U.S. patent number 3,627,431 [Application Number 04/887,122] was granted by the patent office on 1971-12-14 for densitometer.
Invention is credited to John Victor Komarniski.
United States Patent |
3,627,431 |
Komarniski |
December 14, 1971 |
DENSITOMETER
Abstract
A colorimeter or densitometer wherein a number of samples can be
read simultaneously. Preferably the instrument incorporates a
filter so that the optical density of all samples can be compared
on a gray scale. The reading is taken on a photosensitive surface
which can be an ordinary photographic paper or a photoelectric
cell.
Inventors: |
Komarniski; John Victor (Santa
Cruz, CA) |
Family
ID: |
25390490 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/887,122 |
Filed: |
December 22, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
356/409; 250/226;
250/576; 356/244; 356/246; 356/441 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
21/253 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
21/25 (20060101); G01j 003/46 (); G01j
003/50 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/43.5,218,226
;356/51,175,180,181,183-186,201,208,244,246,206,195 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wibert; Ronald L.
Assistant Examiner: Evans; F. L.
Claims
I claim:
1. A multiple colorimeter for obtaining a record of the amount of
color or turbidity in a large number of samples simultaneously
comprising in combination:
a. a generally light tight chamber,
b. a source of light located near the top of said chamber,
c. means for controlling said source of light,
d. a photosensitive photographic paper located near the bottom of
said chamber,
e. slots on each side of said chamber, located between said light
source and said photographic paper whereby a slide can be passed
through said slots intercepting said path of light,
f. a slide adapted to pass through said slots in light tight
relationship,
g. said slide having a length of approximately twice the width of
said container and being divided into two equal sections including
a first section having a plurality of pockets for holding sample
tubes and a second section being a blank section whereby said slide
can be moved to a first position wherein said blank section
intercepts the light from said light source to said photographic
paper while samples are loaded into said sample section and said
slide can then be moved to a second position wherein said samples
are interposed between said light source and said photographic
paper.
Description
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In making many tests wherein color or turbidity of a sample is
involved, there frequently is a progressive color change with time.
In other words, color indicators or modifiers are often added to
sample solutions and there will be a progressive change over a
period of time in the color or turbidity. In the past, in preparing
dilutions or in adding color indicators, the materials were
combined and one waited a certain length of time before a reading
was taken on a densitometer or colorimeter. Since individual
dilutions were being made, this involved no real problem since the
dilutions were made one at a time and the subsequent readings were
also taken one at a time so that the interval was substantially the
same for each.
However, multiple dilution pipettes have now been developed wherein
a large number of samples are simultaneously diluted and/or
processed to develop a color in performing tests. In making such
tests, there is frequently a progressive change in the color so
that for a meaningful comparison to be made between various
samples, it is necessary that a colorimetric or densitometric
reading be made on all of the samples simultaneously. Obviously if
the samples were read one at a time when the dilutions have all
been made simultaneously, there would be no uniformity and it would
be impossible to make a meaningful comparison of one sample with
another or any samples with a standard.
The device of the present invention obviates these difficulties by
providing a densitometer or a colorimeter whereby a large number of
samples can be read at the same time. Thus, the results are
directly comparable.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings forming part of this application:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the present
invention wherein the light passes vertically through the samples
and wherein a photographic paper is used as the recording
means.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a single sample cell wherein the cell
itself incorporates a lens.
FIG. 3 is another embodiment of the invention wherein the light
passes horizontally through the samples.
FIG. 4 is a side view in section of a device similar to that shown
in FIG. 1 except that an ordinary camera is employed for recording
and a condensing lens is used to focus the image of the bottom of
the cells into the camera lens.
FIG. 5 is a partial view of a device similar to that shown in FIG.
4 except that prisms are employed instead of the condensing
lens.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a colorimeter which is
built in the form of a cabinet, generally designated 5, having a
sample holder 7 thereon. Mounted on the side of the cabinet is a
control timer 9 for lights 11. A diffuser 13 is provided so that
the light will be uniform on all of the samples. In this embodiment
of the invention, the diffuser is a sheet of ground or opal glass.
In making many tests, it is necessary to provide a filter 16 which
yields a gray scale which is indicative of concentration or the
like so that the optical density of the test sample can be
determined. Filter 16 is not necessary in all instances.
A shutter mechanism 17 may be employed if desired although this is
ordinarily not necessary since it is sufficient that the light
source merely be turned on and off for the desired length of time.
