |
Assignee: |
Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.
(Troy, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
25243580 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/825,274 |
Filed: |
May 16, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
348/800; 345/77;
315/169.3; 348/E3.016 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N
3/14 (20130101); G09G 3/30 (20130101); G09G
2300/0885 (20130101); G09G 2300/089 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G09G
3/30 (20060101); H04N 3/14 (20060101); H04n
005/70 () |
Field of
Search: |
;178/5.4EL,7.3D,7.5D
;315/169TV ;340/166EL ;313/18A,18B ;307/258 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Richardson; Robert L.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method for controlling energization of discrete points on a
display array of the type having row and column circuit lines
respectively having pairs of circuit junctures therealong, a light
control and emitting circuit across each pair of circuit junctures,
and each of said light control and emitting circuits including a
light-emitting element connected in circuit with a switching means
having display-producing and display-cancelling conditions of
operation where an operating potential applied to the associated
circuit junctures are respectively effectual and ineffectual upon
the associated light-emitting element, said method comprising the
steps of: applying sequentially an operating potential to selected
ones of the said row circuit lines for a given line scan period to
energize the same, and applying to the column circuit lines signals
controlled by the relative brightness of selected portions of video
signal information to be displayed along a selected line of the
display array which signals operate the switching means to their
display-producing condition for intervals during said scan period
which terminate at the end of said scan period and being at points
in time which are a function of the relative brightness of the
associated video signal information, the degree of brightness of
the display produced by said light-emitting elements being a
function of the length of said intervals.
2. The method of controlling energization of discrete points of a
display array according to claim 1 wherein the said applied
operating potential is an alternating current voltage providing a
predetermined number of cycles during the time the selected row of
circuit lines is energized thereby, and the number of cycles used
to render effectual selected ones of the light-emitting elements
along said selected energized row circuit line determining the
relative brightness of the display produced by said light-emitting
elements.
3. The method of controlling energization of discrete points on a
display array according to claim 1 further including the step of
converting said video signal information from amplitude signal
information to pulse width signal information applied to said
column circuit lines and corresponding in time duration to the
amplitude of the video signal information, thus energizing selected
ones of said light-emitting elements for periods of time
corresponding to the relative brightness of the video signal
information involved.
4. The method for controlling energization of discrete points on a
display array according to claim 1 wherein each light control and
emitting circuit connected across each pair of junctures of said
row and column circuit lines has at least one circuit component
which has inherent time delay characteristics to provide a time
delay which is a function of the amplitude of the video signal
information involved.
5. The method for controlling energization of discrete points on
display array according to claim 1 wherein each of said switch
means of each light control and emitting circuit is a voltage
amplitude threshold switching means having a threshold voltage
value which when exceeded by an applied voltage drives the same
into a conductive state until current is interrupted therethrough,
each of said threshold-switching means connected in series with a
different one of the said light-emitting elements of said array,
said threshold-switching means have an inherent turn-on time delay
between the time a voltage in excess of the threshold voltage value
of said threshold-switching means is applied thereto and the time
said threshold-switching means is rendered conductive and an
inherent recovery time delay between the time said
threshold-switching means is rendered nonconductive and the time
that said threshold-switching means recovers to its initial normal
threshold voltage value, the threshold voltage value thereof
immediately after said threshold-switching means is rendered
nonconductive being substantially less than the said initial normal
threshold voltage value and progressively increasing to said
initial normal threshold voltage value, said operating potential
applied to said selected row circuit line being below said initial
normal threshold voltage value but greater than the then existing
threshold voltage value after said threshold-switching device is
rendered conductive, said threshold-switching means being rendered
conductive by said operating potential during the time interval of
said inherent recovery time delay.
6. A method for controlling energization of discrete points on a
display array of the type having row and column circuit lines
respectively having pairs of circuit junctures therealong, a light
control and emitting circuit across each pair of said junctures,
and each of said light control and emitting circuits including a
light-emitting element connected in circuit with a voltage
amplitude responsive threshold-switching means which is initially
rendered operative at a predetermined threshold voltage value,
comprising the steps of: applying an operating potential for
energizing said light-emitting element simultaneously to all the
light control and emitting circuits along a selected row circuit
line, said operating potential being below at least an initial
threshold voltage value of said threshold-switching means; applying
to said column circuit lines video signal controlled information
having a voltage amplitude which when combined with the
continuously applied operating potential is sufficient to energize
the light control and emitting circuits at the junctures along the
said selected row circuit line for a period of time corresponding
to the light intensity of the video signal information to be
displayed; and removing said operation potential from the
previously selected row circuit line and applying operating
potential to the next successive row circuit line to be energized
with video signal controlled information.
