U.S. patent number 3,624,568 [Application Number 05/083,808] was granted by the patent office on 1971-11-30 for magnetically actuated switching devices.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. Invention is credited to Karl Martin Olsen, Raymond Christian Stoffers.
United States Patent |
3,624,568 |
Olsen , et al. |
November 30, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
MAGNETICALLY ACTUATED SWITCHING DEVICES
Abstract
The remanent magnetization for cobalt-iron compositions in the
category known as "Remendur" is increased by a critical series of
processing steps. The most significant departure from conventional
processing is in hot working reduction with the alloy maintained at
a temperature in which both the .alpha. and .gamma. phases are in
thermal equilibrium. The alloys are designed for use in
magnetically actuated reed switches.
Inventors: |
Olsen; Karl Martin (Madison,
NJ), Stoffers; Raymond Christian (Newark, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Incorporated (Murray Hill, Berkeley Heights, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
22180840 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/083,808 |
Filed: |
October 26, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
335/53;
335/153 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01H
51/285 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01H
51/28 (20060101); H01H 51/00 (20060101); H01h
051/27 () |
Field of
Search: |
;335/151,152,153,154
;148/102 ;75/123 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gilheany; Bernard A.
Assistant Examiner: Envall, Jr.; R. N.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Device comprising a magnetic circuit including a pair of
normally open switch contacts of a magnetic material together with
at least two separately magnetizable portions, each of said
portions having a magnetic fullness ratio of at least 50 percent
and each of said portions consisting essentially of an alloy
containing from 40 to 75 parts by weight cobalt, 25 to 60 parts by
weight iron, and 2 to 8 parts by weight vanadium, said body
portions having been produced by a series of processing steps
terminating in a cold reduction of at least 60 percent followed by
a partial anneal within the range of from 400.degree. to
675.degree. C. for a time period of from one-fourth to 25 hours,
characterized in that the said cold reduction is preceded by a hot
deformation resulting in a cross-sectional area reduction of at
least 10 percent, said deformation being carried out within a
temperature range defining the two-phase region for the said alloy
within which both .alpha. and .gamma. phases are in thermal
equilibrium.
2. Device of claim 1 in which said hot deformation is initiated
with the said material at a temperature within the range of from
600.degree. C. to 900.degree. C.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention is concerned with magnetically actuated switches
utilizing magnetic alloys of cobalt, iron and vanadium. Such
compositions, processed so as to have appropriate magnetic
properties and nominally containing approximately equal parts of
cobalt and iron together with a few percent of vanadium, are
sometimes referred to as "Remendur."
2. Description of the Prior Art
Telephone systems, in the United States in particular, make large
scale use of magnetically actuated switches sometimes known as
"ferreeds." Such devices characteristically include at least a pair
of sealed metallic contacts which may be switched at speeds
appropriate for use in electronic switching systems. Switching is
accomplished by changing the magnetization direction of one or more
magnetic elements. The closed or opened position is maintained
without continuous electrical bias by reason of the remanent
magnetization of the magnetic material of which the elements are
composed.
While the term "ferreed" takes its name from the prototype device
which was a ferrite-actuated reed switch, production models have
generally used a metallic alloy. The common alloy nominally
contains a few percent of vanadium, remainder approximately equal
parts of cobalt and iron. Small additional ingredients may be
present to control impurity contents, such as sulfur, or to
expedite processing. It is well known that alloys in this
compositional range may be magnetically soft (Supermendur),
magnetically hard (Vicalloy), or intermediate (Remendur). It is
alloys of the latter category which find use in ferreed switch.
Such materials are processed in such manner as to develop
sufficient remanent magnetization (to maintain closure without
power expenditure) and sufficient coercivity to resist
demagnetizing fields, while at the same time being sufficiently
permeable to permit switching at practical low currents.
Development of appropriate properties requires a series of critical
processing steps, and an extensive expenditure both in time and
manpower was required before the ferreed reached commercial
fruition.