The sample holder generally designated 7 consists of a slide member
having a first section 18 adapted to hold a plurality of sample
tubes and a second section 19 which serves as a guide and also as a
light barrier. For loading, the holder 7 is moved to the left as is
shown in dash-dot lines and a plurality of sample tubes 20 inserted
therein. Mounted directly below the sample carrier is a sheet of
photographic film 21 and when the slide is to the left, the section
19 prevents any stray light from striking film. The carrier is then
moved to the right, as is shown in solid lines in the drawing, and
the exposure can be made by the use of the timing mechanism 9
and/or the shutter mechanism 17.
The photographic paper 21 may be cut film which is loaded into the
usual carrier or, in the embodiment illustrated, it is carried on
the rolls and advanced between exposures by means of the knobs 22.
After making the exposure, the paper would be removed and developed
and fixed in the usual way and would contain a light spot for each
sample whose density would correspond with some accepted standard.
Naturally, the selection of the photosensitive material, light
filter, light source, time of exposure and type of development
would be chosen so that a gray scale matches or has a direct or
indirect relationship to the colorimetric optical density of the
test samples at a wavelength that is desirable for the tests.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1, ordinary
flat bottomed sample cells can be employed or the cells can be as
shown in FIG. 2. Here there is shown a holder 17 which holds a
sample tube 23, having a convex bottom 25. Thus, the bottom of the
sample holder acts as a concentrating lens and by placing the
photographic paper at the proper distance from the bottom of the
tube, a concentration of light is obtained. This gives more
accurate results in many instances. The tube itself may also
include a filter. The bottom of the cell might be concave for
microsamples.
Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3. Here,
a light source 27 is provided with a timer 29 and a condensing lens
31. A filter 33 is provided as well as a vertical sample holder 35.
The vertical sample holder contains a number of cells as at 37 each
of which preferably has parallel sidewalls although round cells
could be used so that the light can be passed sidewise through the
panel rather than vertically as was previously described. The
sample holder 35 fits into a frame 37 shown exploded in FIG. 3.
Mounted behind frame 37 is a holder 39 containing a number of
photoelectric pickup cells 41. Each cell is connected by suitable
wiring, as at 43 to an electronic recording device 45. The
electronic recording device can record the results from the
photoelectric cells on magnetic tape or the like by scanning the
cells. Since the scanning takes place at an extremely high rate of
speed compared with the normal color change, a continuous record
may be made over a period of time and for all practical purposes,
the time will be the same for each of the sample cells.
In FIGS. 4 and 5, embodiments of the invention are shown wherein an
ordinary camera is used to record the densities. It is particularly
advantageous to use a camera of the Polaroid type so that the film
can be developed and results obtained immediately.
In FIG. 4, the cabinet 5 is equipped with the usual lights 11 and
sample slide 7 as previously described and a condensing lens 47 is
provided to pick up the light from the bottom of the sample cells
and direct it into the lens 49 of camera 51. This provides the
advantage that a smaller filter and film can be used for a given
number of sample cells than is the case of FIG. 1 wherein the film
and filter must be of the same size as the area of the total number
of sample holders.
A somewhat similar structure is shown in FIG. 5 but here a series
of prisms 53 is employed, one under each sample tube, to direct the
parallel rays of light from the bottoms of the sample tubes into
the lens 49 of the camera 51. Naturally, the prisms at the edge
will have a greater angle than those near the center and the prisms
at the very center will have parallel faces. Instead of utilizing a
separate series of prisms, the prisms could, of course, be built
into the sample tubes themselves. Similarly, fiber optics might be
employed or the tubes themselves may be directed toward the camera
lens.
Although a conventional light source has been illustrated, it is
obvious that other forms of electromagnetic waves may be employed
such as ultraviolet and infrared rays. Instead of an ordinary
filter, one may employ polarizers, diffraction gratings and
electromagnetic fields. Other methods can be used to record the
intensity of the electromagnetic waves.
The inventor claims as his invention the use of electromagnetic
waves passing through many test samples simultaneously for
turbidity, density, or color determination, and passing to an
electromagnetic wave sensitive medium. Modifiers and controls as
diffraction gratings, filters, polarizers, lenses, prisms,
electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic wave transporting mediums,
and/or shutters may be used in the electromagnetic wave pathway
between its source and the electromagnetic wave sensitive
medium.
Although certain specific embodiments of the invention have been
described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many
variations can be made in the exact structure shown without
departing from the spirit of this invention.
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