7. A circuit arrangement for controlling energization of a display
array, comprising: a first group of circuit lines and a second
group of circuit lines, each of said first and second group of
circuit lines arranged with respect to one another to form
respective pairs of circuit junctures corresponding in number to
the number of discrete points on a display array; a light control
and emitting circuit connected between each of said pair of
junctures formed by said first and second group of circuit lines,
each of said light control and emitting circuits including a
light-emitting element and threshold-switching means connected in a
circuit with said light-emitting element, said threshold-switching
means being rendered conductive a predetermined threshold voltage
value after an inherent turn-on time delay to operatively energize
the light-emitting element associated therewith; means for applying
to selective ones of said first group of the circuit lines an
operating potential below the threshold voltage value of said
threshold-switching means of each of said light control and
emitting circuits; means for applying video signal controlled
voltages to each of the circuit lines in said the second group of
circuit lines to raise the voltage across the threshold-switching
means connected thereto to or above said threshold voltage value to
energize the light-emitting elements of the light control and
emitting circuits at the junctures of the selected one of said
first group of circuit lines and each of the second circuit lines
for a period of time corresponding to the brightness of the video
information to be displayed thereby; the degree of brightness of
the display produced by said light-emitting elements being a
function of the length of time the light-emitting elements involved
are energized; and means for selectively terminating the conduction
of the threshold-switching means of all of the light control and
emitting circuits along a selected one of said first group of
circuit lines.
8. The circuit arrangement for controlling energization of a
display array according to claim 7 further including means for
delaying of said video signal controlled voltages for a period
which is a function of the amplitude of the video signal
information.
9. The circuit arrangement for controlling energization of a
display array according to claim 7 wherein the inherent turn-on
time delay of the threshold-switching means of each light control
and emitting circuit determines the point in time when the
light-emitting element emits light therefrom in accordance with the
amplitude of video signal information.
10. A method for controlling the energization of discrete points on
a display array of the type having a plurality of row circuit lines
and a plurality of column circuit lines having pairs of circuit
junctures associated with the crossing points thereof, a light
control and emitting circuit across each of said pair of junctures,
each light control and emitting circuit including a light-emitting
element connected in series with a voltage amplitude
threshold-switching device which is rendered conductive at a
predetermined threshold voltage value, said method comprising the
steps of: applying an operating potential to selected ones of the
said row circuit lines to energize the same, said operating
potential at least initially having a maximum voltage amplitude
below the threshold voltage value of said threshold-switching
devices; applying to said column circuit lines signal information
dependent upon the relative brightness of selected portions of
video signal information to be displayed along a selected line of
the display array which signal information effects the delayed
application to the various threshold-switching devices connected to
the selected energized row circuit line of a resultant applied
voltage exceeding the threshold voltage value thereof to render the
same conducting, the delay thereof being for a period of time
corresponding to the relative brightness of the associated video
signal information, a maximum delay time corresponding to a minimum
brightness and a minimum delay time corresponding to a maximum
brightness; and simultaneously rendering nonconductive
threshold-switching devices connected to said selected energized
row circuit line simultaneously to deenergize any energized
light-emitting element therealong.
11. The method of controlling the energization of discrete points
of a display array according to claim 10 wherein the said applied
operating potential is an alternating current voltage providing a
predetermined number of cycles during the time the selected row of
circuit lines is energized thereby, and the number of cycles
thereof passing through a conductive threshold switching device to
the associated light-emitting element determining the relative
brightness of said light-emitting element.
12. The method for controlling energization of discrete points on a
display array according to claim 10 wherein said
threshold-switching device of each light control and emitting
circuits connected across each pair of junctures of said row and
column circuit lines has an inherent time delay characteristic in
its operation thereof to provide a time delay inversely
proportionate to the amplitude to the video signal information
applied thereto causing the light control and emitting circuit to
be energized for a period of time corresponding to the amplitude of
the video signal information.
13. A method of controlling a display array from stored groups of
video signals each group of which represents the desired variation
in intensity of light along a given line on a display face of the
array at a given time, the array including contiguous rows of
light-emitting elements positioned along said display face, each
row of light-emitting elements to display a pattern corresponding
to one of said groups of video signals, each light-emitting element
presenting an indication upon application of an energizing pulse
thereto, the method comprising cyclically feeding to each of said
light-emitting elements an energizing pulse-producing voltage and
during each feeding cycle effecting through said voltage and video
signals the feeding to said light-emitting element of a number of
energizing pulses which is a function of the amplitude of the
corresponding stored video signal so the average intensity of the
light produced by the light-emitting element varies with the
amplitude of such signal.
14. The method of controlling a display array as recited in claim
13 wherein the energizing pulse-producing voltage is simultaneously
applied to each row of light-emitting elements during each feeding
cycle, the initiation of the application of said energizing
pulse-producing voltage to said light-emitting elements occurring
at a point in time spaced from the beginning of each feeding cycle
an amount depending upon the amplitude of the corresponding stored
video signal, and such application of the energizing
pulse-producing voltage terminating simultaneously adjacent the end
of each feeding cycle following which another row of light-emitting
elements receive said energizing pulse-producing voltage.
