U.S. patent number 3,620,650 [Application Number 04/882,489] was granted by the patent office on 1971-11-16 for gas-disabled liquid-pumping apparatus.
Invention is credited to 94117, Robert F. Shaw, 350 Parnassus Heights.
United States Patent |
3,620,650 |
|
November 16, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
GAS-DISABLED LIQUID-PUMPING APPARATUS
Abstract
Improved liquid-pumping apparatus uses a pumping chamber having
a residual volume many times larger than the displacement volume
and includes an outlet valve which is disposed within the lowermost
region of the residual volume and which is biased against outflow
of fluid therethrough for fluid pressures below a selected
value.
Inventors: |
Robert F. Shaw, 350 Parnassus
Heights (San Francisco, CA), 94117 (N/A) |
Family
ID: |
25380700 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/882,489 |
Filed: |
December 5, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
417/417;
128/DIG.13; 604/152; 417/490; 604/123; 604/153; 417/477.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M
5/36 (20130101); F04B 43/08 (20130101); A61M
5/172 (20130101); F04B 7/04 (20130101); F04B
17/048 (20130101); A61M 5/14216 (20130101); Y10S
128/13 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61M
5/172 (20060101); A61M 5/168 (20060101); A61M
5/142 (20060101); F04B 17/03 (20060101); A61M
5/36 (20060101); F04B 43/08 (20060101); F04B
7/00 (20060101); F04B 7/04 (20060101); F04B
43/00 (20060101); F04B 17/04 (20060101); F04b
035/04 (); F04b 049/08 (); F04b 007/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;417/417,435,476,559,443,478,490,392,393,394,395 ;184/29
;222/334,249 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Robert M. Walker
Attorney, Agent or Firm: A. C. Smith
Claims
I claim:
1. Liquid infusion apparatus for selectively pumping a system in
which gas may be present, the apparatus comprising: a pumping
chamber for enclosing a volume of fluid, and having an outlet valve
which is biased against outflow of fluid therethrough for fluid
pressures below a selected value, said outlet valve being disposed
to remain in communication only with liquid in the chamber in the
presence of gas therein; means communicating with said chamber for
decreasing the volume thereof by a selected displacement volume
during a liquid-displacement period which preserves a residual
volume of the chamber that is greater than said selected
displacement volume; and inlet means communicating with said
chamber and adapted to receive a supply of liquid at an ambient
pressure which is below said selected value, said inlet means
permitting bidirectional fluid passage therethrough into said
chamber between liquid-displacement periods for substantially
equalizing fluid pressure within the chamber to ambient pressure
prior to a liquid-displacement period and preventing outflow
therethrough from said chamber during the liquid-displacement
period.
2. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 1 wherein: the ratio of
volume of said pumping chamber to volume of said displacement
volume is greater than the ratio of the value of said fluid
pressure bias provided by said outlet valve plus atmospheric
pressure to the value of said fluid bias pressure.
3. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 2 wherein: the selected
value of fluid pressure bias provided by said outlet valve is
greater than 3 pounds per square inch gauge pressure.
4. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 2 wherein: said selected
value of fluid pressure bias provided by said outlet valve is
approximately 5 pounds per said inch gauge pressure; and
manipulatable outlet said residual volume of the chamber is at
least approximately four times greater than said selected
displacement volume.
5. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 1 comprising: means
coupled to said chamber in the lowermost region of the residual
volume thereof adjacent to said outlet valve for releasing gas from
said chamber to establish communication between liquid in said
chamber and said outlet valve.
6. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 5 wherein: said means
coupled to said chamber includes a manually manipulatable element
which is manually movable from a normally operational position to a
position which disables the outlet valve from establishing said
selected value of fluid pressure bias; and resilient biasing means
coupled to said element for urging said element into said normally
operational position following release thereof from manually
applied forces to provide fail safe reestablishment of said
selected value of fluid pressure.
7. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 5 wherein: said means
coupled to said chamber includes a manually manipulatable element
which is manually movable from a normally operational position to a
position which disables the outlet valve from establishing said
selected value of fluid pressure bias, and further includes means
cooperating with said element for preventing normal operational
communication between the chamber and said means for decreasing the
volume thereof in response to said element being improperly
positioned to establish said selected value of fluid pressure
bias.
8. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 1 wherein: said inlet
means includes a reserve chamber having a port passing between said
chamber and said reserve chamber and having a volume greater than
said residual volume, said port blocking outflow of fluid
therethrough from said chamber during said liquid-displacement
period.
9. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 1 wherein: said means
communicating with said chamber includes a piston which forms a
fluid-confining boundary of said chamber and which is
longitudinally movable within said chamber; and said inlet means
includes a fluid channel within the wall of the chamber positioned
with respect to said piston for passing fluid therethrough into
said chamber while said piston is disposed at a position along the
path of longitudinal movement prior to said liquid-displacement
period and for blocking fluid flow out of said chamber in response
to movement of said piston along said path during said
liquid-dsiplacement period.
10. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 9 wherein: said means
communicating with said chamber includes an element of magnetic
material coupled to said piston and a source of magnetic flux
disposed with respect to said element for repetitively altering the
position thereof and of the piston coupled thereto.
11. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 1 wherein: said means
communicating with said chamber includes extensible boundary walls
which define said chamber; said inlet means includes an aperture
through the upper wall into the chamber, valve means disposed about
said aperture for permitting fluid flow therethrough into said
chamber for a selected longitudinal extension of said sidewalls,
and for preventing fluid flow therethrough during decrease of the
volume of said chamber in response to movement of the extensible
sidewalls; and actuating means coupled to said sidewalls for
cyclically moving the extensible boundary walls between selected
dimensions at a predetermined repetition rate.
12. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 1 wherein: said chamber
includes a selected length of resilient flexible tubing having an
internal fluid-confining passage therethrough of substantially
uniform cross section along the length thereof; said means
communicating with said chamber includes a rotatable actuator
having at least one element which is disposed with respect to said
tubing for squeezing the same to close the passage therethrough,
and which is responsive to rotation of said rotatable actuator for
altering the location of the squeeze of the tubing over a selected
portion of the length of said tubing between a first limit near a
fluid inlet end to said internal passage and a second limit remote
from the first limit; and said outlet valve includes another
actuator resiliently biased to squeeze said tubing to close the
passage therethrough at a location along the tubing remote from the
fluid inlet end thereof and spaced from said second limit by a
distance greater than the distance along said selected portion of
the tubing between the first and second limits, said other actuator
squeezing said tubing thereby establishing said selected value of
fluid pressure bias.
13. Liquid infusion apparatus as in claim 12 wherein: said
rotatable actuator being disposed with respect to said tubing to
provide during a portion of the rotational cycle thereof an
unclosed internal passage through said tubing from the fluid-inlet
end thereof to said other actuator, and thereafter to provide
during another portion of the rotational cycle thereof a closure of
the internal passage through the tubing at a location therealong
with advances over said selected portion of length from said first
limit to said second limit in response to rotation of said
rotatable actuator.
Description
Certain known liquid-pumping devices have been specifically adapted
for metered administration of liquids into the vein or artery of a
patient. These pumping devices, however, are generally limited by
the hazardous disadvantage that gas or air as well as liquid can be
pumped into the patient's vein or artery as, for example, when the
bottle or other supply of liquid is expended and the system fills
with air. Frequent examination of the pumping device and liquid
supply are consequently required to avoid pumping air into a
patient's vascular system. This inherently hazardous procedure has
thus been costly to use and has not provided entirely satisfactory
operating results.
Accordingly, the pumping apparatus of the present invention for
administering liquids by positive displacement into the vascular
system of a patient provides inherent protection against
administration of gas or air. The present pumping apparatus
includes a pumping chamber having a residual volume which is many
times larger than the displacement volume and having a biased
outlet valve disposed in the lowermost region of the residual
volume. The careful selection of interrelated values for
displacement volume, residual volume and outlet valve bias pressure
assures that the present pumping apparatus becomes selectively
disabled from pumping liquid in the presence of a predetermined
volume of gas or air enclosed within the pumping chamber.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of the pumping apparatus of
the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the displaced
liquid, the volume of trapped air in units of displacement volume
and the bias pressure provided by the outlet valve in the pumping
apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between fluid pressure
and the volume of trapped gas in units of displacement volume
during operation of the pumping apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of electromagnetically actuated
piston-type pumping apparatus according to the present invention;
and
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a peristaltic or roller-type pumping
apparatus in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of mechanically actuated bellows-type
pumping apparatus according to the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a simplified pictorial
diagram of the pumping apparatus of the present invention. It is
convenient to refer to the volume of the pumping chamber 9 in units
of displacement volume of the piston 11. Accordingly, for the
purpose of analysis herein the pumping chamber may be considered to
comprise one, two or more units of displacement volume 13. The
pumping chamber includes an outlet valve 15 which is biased against
outflow therethrough for fluid pressures below a selected value and
an inlet means 17 which admits fluid into the chamber 9 below the
piston while the piston 11 is in its maximal position prior to a
pumping stroke. A reserve chamber 19 above the piston 11 is coupled
to the inlet means via port 21 and thus serves as a reservoir of
liquid and as a trap for air or gas bubbles, as later described
herein. The piston 11 and the inlet means 17 cooperate to permit
equilibration of pressures between the pumping chamber 9 and the
reserve chamber 19 between pumping strokes.