Exemplary ferreed switches now in prevalent use require coercivity
of the order of 40 oersteds and remanent magnetization (residual
induction--B.sub.r ) of the order of about 15,000 gauss (this value
for 10 -inch samples). Processing to achieve these properties in
the desired round or flat section requires a series of successive
hot reductions, intermediate anneals, and cold reductions, and
finally a partial anneal (U.S. Pat. No. 3,364,449 ). This final
partial anneal is of particular significance. It is carried out at
a temperature in which .gamma. -phase material precipitates. This
precipitation hardening is responsible, in part, both for the
requisite coercivity and remanence.
Continuing development in the field of telephony with a view toward
cost reduction has prompted redesign of the ferreed switch. The new
designs require magnetic materials having higher coercivity and
energy product. Such improved properties will permit proper
function of ferreed switches embodying smaller volumes of the
magnetic elements. The required properties have never been reported
for the otherwise suitable Remendur alloy and do not appear to be
attainable by any obvious variation in the now conventional
manufacturing procedure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A series of critical processing steps, as applied to the
fabrication of Remendur stock, results in the properties desired
for miniaturized ferreed switches. As described in terms of
proposed elements of the order of 0.05 -inch diameter and 1.3
inches in length, such processing results in the relevant magnetic
properties being increased from typical coercivity and remanence of
40-48 oersteds and 7,000-9,000 gauss, to values of 50-58 oersteds
and 11,000-13,000 gauss. This corresponds to an approximate 25
percent increase in energy product.
Compositions of concern are generally conventional and include
compositions containing a few percent vanadium, remainder
approximately equal parts of cobalt and iron. Additional
ingredients included for workability and other purposes associated
with alloys in this category may be included also.
Processing, in accordance with the invention, departs in one major
respect from the commercial fabrication procedure. At least part of
the hot reduction, generally the terminal part prior to cold
reduction, is carried out at a temperature to which both the
.alpha. and .gamma. phases are in thermal equilibrium. In general
terms, this working step takes the form of a reduction of the order
of at least 10 percent in cross section while operating at a
composition-dependent temperature range generally from about
500.degree. C. to about 900.degree. C. Such hot working yields a
deformed structure comprising precipitated .alpha. phase in a
.gamma. matrix. Subsequent cold reduction of this structure and
final heat treatment results in material having higher remanence
and coercivity.
The alloy systems of the invention are specifically tailored for
use in magnetically actuated switches, and the invention is
properly described in terms of such switches depending for their
operation upon inclusion of one or more elements of the alloy. The
switch design, per se, however, represents no fundamental departure
from conventional ferreed switches although magnetic element volume
may be somewhat reduced. Operational advantages, which naturally
flow from incorporation of the alloys, are reliable operation and
resistance to accidental switching due to transient electrical
fields ordinarily encountered in switching environments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1, on ordinate units of residual induction in gauss and dual
abscissa values of coercive force in oersteds and energy product in
gauss-oersteds, is a plot showing the relationship of these
parameters. Curves are included for two alloy samples of the same
composition, one processed in accordance with conventional
procedure and the other processed in accordance with the inventive
teaching herein;
FIG. 2, on the same coordinates, is a plot showing the relationship
of the same parameters for a different composition herein;
FIG. 3, on the same coordinates, is a plot showing the relationship
of these parameters for three samples of the same included
composition in which terminal hot reduction was carried out at
three different temperatures, only two of which are within the
two-phase region;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a magnetically actuated switch
utilizing magnetic elements in accordance with the inventive
teaching;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a different type of ferreed also
utilizing material of the invention; and
FIG. 6 is a front elevational view, partly in section, of a ferreed
structure of still different design in which a reed is itself
composed of a magnetic material herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
1. The Drawing
FIG. 1 is plotted from data measured on rod samples of final
dimensions 10 inches long by 0.050 -inch diameter. Curve 1
represents a sample produced by now conventional processing (see
paragraph entitled "Conventional Processing" under section 3 of the
Detailed Description). Curve 2 is representative of data taken from
several samples in which the fabrication procedure was modified to
include a terminal hot reduction step within the two-phase region.