15. A method for controlling the energization of a light control
and emitting circuit including a light-emitting element which is
connected in series with a voltage amplitude responsive
threshold-switching means initially rendered operative at a
predetermined threshold voltage value, comprising the steps of:
cyclically applying to said light control and emitting circuit a
pulsating voltage waveform of a predetermined number of pulses
unrelated to the particular desired intensity of the light to be
emitted by the light-emitting element and having amplitudes below
at least an initial threshold voltage value of the associated
threshold-switching means; and superimposing on said pulsating
operating potential a light intensity controlling voltage having a
characteristic which varies with the desired intensity of the light
to be emitted by said light-emitting element and which, when
combined with a pulse of said pulsating voltage waveform, is
sufficient to produce across the associated threshold-switching
means a resultant voltage exceeding said initial threshold voltage
value, the superpositioning on said pulsating voltage waveform on
said light intensity controlling voltage producing through the
threshold-switching means during each repeated cycle of said
pulsating voltage waveform a number of energizing pulses which is a
function of said variable characteristic of the light intensity
controlling voltage which indicates the desired light intensity,
the intensity of the light produced by said light-emitting element
varying with the number of energizing pulses fed to the same during
each cycle of application of said pulsating voltage waveform.
16. A light control and emitting circuit comprising: a
light-emitting element; voltage-responsive, threshold-switching
means which is normally in a nonconductive state and switches to a
conductive state when a voltage of at least a given threshold
voltage value is applied thereacross and reverts to a nonconductive
state when the current therethrough drops below a given minimum
holding current value; a source of energizing voltage which
cyclically provides during various given periods a pulsating
voltage waveform of a predetermined number of pulses unrelated to
the particular desired intensity of the light to be emitted by the
light-emitting element and having amplitudes below at least an
initial threshold voltage value of the associated
threshold-switching means; a source of a light intensity
controlling voltage having a characteristic which varies with the
desired intensity of the light to be emitted by said light-emitting
element and which, when combined with a pulse of said pulsating
voltage waveform, is sufficient to produce across the associated
threshold-switching means a resultant voltage exceeding said
initial threshold voltage value; and circuit-forming means
interconnecting said source of energizing voltage, said source of
said light intensity controlling voltage, said threshold-switching
means, and said light-emitting element for applying said pulsating
voltage waveform and said light intensity controlling voltage in
additive relation across said threshold-switching means to
repeatedly switch the same into conduction during each of said
given periods a number of times which is a function of said
variable characteristic of the light intensity controlling voltage
to effect the feeding to said light-emitting element of a
corresponding number of energizing pulses, the intensity of the
light produces by said light-emitting element varying with the
number of energizing pulses fed to the same during each of said
given periods.
17. A light control and emitting circuit comprising: a
light-emitting element; a source of energizing voltage which
repeatedly produces over various given periods a pulsating voltage
waveform of a predetermined number of pulses unrelated to the
particular desired intensity of the light to be emitted by the
light-emitting element; a source of light intensity controlling
voltage having a characteristic which varies with the desired
intensity of the light to be emitted by said light-emitting
element; and circuit-forming means interconnecting said source of
energizing voltage, said source of said light intensity controlling
voltage and said light-emitting element for feeding to said
light-emitting element during each of said periods a number of
energizing pulses which is a function of said variable
characteristic of the light intensity controlling voltage, the
intensity of the light produced by said light-emitting element
varying with the number of energizing pulses fed to the same during
each of said given periods.
Description
This invention relates generally to panel-type information display
arrays, and more particularly to two-dimensional display devices
for visual reproduction of electronic video signals, and to the
method and apparatus for controlling such arrays. Specifically,
this invention is directed to energizing and deenergizing a
plurality of electroluminescent circuits along a given row circuit
line at points in time corresponding to the amplitude of the video
information to be applied at the particular discrete
electroluminescent circuit along the row circuit line, and all of
the electroluminescent circuits are extinguished simultaneously
thus providing a gray scale for the electroluminescent array to
display rapidly changing video signal information therefrom.
Heretofore, many problems had been encountered in the development
of the electroluminescent matricies of the two-dimensional display
type. Some of the problems encountered are the result of certain
minimum requirements which must be met to provide reliable
energization and deenergization of discrete electroluminescent
points. Some of the requirements are: The electroluminescent
element must be controlled in accordance with the stored video
signal information; and the switching device used to control the
electroluminescent element must exhibit a well-defined threshold
voltage value. The tolerance to the threshold voltage value of a
multitude of threshold-switching devices must be very close. In
addition, the electroluminescent elements must exhibit low power
consumption, and must be capable of batch fabrication in geometrics
that can be assembled into display panels. A common type of
construction for an electroluminescent display panel is the cross
grid or X-Y type. The parallel placed electrodes of this type of
construction are divided into strips and oriented at right angles
to each other. Although such panels generally display a cartesian
coordinate system, the may, if desired, display a polar coordinate
system or any other system desired. In this type of display panel
an alternating current voltage is applied between the selected X
and Y cross grids to energize the electroluminescent element at the
juncture thereof. In practice, X-Y display panels of this type
possess many such junctures each of which constitutes a connection
means for a picture element to form a point on the
electroluminescent array. Energizing selected picture elements
would make possible the display of television pictures, or other
information patterns or numbers. However, many problems have been
encountered in trying to achieve a faithfully produced or
reproduced image on display screens of the X-Y display panel type.