In this instance, reduction from three-eighths inch to one-fourth
inch was accomplished by hot rolling at about 800.degree. C. With
the exception of the dead anneal incorporated in the preparation of
the sample from which the data of curve 1 was taken, fabrication
was otherwise under identical conditions (see paragraph entitled
"Modified Processing" also under section 3 of the Detailed
Description).
It is seen that the residual induction was increased from a value
of approximately 16,000 gauss to a value of about 16,500 gauss by
the modified processing technique. Perhaps more important is the
increase coercivity from about 40 oersteds to about 50 oersteds. As
noted, the composition treated in FIG. 1 is 48 percent cobalt, 47.5
percent iron, 4.5 percent vanadium, all in weight percent (as are
all other compositions reported herein).
FIG. 2 shows the same relationship for an alloy rod 10 -inches by
0.095 -inch diameter of 56.4 percent cobalt, 36.6 percent iron, 6
percent vanadium. All three values, i.e., residual induction,
coercivity and energy product, are improved by the processing
modification. The interdependence of these properties on both
cobalt-iron ratio and vanadium content is discussed under section
4, Detailed Description. Curves 3 and 4 are plotted from the data
for conventional and modified processing, respectively.
FIG. 3 is included to show the relationship of the three noted
parameters to temperature of terminal hot working (i.e., hot
working prior to cold reduction). The three curves, denoted 5, 6
and 7, represent three samples of identical composition (48 percent
cobalt, 47 percent iron, 5 percent vanadium) processed under
identical conditions except that the sample of curves 5, 6 and 7
were terminal hot reduced at 1,000.degree. C., 800.degree. C. and
700.degree. C., respectively. While residual induction shows little
change from curve to curve, coercivity and energy product both show
significant improvement for successively lower temperature of
terminal hot reduction. A characteristic not evident from this
figure is the hardness of the hot-rolled material which is
increased as temperature of terminal hot working is reduced. This
consideration places a lower practical limit on the temperature of
this crucial step. Interdependence of this temperature and
workability is discussed under section 2 of the Detailed
Description.
The device of FIG. 4, the prototype of which is described in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,075,059 , issued Jan. 22, 1963 , is sometimes called the
series ferreed. The device depicted includes a pair of magnetizable
reeds 21 and 22 constructed of a soft magnetic material enclosed
within a glass envelope 24. Overlapping portions of reeds 21 and 22
serve as contact areas 23, which are normally separated.
Surrounding envelope 24 there is a split or "C" sleeve 25 of an
alloy herein. Disposed about the sleeve, in the vicinity of the
contact areas 23 of the reeds 21 and 22, is a shunt plate 26 of a
permeable soft magnetic material.
Wound about the sleeve 25 on both sides of the shunt plate 26 are
two sets of windings 27.sub.1 , 27.sub.2 and 28.sub.1 , 28.sub.2 ,
the pair of 27 and 28 windings terminating at A, A.sub.2 and B,
B.sub.2 , respectively. Each of the windings 27.sub.1 and 28.sub.1
has twice the number of turns of each of the windings 27.sub.2 and
28.sub.2 to permit differential operation, as discussed in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,075,059 . The A windings are interconnected at terminal
A.sub.1 while the B windings are interconnected at terminal B.sub.1
.
A complete description of the operation of the device of FIG. 4 or
of the other devices herein is not appropriately included in this
disclosure and may be obtained by reference to U.S. Pat. No.
3,075,059 . Very briefly, switch closure is accomplished by passing
current through the windings creating a magnetic path such that
flux closure is accomplished through the reeds 21 and 22 at contact
areas 23. The remanent field to maintain closure must, of course,
be of sufficient strength to overcome the stiffness of the reeds.