The requirement of sequentially applying operating potentials to
successive rows or columns to successively to energize each
electroluminescent element causes energization of undesired
electroluminescent elements due to capacitive cross coupling in the
array.
It is the object of this invention to provide the means whereby an
electroluminescent array is controlled a line at a time, rather
than an element at a time, to produce a gray scale gradient
sufficient faithfully to reproduce or produce video display
patterns thereon.
Briefly, this invention provides means to energize a complete row
of electroluminescent elements by applying operating potential to
the selected row circuit line while each column circuit line
receives video signal information which will energize the
electroluminescent circuits along the selected row circuit lines at
different points in time to emit different amounts of light
intensity from the discrete picture elements along the row circuit
line, and the operating POTENTIAL applied to the selected row
circuit line is removed therefrom simultaneously to deenergize all
the picture elements therealong. The next row circuit line is then
energized and video information applied thereto, and this process
is repeated a line at a time ultimately completely to form a
display pattern. When the speed of the sequential line-at-a-time
scanning of the electroluminescent array is selected to correspond
to the speed of conventional transmitted scanning signals from
television stations, a conventional television picture can be
reproduced from the electroluminescent array.
The switching devices used in this invention are one layer type
threshold semiconductor devices each having substantially identical
conduction characteristics for positive and negative applied
voltages but which may have slightly different threshold voltage
values with respect to one another. The threshold-switching devices
initially presents a very high resistance in response to an applied
voltage of either polarity below and upper threshold level and in
response to an applied voltage of either polarity above the upper
threshold level, changes a high to a low resistance condition, such
change occurring after an inherent time delay of the threshold
switching devices, but once switching is established it is
substantially instantaneous. The threshold semiconductor switching
devices automatically reset themselves to their high resistance
state when the current therethrough drops below a minimum holding
current value which is near zero. The threshold-switching devices
have a substantially reduced threshold voltage value immediately
after they are rendered nonconductive, and after a relatively short
recovery delay time, during which the threshold voltage value
progressively increases, the normal initial threshold voltage value
is again reached. Semiconductor materials used to form such
threshold-switching devices most advantageously are of the type
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,271,591 issued to Standford R.
Ovshinsky and sometimes referred to therein as "mechanism devices
without memory." By varying the semiconductor composition or the
treatment of the material disclosed in the above-mentioned patent,
the upper and lower threshold levels, the blocking or leakage
resistance, and the inherent time delay characteristics thereof are
readily varied to obtain the desired range of conditions necessary
for proper operation of electroluminescent array systems
constructed and operated in accordance with this invention. It has
been discovered that the inherent characteristics of the above type
of threshold switching device has unexpected advantage when used in
certain methods of operation for displaying video signal
information. An inherent characteristic of particular importance is
that of a varying time delay between the time a threshold voltage
is applied to the threshold-switching device and the time the
threshold-switching device actually changes from its high
resistance blocking condition to its low resistance conducting
condition, but when switching occurred it is substantially
instantaneous, as for example in the order of nanoseconds. However,
the turn-on time delay of these devices will vary with changes in
applied voltage in excess of the threshold voltage value of the
particular devices involved, and increase in voltage from the
threshold voltage value to a greater voltage causing a decrease in
the inherent turn-on time delay. Therefore, if a voltage pulse
having an amplitude equal to or greater than the threshold voltage
value of the switching device involved is applied thereto but
exists for a period of time less then the inherent time delay
corresponding to that particular voltage amplitude, the
threshold-switching device will not be rendered conductive.
However, it is also true that if an amplitude-response signal is
applied to the threshold-switching device, the inherent time delay
of the switching device will cause it to be rendered conductive at
a point in time determined by the amplitude of the applied signal.
Therefore, if an operating potential of alternating current voltage
is applied to the threshold-switching devices used in this
invention, and which alternating current voltage is of a
sufficiently high frequency so that periodic pulses of the applied
frequency have a time duration less than the inherent time delay
corresponding to the amplitude of the applied voltage, then a
voltage value in excess of the threshold voltage value of the
threshold-switching device may be applied thereto without rendering
the switching device conductive.
Yet another inherent characteristic of the threshold-switching
devices most advantageously used in this invention is that of the
inherent recovery time delay of the threshold voltage value back to
the original or normal threshold voltage value after the switching
devices are turned off as a result of decreasing currents
therethrough below the minimum holding current. That is, there will
exist a substantially diminished threshold voltage value after the
switching devices are turned off and which will increase with
increasing time back to the original or normal threshold voltage
value. Therefore, if a pulse or voltage is applied to any one of
the threshold-switching devices within the recovery time delay
period after it is rendered nonconductive, this pulse need only
have an amplitude equal to the then existing threshold voltage
value to again render the threshold-switching device conductive. If
the operating potential applied to the threshold-switching devices
is an alternating current voltage of sufficient frequency so that
each successive periodic pulse of the applied potential will occur
within the inherent time delay for full recovery of the switching
device, these switching devices will be continuously rendered
conductive on each half cycle of the applied voltage even if the
applied voltage is substantially below the normal or initial
threshold voltage value of the threshold-switching devices
involved.
By utilizing the inherent turn-on time delay and recovery time
delay characteristics of the threshold switching devices mentioned
hereinabove, many novel and unobvious advantages are realized. The
need for selecting a multitude of threshold-switching devices with
substantially the same threshold voltage value is eliminated in
that the efficient and reliable operating range of these switching
devices, (the tolerance range) is substantially increased in
proportion to increasing the frequency of the applied operating
potential. All these switching devices are readily batch fabricated
as thin films or layers in contact with flat deposited surfaces of
electroluminescent material thus making it possible to form flat
relatively thin display screens.
Many objects, features and advantages of this invention will be
more fully realized and understood from the following detailed
description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings wherein like reference numerals throughout the various
views of the drawings are intended to designate similar elements or
components.
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an electroluminescent
display system constructed and operated in accordance with this
invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the circuit components
of an electroluminescent circuit which is used at each picture
element of the electroluminescent array of this invention;
FIG. 3 is a voltage current characteristic of the
threshold-switching device used in this invention;
FIG. 4 is a graphic representation of the inherent turn-on time
delay of the threshold-switching device used in this invention;
FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of the inherent recovery time
delay of the threshold-switching device used in this invention;
FIG. 5A is a graphic representation of the frequency versus
threshold voltage value of its threshold-switching device used in
this invention;
FIG. 6 is a series of waveforms illustrating the operation of a
plurality of electroluminescent circuits along a given row circuit
line of an X-Y electroluminescent array to establish the desired
variations in light intensity from each electroluminescent circuit
along the selected row to provide a gray scale for the display
pattern formed by the apparatus of FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is seen a simplified form of circuit
arrangement which can be used to operate an electroluminescent
array in accordance with the principles of this invention. A
control circuit is designated generally by reference numeral 10 to
operate a cross grid X-Y electroluminescent array 12 in response to
a video signal information receiver 14. The video signal
information receiver 14 may be a conventional television receiver
to provide the appropriate video signal information and
synchronizing pulse signal information to operate a plurality of
electroluminescent circuits 16 along a given one of a plurality of
row circuit lines 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 one line at a time. The
video signal information is applied to a plurality of column
circuit lines 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 in parallel fashion, but
means are provided to delay the energization of the discrete
electroluminescent elements along the selected row in response to
the amplitude of the applied video signal information so that each
electroluminescent circuit will be energized to a period of time
corresponding to the amplitude or relative brightness of the signal
to be displayed.
To operate the electroluminescent array 12, in accordance with this
invention, preferably there is provided a gated oscillator 28 which
receives synchronizing signals from the video signal information
receiver 14 via a line 29 to operate the gated oscillator 28 in
such a manner as to sequentially energize the lines 17-21 at a
speed corresponding to the vertical sweep speed, as for example, of
a television set. A video signal information converter and parallel
output circuit 30 receives video signal information from the video
signal information receiver 14 via a video line 31 and converts the
serial input of the video information to a parallel output, this
being accomplished by any suitable well-known means for serial to
parallel conversion. After all the video information is stored in
the video signal information converter and parallel output 30 a
synchronizing pulse via a line 32 will apply the stored video
information simultaneously or substantially simultaneously to all
of the electroluminescent circuits 16 along a given selected row,
as for example the row circuit line 17. Each of the
electroluminescent elements 16 along the row circuit line 17 is
rendered operative at a different point in time during which the
operating potential is applied to the row circuit line 17, the
electroluminescent elements being energized for the longest period
of time emitting the brightest light and the electroluminescent
elements energized for the shortest period of time and emitting the
least amount of light and a plurality of variation therebetween,
thus forming a gray scale for a given picture line to be displayed.
The line 17, when receiving operating potential or energized, is
commutated off rapidly and an operating potential is applied to the
next line 18 while video signal information is being stored and
processed in the video signal information converter and parallel
output 30, and thereafter the video signal information is applied
to the plurality of column circuit lines 22-27 to energize all of
the electroluminescent elements along the row circuit line 18, this
action repeating rapidly until all the row circuit lines have been
energized to form a complete frame of video signal information.