This condition obtains in the device of FIG. 4 when pulses applied
at A and B are such as to produce the same direction of
magnetization through the portions of sleeve 25 on either side of
shunt 26. Reversing the direction of magnetization of either of the
two halves of sleeves 25 results in a flux through shunt 26, so
eliminating any substantial flow of flux through either of the
reeds.
In the device of FIG. 5, two bistable, remanently magnetic members
constructed of an alloy herein control two reed switches. The
device shown is one type of parallel ferreed.
This device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,995,637 issued on Aug.
8, 1961 .
The device of FIG. 5 includes a pair of Remendur rods 30 and 31,
suspended between a pair of soft magnetic disks 32 and 33. Also
suspended between the disks 32 and 33, adjacent to the rods 30 and
31, are two reed switches 34 having individual terminals 35 which
protrude through and are electrically insulated from the disks 32
and 33. Reed switches 34 may be identical to that enclosed within
tube 24 of FIG. 4. A winding 36 encircles both of the rods 39 and
31. A winding 37 is shown wound about the rod 31 alone.
The arrangement shown provides for a coincident drive to operate
the switches 34, but achieves release by current in a single
winding. Initially, to prepare the device for use, Remendur rods 30
and 31 are magnetically saturated in the same direction (either up
or down in the device as depicted) by passage of a current through
winding 36. Since the flux associated with either of the Remendur
rods 30 or 31 is opposed by that of the other, the flux of both
rods seeks a path through reed switches 34, so accomplishing
closure. For the particular embodiment depicted, the remanent
magnetization state of rod 30 is now established and will be
unaffected by future operation.
In normal operation, switches 34 are released by application of a
current to winding 37 with a direction and magnitude such that the
remanent magnetization of rod 31 is reversed. This establishes a
flux pattern, with the flux in opposite directions in the two rods
30 and 31, and with these rods now defining a closed magnetic
circuit, so bypassing switch 34.
Closure is accomplished by coincident drive currents applied
simultaneously to windings 36 and 37. Each of these currents is
insufficient to reverse the magnetization of rod 31, but the
magnetizing force of both coincident currents reverses this state,
so restoring the initial flux pattern for closing switches 34.
Since only one winding 36 is associated with rod 30, and since the
current applied to 36 is, in itself, insufficient to reverse the
remanent field, this rod remains unaffected.
The device of FIG. 6 is illustrative of those embodiments in which
at least one reed is itself constructed of a remanently magnetic
material, as described herein. This figure depicts a reed switch
having a glass envelope 41, with terminals 42. A Remendur reed 43
is attached to the left-hand terminal 42. A second reed 44, which
may be constructed of a highly permeable soft magnetic material or
of an alloy of this invention, is attached to the right-hand
terminal 42 so that its free end overlaps the free end of reed 43
to form a contact pair at 49. Also attached to the right-hand
terminal 42 is a permanent magnet 45 having a magnetic polarity, as
shown. A coil 46 is wound about the envelope 41 on the portion
enclosing the reed 43.
Operation of the device is similar to that of those described
above, with coil 46 biased in such manner that the magnetization
direction of reed 43 corresponds with that of reed 44 (induced by
permanent magnet 45) and closure is accomplished. Reversing the
direction of magnetization in reed 43 results in two separate flux
paths, the one including reed 43, the other, reed 44, in which
condition the natural stiffness of the reeds results in
release.
2. Definitions
While the terminology used in the description of this invention is
not inconsistent with prior art, it is sometimes used in specific
context. To avoid ambiguity, the descriptive terminology is briefly
discussed:
a. "Squareness Ratio" is the fraction of residual induction divided
by saturation magnetization or B.sub.r /B.sub.s . This term is of
significance in switching elements since switching speed is related
to the slope of the BH characteristic of the hysteresis loop. It is
indirectly relevant in that it specifies a value of residual
induction, of course, assuming a given saturation magnetization,
B.sub.s (which is generally fixed by the composition).
b. "Fullness Factor" BH.sub.max /B.sub.r H.sub.c is also a measure
of squareness.
c. Residual induction or remanence (B.sub.r ) is the flux density
remaining in the material after removal of the applied magnetizing
force.
d. Coercivity H.sub.c is generally used in its usual context, i.e.,
that of the minimum applied field required to cause reversal in
direction of magnetization. For the geometries discussed, the
magnitude of this term is uncomplicated by shape or size effects.
In some of the descriptive matter herein, reference is made to a
value of B.sub.r for a short element, e.g., 1.3 inches long by
0.050 -inch diameter rod. The aspect ratio of such a section is
sufficiently small as to result in an increase in the demagnetizing
field for the open circuit element. This demagnetizing effect
results in a downward shift in the remanence. For example,
reduction in length of a 0.050 -inch diameter rod from 10 inches to
1.3 inches does not effect its coercivity but does cause a drop in
residual induction from 16,500 to 8,000 gauss for the normally
processed material. For material processed using a terminal
hot-working procedure in accordance with the invention, the drop is
considerably smaller, i.e., 16,500 to 11,000 gauss (for 800.degree.
C. terminal hot working). Therefore, it is evident that, for a
given alloy composition, material used in short sections such as
contemplated in devices of the preferred embodiment yields a higher
flux output if it is processed in accordance with this
invention.
e. "Workability" has reference to the degree of cold reduction
which may be attained on conventional apparatus, e.g., drawing,
swaging, etc. In its absolute limit, workability is limited by
breaking. For many purposes, it is required that the material be
cold reduced by at least 60 -percent area reduction. Since
workability is reduced for a lowered terminal hot working
temperature, consideration of this property enters into the
determination of a preferred limit for this processing
parameter.
f. "Two-Phase Region" has reference to the temperature range over
which both the .alpha. and .gamma. metallurgical phases of the
alloy coexist. This range varies somewhat with cobalt and vanadium
composition. However, since, in general, substantial .gamma. phase
is desired, there is little interest in operating at the
high-temperature end of the region; and since workability is
significantly impaired at the low temperature end of the ranges, a
preferred temperature range of from 500.degree. C. to 900.degree.
C. for the two-phase region is described and this range is
generally applicable to the entire range of the alloys herein.
g. "Terminal Hot Working" or "terminal hot reduction" has reference
to the most critical step of the processing sequence. It describes
that reduction which is carried out in the two-phase region prior
to cold reduction. It is generally, although not necessarily,
preceded by normal "hot working," and this latter terminology has
reference to deformation in the single-phase .gamma. region.
Terminal hot working also implies that there be no subsequent hot
working, and this implication is accurate to the extent that it
precludes further working or, in fact, any treatment in the
single-phase .gamma. region (since such treatment results in
destruction of the advantageous effects produced during "terminal
hot-working" ). "Cold Working" alludes to mechanical reduction
(generally without heating other than that due to friction) in a
sufficiently low-temperature range such that there is little or no
change in the relative amounts of .alpha. and .gamma. phase
material. The purpose of cold working includes the conventional one
of introducing strain and thereby improving squareness ratio or
fullness factor.
h. "Area Reduction" This is the ratio in terms of reduction in size
of cross-sectional area transverse to the working direction. It may
be expressed as
where A.sub.o is the initial cross-sectional area and A.sub.f is
the final cross-sectional area. For round sections, A may be
replaced by d.sup.2 (diameter squared).
Other characteristics are of concern for device use. They include
temperature coefficient of expansion, plating characteristics,
magnetostriction, temperature stability, etc. These properties are
known for the Remendur class of alloys and are not significantly
altered by the processing modification of the invention.
3. Processing
A. Conventional Processing
Here the usual processing sequence now practiced in the fabrication
of Remendur elements for magnetically operated switches, such as
the ferreed, is described:
1. A melt is prepared. This requires a temperature of the order of
1,550.degree. C. The material is generally maintained molten for a
short period to assure thorough mixing after which it is poured
into a mold and solidified to make an ingot.
2. The ingot is heated to (or allowed to cool to) a temperature of
about 1,250 C. for hot working.