After the last row circuit line is energized the scanning operation
repeats itself to form another frame of video information and, as
such, can produce rapidly changing display patterns on the
electroluminescent array 12 substantially corresponding to video
signal information on a television receiver.
Referring now to FIG. 2 there is seen the circuit components of an
electroluminescent circuit used in accordance with this invention.
The electroluminescent circuit 16 includes a resistor 35 connected
to a voltage amplitude and time delay threshold-switching device
36, which, in turn, is connected to an electroluminescent element
37. Although the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 2 is illustrated
as a series connection, it should be understood that the broad
concepts of this invention incorporate all circuit connections
possible with these components to emit light therefrom in response
to selectively applied video signal information. The
electroluminescent element 37 acts as a capacitator in the circuit,
and when the threshold-switching device 36 is rendered conductive
charge is applied to the electrode 37a. When the current through
the threshold-switching device 36 decreases below a minimum holding
current, the charge on the electrode 37a remains until the next
half cycle of applied voltage of opposite polarity is applied
across the electroluminescent circuit to add with the charge on the
electroluminescent element rendering the threshold-switching device
35 conductive to discharge the electroluminescent element and
recharge it with a voltage of opposite polarity. Therefore, the
electroluminescent circuit is a bistable circuit remaining in its
table off condition until the threshold-switching device 36 is
initially rendered conductive, for at least one pulse, and
thereafter the electroluminescent circuit will remain in a stable
on condiction as long as voltage is applied to the juncture of the
electrodes 17 and 22. The inherent recovery time delay of the
threshold-switching device 36 increases the bistable range of the
electroluminescent circuit beyond that which is normally obtainable
with capacitive reactive bistable circuits.
For a better understanding of the threshold-switching device used
in this invention reference is now made to FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 5a
which illustrate the various electrical characteristics of the
threshold-switching device 36. The threshold-switching device 36 is
symmetrical in its operation, blocking current substantially
equally in each direction and conducting current substantially
equally in each direction, and the switching between the blocking
and conducting condition being extremely rapid after the inherent
time delay. FIG. 3 is an I-V curve illustrating the AC operation of
the threshold-switching device 36, it being understood that either
the first or third quadrant alone will represent the application of
a direct current voltage (DC). Considering a DC voltage applied
across the threshold-switching device 36, represented by the first
quadrant of FIG. 3, the threshold-switching device 36 is normally
in its high resistance blocking condition, and, as the DC voltage
is increased, the voltage current characteristics of the device are
illustrated by the curve 40, the electrical resistance of the
device being high and substantially blocking current flow
therethrough. When the voltage is increased to a threshold voltage
value, the high electrical resistance of the semiconductor
materials substantially instantaneously decreases in at least one
path through the semiconductor material forming the
threshold-switching device 36 to a low electrical resistance, the
substantially instantaneous switching occurring after the inherent
time delay as indicated by the curve 41. This provides a low
electrical resistance conducting condition for conducting current
therethrough. The low electrical resistance is many orders of
magnitude less than the high electrical resistance. The conducting
condition is illustrated by the curve 42 and it is noted that there
is a substantially linear current characteristic and a
substantially constant voltage characteristic which is the same for
increases and decreases in current. In other words, current is
conducted at a substantially constant voltage. The low resistance
condition of the semiconductor material forming the
threshold-switching device 36 has a voltage drop which is a minor
fraction of the voltage drop in the high resistance blocking
condition.
As the voltage is decreased, the current decreases along the curve
42 and when the current decreases below the minimum current-holding
value the electrical resistance of the conductive path or paths
through the semiconductor material quickly return to the high
electrical resistance, as illustrated by the curve 43, to
reestablish the high resistance blocking condition. In other words,
a minimum holding current is required to maintain the
threshold-switching device 36 in its conductive condition and when
the current falls below the minimum holding current value the low
electrical resistance condition of the threshold-switching device
36 immediately returns to the high electrical resistance condition.
However, the threshold voltage value of the threshold-switching
device is substantially reduced immediately after the
threshold-switching device is rendered nonconductive and the
threshold voltage value increases to the normal initial threshold
voltage value after a predetermined recovery time delay.
When AC is applied to the threshold-switching device 36, the I-V
curve is illustrated by quadrants 1 and 3 of the FIG. 3. Here the
threshold-switching device 36 is in its blocking condition when the
peak value of the applied alternating current voltage is below the
threshold voltage value of the device. The blocking condition being
illustrated by the curves 40--40 in both quadrants 1 and 3. When,
however, the peak valve of the applied alternating current voltage
increases above the threshold voltage value of the device, the
device is substantially instantaneously switched along the curves
41--41 to the conducting condition illustrated by the curves
42--42, the device switching during each half cycle of the applied
alternating current voltage. As the applied alternating current
voltage nears zero so that the current through the
threshold-switching device 36 falls below the minimum holding
current value, the device switches along the curves 43--43 from the
low electrical resistance condition to the high electrical
resistance condition to the high electrical resistance condition
illustrated by the curves 40--40, this switching occurring near the
end of each half of the cycle.