3. The ingot is hot worked as by swaging or rolling to an
appropriate section thickness. This thickness is dictated by
several considerations including workability, it being intended
that further reduction to ultimate section thickness be carried out
by cold working. For comparative purposes, discussion is in terms
of hot working, carried out by rolling, to produce a 1/4 -inch
diameter rod. It is well known that such reduction, generally from
an ingot diameter of the order of four inches, requires successive
rolling, reductions and reheatings. This assumes usual commercial
apparatus in which heating is not applied during actual
reduction.
4. The hot worked 1/4 -inch diameter rod is dead annealed by
heating to a temperature in the single-phase .gamma. region.
5. The rod is quenched to room temperature by immersing in ice
brine.
6. The material is then cold worked as by drawing with sufficient
working to produce an area reduction of at least 60 percent.
7. Finally, the reduced body is precipitation hardened by heating
to a temperature in the two-phase region for a period of the order
of from several minutes to several hours. Characteristically such
heating is at temperature at the low end of the two-phase region,
i.e., at about 600.degree. C. In all processing, heating above a
temperature of the order of 350.degree. C. is generally carried out
in nonoxidizing atmospheres, e.g., forming gas or hydrogen.
B. Modified Processing
The major change in processing is the elimination of the dead
anneal of step 4 under "Conventional Processing." A different
procedure is introduced at this point in the processing and so the
processing sequence may be described as identical to that set forth
in the preceding paragraph but with a new step substituted for dead
anneal. Of course, there is no similarity whatever in the function
or effect of the old and the new steps. The dead anneal serves to
remove any strain due to working while the new step intentionally
produces some precipitation hardening. The new step designated 4'
is described:
4'--The temperature of the sample is maintained within the
two-phase region (preferably from 700.degree. C. to 850.degree.
C.), the upper limit being dictated by the requirement that there
be a substantial amount of .gamma. phase produced and the lower
limit being dictated by workability considerations during step
6--although any temperature within the two-phase region for the
particular alloy composition produces some beneficial effect.
"Terminal hot working" is carried out on the sample at this initial
temperature to an area reduction of at least 10 percent. While the
mechanistic operation is not understood, experiments have
established that a significant part of the improvement realized is
due to an effect in addition to simple precipitation hardening.
This additional effect requires hot deformation of the two-phase
structure to at least 10 -percent reduction in area to produce
significant improvement in terms of residual induction and/or
coercivity. The manner by which this area reduction is brought
about is noncritical. Hot rolling, drawing, swaging, etc., are
equally efficacious.
While from a processing standpoint it is sometimes convenient to
permit the sample to cool from hot working in the single-phase
region and then to reheat to within the noted range prior to or
during terminal hot working, this cooling and reheating is not
necessary. The sole requirement is that the material be within the
two-phase region during initiation of terminal hot working (of
course, at least to the noted required area reduction).
Processing conditions during steps 1 through 3 and 5 through 7 are
tailored in accordance with considerations considered applicable by
workers in this art. Such considerations take into account final
desired characteristics, shape, size, etc. Introduction of the
"terminal hot working" of 4' , in addition to eliminating the dead
anneal of 4, results in an increase in residual induction,
coercivity, and energy product for any alloy of the included
composition as ordinarily processed to produce a residual induction
of at least 12,000 gauss and a coercivity of the order of 20 to 150
oersteds.
As with conventionally processed Remendur, compositions may be
varied over relatively large ranges, at least with regard to the
major ingredients. The magnetic properties of the final material
are extremely sensitive to processing conditions. It is an absolute
requirement that the final processing step be a partial anneal
following a cold reduction. While there should be no treatment
between final cold working and partial anneal, such as to effect
magnetic properties, it is at this intermediate stage that the
parts are punched and shaped. Where reference is made to directly
following working by final anneal, it should be so construed. The
cold reduction, which may be effected by rolling, drawing, swaging,
etc., must be at least 60 -percent area reduction. A preferred
figure is 90 -percent, such reduction resulting in a fullness ratio
of at least 65 percent.
The partial anneal may be carried out over the temperature range of
from 400.degree. C. to 675.degree. C. Optimum time of anneal ranges
from about one-half hour at 675.degree. C. to about 20 hours at
400.degree. C. Some increase in heating time is permissible,
maximum times ranging from 1 hour to 25 hours, the lower value
again corresponding with the higher temperature of 675.degree. C.
Minimum values may range from one-fourth hour to 15 hours, the
lower value corresponding with the higher temperature. Minimum
heating time is somewhat dependent on the cross section of the body
being treated. Sections adaptable to the devices herein, do not
generally exceed 0.05 inch and there are no complications on
heating. With appreciably larger sections, it may be necessary to
increase heating time to allow for time lag. Heating time should be
sufficient to result in heating the innermost portion for the
suggested period. Some of the specific examples herein are
concerned with elements which were heat treated for from 1 to 3
hours at a temperature of from 550.degree. C. to 575.degree. C.,
and this range of conditions is to be considered optimum.
Partial anneal, as well as any other treatment involving heating,
is desirably carried out in a protective atmosphere over the
temperature range down to 350.degree. C. to prevent oxidation of
vanadium. In general, air ambient is permissible for processing of
thicker sections (60 mils and up). Suitable protective atmospheres
are hydrogen, forming gas, argon, helium, nitrogen, etc.
4. Composition
Alloy composition is generally conventional except that use is
sometimes made of vanadium content slightly in excess of the usual
maximum. For conventional processing, vanadium content in excess of
about 5 percent, while it increases workability, reduces residual
induction to undesirable levels. For the purposes of this
invention, the upper limit is increased to 8 percent. Such
increased amounts still have the effects noted but are sometimes
required to improve workability for the partially
precipitation-hardened material.
The compositions, while basically cobalt, iron and vanadium, may be
slightly modified by the addition of other ingredients for
well-known purposes. A characteristic composition is 4.5% V, 48 %
Co, 47.5 % Fe, 0.5% Mn (all percentages in this description are in
terms of weight percent). The manganese inclusion serves the
well-known function of minimizing the deleterious effect of any
sulfur inclusion. The amount of manganese is not critical and can
be eliminated entirely if precautions are taken to void sulfur
inclusions. While amounts as great as 1 percent or more may be
used, one-half percent usually suffices, with no further advantage
accruing with greater inclusion. It is well known that any of
several other elements including cerium, magnesium, beryllium and
calcium may be utilized. It is also known that small amounts of
various elements including, for example, chromium, zirconium,
titanium, nickel, etc., may be incorporated to alter such
properties as switching time and resistivity.
Vanadium is included to improve cold-workability of the resultant
alloy. The major ingredients, cobalt and iron, are, of course,
mainly responsible for the magnetic properties of the alloy. A
preferred range on a 100 part basis for the total of these two
ingredients is from 45 parts cobalt to 65 parts cobalt, with a
broader range extending from 40 to 75 parts of this ingredient. It
is seen that considerable freedom exists for increasing cobalt
inclusion, and it is this ingredient which is chiefly responsible
for increased coercivity and for workability. In general,
increasing cobalt content results in decreasing saturation and
remanence; however, such values are generally adequate for devices
of the type primarily of concern at cobalt levels far above the
maximum inclusion indicated. The value of the fullness ratio
increases for increasing cobalt from a value of about 62 percent at
40 parts to about 80 percent for 50 parts. The ratio decreases
slightly for greater cobalt inclusion and is at a value of about 75
percent for 75 parts. For uses herein, a value of 60 percent is
considered a preferred minimum.
Vanadium content ranges from 2 percent up to about 8 percent. While
the entire range is usable vanadium content is somewhat dependent
on cobalt content, with the low values being preferred for greater
cobalt inclusion. Vanadium inclusion improves workability,
increases resistivity, improves fullness ratio, and increases
coercivity.
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