Referring now to FIG. 4 there is illustrated the inherent turn-on
time delay characteristic of the threshold switching device 36
where the normal threshold voltage value is indicated at V.sub.T
and the inherent time delay at the threshold voltage value is
indicated at T.sub.d and the variation in time delay is illustrated
by the curve 45. The threshold-switching device 36 has an inherent
time delay between the time the threshold voltage is applied
thereto and the time the switching device is actually rendered
conductive, and this time is inversely proportional to the amount
of overvoltage applied to the threshold-switching device, as
illustrated by the curve 45. The values of the inherent time delay
and the threshold voltage may be altered by, among other things,
changing the composition of the semiconductor material used in
forming the threshold-switching device 36 or by varying the
thickness of the layer or film forming the threshold-switching
device. However, it will be noted that the time delay T.sub.d will
decrease with increases of applied voltage between the V.sub.T and
V.sub.P1. Therefore, the time duration of the applied voltage on
the threshold-switching device 36 need only be as long as the time
delay corresponding to the time delay of the voltage value in
excess of V.sub.T. FIG. 5 illustrates the inherent recovery time
delay T.sub.d of the threshold-switching device 36 to recover to
its normal threshold voltage value after the threshold-switching
device is rendered nonconductive, this being indicated by the curve
46. Here it can be seen that immediately after the
threshold-switching device 36 is rendered nonconductive it will
have a substantially reduced threshold voltage value which
increases with time until the normal threshold value V.sub.T is
again reached, the time delays being readily selected by, among
other things, varying the composition of the material used to form
the threshold-switching device 36. If the threshold-switching
device 36 is operated by a series of voltage pulses, as, for
example, alternating current voltage or pulsating direct current
voltage, only an initial voltage pulse need have a voltage
amplitude and time duration corresponding to the initial threshold
voltage value and time delay as illustrated in FIG. 4, or a lesser
time delay corresponding to the the overvoltage of the applied
pulse. However, if a subsequent pulse of voltage is applied to the
threshold-switching device 36 before the threshold-switching device
is fully recovered to its normal or initial threshold voltage
value, as indicated at V.sub.T in FIG. 4, this subsequent pulse
voltage need only have an amplitude equal to the then existing
threshold voltage value, which may be, for example, any where
between 0.01V.sub. T to V.sub.T depending upon the point in time
the next pulse of voltage is applied. The turn-on time delay
illustrated in FIG. 4 may persist regardless of the time at which
the subsequent pulse of voltage is applied to the
threshold-switching device 36 the only difference being a decrease
or shifting of the entire curve 45 as indicated by the family of
curves shown in broken lines at 45a. Therefore, in accordance with
this invention, once the threshold-switching device is rendered
conductive, it can be successively rendered conductive by closely
spaced pulses which have voltage amplitudes less than the initial
normal threshold voltage value of the switching device. However, if
the applied voltage, whether direct current or alternating current
pulses, is extinguished for the time interval td corresponding to
the inherent recovery time delay of FIG. 5, the threshold-switching
device 36 will fully recover to its initial normal threshold
voltage value and no longer will be rendered conductive as a result
of a continuously applied voltage having an amplitude below the
threshold voltage value of the threshold-switching device.
In FIG. 5A the threshold voltage value versus frequency
characteristic of the threshold-switching device 36 is illustrated
by a curve 47. Because of the inherent recovery time delay of the
threshold-switching device 36, the threshold-switching device will
operate within a bistable operating range, regardless of the type
of load or circuit arrangement to which it is connected. Therefore,
when the threshold-switching device 36 is used in conjunction with
a capacitive reactive circuit which also has a bistable operating
range, the combined bistable characteristics of the capacitive
reactive device, here being an electroluminescent element, and the
bistable operating range of the threshold-switching device combine
to form a substantially increased bistable operating range with an
increase in frequency. That is, the amount of increase of the
bistable range of an electroluminescent circuit of this invention
increases in accordance with an increase in the differential
between the initial normal threshold voltage value and the then
existing threshold voltage value. This is indicated by the increase
in vertical spacing between the extended broken line at the value
V.sub.T and the curve 47, of FIG. 5A.
Therefore, by forming an electroluminescent circuit using the
threshold-switching device disclosed hereinabove, the
electroluminescent array 12, of FIG. 1, can be operated in a novel
and unique manner. In accordance with this invention, a
continuously applied operating potential, which may be considered a
packet, either of AC or DC voltage, is sequentially applied to the
row circuit lines 17-21. For example, during one instance the row
circuit line 17 has applied thereto the alternating current voltage
50, of FIG. 6, and none of the electroluminescent circuits 16 along
the row circuit line 17 will be energized. However, when a video
signal pulse is applied to each of the column circuit lines 22-27
the electroluminescent circuit across the junctures will be
rendered operative response to a time delay corresponding to the
amount of video information to be displayed. That is, if the
relative brightness of each of the electroluminescent circuits 16
can be divided into 10 equal brightness intervals or levels,
indicated by B.sub.1 -B.sub.10, Fig. 6, the application of a video
pulse at any one of these intervals will determine the amount of
brightness obtained by the electroluminescent circuit, at the
juncture of the row circuit line 17 and any given one of the
plurality of column circuit lines 22-27. Therefore, when a video
pulse 52 is applied to a selected one of the column circuit lines
22-27, for example, during the interval B.sub.7, the brightness of
the selected electroluminescent circuit 16 will be seven-tenths of
the total brightness obtainable by the application of all the
pulses within the wave packet containing the sine wave pulses 50.
While the electroluminescent circuit 16 is energized, the voltage
variation across the electroluminescent element is substantially an
AC voltage varying about a zero reference line 54. However, the
voltage variation is across the entire electroluminescent circuit
may be a varying direct current voltage because of a combination of
the applied alternating current voltage to the line 17 and the
video pulse applied to any one of the lines 22-27, as illustrated
by the varying direct current voltage 50a. When a video signal is
applied to a selected one of the column circuit lines 22-27 to
render the selected electroluminescent circuit conductive for a
shorter period of time, as for example, at the time interval
represented by B.sub.5, the light emitted from the
electroluminescent circuit 16 is reduced so as to emit five-tenths
of the total light output of the electroluminescent element during
the interval when both an operating potential and a video signal
are applied to the selected circuit lines. The minimum amount of
light obtainable from any given electroluminescent circuit 16 will
be that represented by the brightness level B.sub.1 which allows
only a single pulse of alternating current voltage to be applied to
the electroluminescent element 37. On the other hand, the maximum
amount of brightness obtainable from a selected electroluminescent
element 37 is achieved by applying a video pulse to a selected one
of the column circuit lines 22-27 at the same time the applied
operating potential is applied to the selected row circuit line so
that the entire time interval, or all the pulses within the wave
packet, is used to energize the electroluminescent element 37.
Therefore, by operating the electroluminescent array 12 in
accordance with the method disclosed herein and illustrated in FIG.
6, a plurality of different light intensities is obtainable from
each of the electroluminescent circuits 16 depending on the point
in time the video signal information is applied to the vertical
column circuit lines 22-27 while a selected one of the row circuit
lines 17-21 has operating potential applied thereto. The row
circuit lines 17-21 are sequentially scanned one after the other
either from top to bottom or from bottom to top to provide the
line-at-a-time scanning of the entire electroluminescent array 12,
thereby allowing an entire frame of video display pattern to be
formed.
Therefore, video signal information received by the video signal
information receiver 14, which may be a conventional portion of a
television receiver, is processed in the usual manner therein and a
vertical sweep synchronizing pulse is applied to the gated
oscillator 28. The gated oscillator then operates to apply an
operating potential to a selected row circuit line, for example,
row circuit line 17, for a time duration corresponding to the sweep
time duration of a conventional television receiver. When the
operating potential applied to selected ones of the row circuit
lines is an AC voltage, as illustrated herein, the time duration
between pulses may be selected to be within the inherent recovery
time delay of the threshold-switching device 36. In this mode of
operation the threshold-switching device 36 acts basically as an
isolation device to isolate all picture elements from being
energized until the appropriate video pulse is applied thereto
after which time all the pulses remaining within the packet of
operating potential will be applied to the electroluminescent
element 37 without further consideration of the initial normal
threshold voltage value of the threshold-switching device 36.
By selecting the points in time at which each of the
electroluminescent circuits along a selected row circuit line is
energized, and by terminating energization of all the
electroluminescent circuits simultaneously when shifting the
operating potential from one line to the next, each of the
electroluminescent element will emit different amounts of light
thus forming the gray scale necessary to display television
pictures on a flat screen electroluminescent array. The
simultaneous termination of energization of all the
electroluminescent circuits on a given row circuit line, in
accordance with this invention, is a straightforward method of
compensating for the inherent recovery delay of the
threshold-switching devices since a given row circuit line is
energized with operating potential only once during each frame of
video information displayed.
Accordingly, by utilizing threshold switching devices, having the
electrical characteristics disclosed herein, in combination with an
electroluminescent circuit arrangement wherein the
electroluminescent element thereof acts as a capacitor, and by
operating a plurality of such electroluminescent circuits in
accordance with this invention, a plurality of different light
intensities are obtainable to establish a gray scale substantially
corresponding to the gray scale of the video information to be
displayed. From the foregoing description it will be understood
that variations and modifications may be effected without departing
from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of this
invention.
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