For the purposes of analysis, the performance of the system may be
considered when the pumping chamber 9 has only one unit of
displacement volume 13 (i.e., that outlet valve 15 is disposed at
level 12). In this form, the downward movement of piston 11 by one
unit of displacement volume to its minimal position at level 12
produces potentially indefinitely large fluid pressure within the
chamber and leaves no residual volume within the chamber. This is
ideally suited for efficient and accurate pumping of known volumes
of fluid but unfortunately is capable or pumping both liquid and
gas or air contained within the chamber volume 13.
A different situation pertains however, when the pumping chamber is
enlarged to contain significant residual volume. Under these
conditions, in the presence of a mixture of liquid and gas, the
quantity of fluid pumped will depend upon the bias pressure
provided by the outlet valve 15. Thus, as shown in the graph of
FIG. 2, if no air is trapped within chamber 9 then one-displacement
volume 23 of liquid is pumped per piston stroke, substantially
independently of the fluid-pressure bias of the outlet valve.
However, when gas is trapped within the chamber, the volume of
liquid displaced from the chamber by each piston stroke is less
than one displacement-volume; the actual volume being a function of
both the volume of trapped gas and of the pressure bias provided by
the outlet valve, as shown in the graph of FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 illustrates that the liquid pumping apparatus will be
disabled when the trapped gas volumes are 2, 2.5, 4 and 6 times the
stroke volumes, when the bias pressures provided by the outlet
valve 15 are respectively 15, 10, 5 and 3 pounds per square inch
(p.s.i.).
Since for fail safe operation of the present pumping apparatus in
medical applications it is desirable to assure that only liquid and
not air trapped within chamber 9 can be pumped, it might be
concluded that the bias pressure provided by the outlet valve
should be set as high as possible to assure that even small bubbles
of air entrapped within fluid chamber 9 inactivate the pumping
mechanism. However, from the graph of FIG. 2, it is apparent that
the higher the value selected for the bias pressure provided by the
outlet valve, the greater the degradation of pump accuracy and
efficiency, when volumes of air or gas inadequate to disable the
pumping apparatus are trapped within pumping chamber 9. Under these
conditions, a portion of the piston stroke volume is required to
compress the trapped air or gas in order to build up fluid pressure
to a valve which will overcome the bias of outlet valve 15 and
thereafter, only the remaining portion of piston stroke volume
displaces fluid from chamber 9 through outlet valve 15. Thus, the
bias pressure provided by outlet valve 15 should be sufficiently
high to disable the pumping apparatus when a selected volume of gas
is present within pumping chamber 9 and should not be any higher
than so required because system accuracy suffers.
There is a minimum value of bias pressure provided by outlet valve
15 which must be exceeded, and that value is determined by the
height above the outlet valve at which the fluid reservoir may
possible be disposed. Since the present apparatus may be used with
a bottle or other reservoir of liquid which may be hung above the
patient, the resultant fluid pressure at outlet valve 15 must be
overcome to avoid a continuous outflow of liquid through the
pumping chamber 9 and valve 15 between pumping strokes under the
influence of such resultant fluid pressure. It is extremely
unlikely that a reservoir bottle may be disposed more than 6 of 8
feet above outlet valve 15 (which corresponds to liquid pressure of
approximately 3 to 4 pounds per square inch) and therefore about 3
to 4 pounds per square inch is an acceptable minimum value of the
bias pressure provided by the outlet valve for use in parental
fluid administration. In actual practice, a bias pressure of
approximately 5 pounds per square inch for this application is a
well selected value since it provides a reasonable safety factor in
operation even if valve springs, or the like, which set the bias
pressure tend to weaken or are initially below design
specifications.
Referring, then, to the graph of FIG. 3, there is shown a family of
curves of fluid pressure within the pumping chamber 9 as a function
of the number of units of gas or air trapped within the chamber 9
expressed in units of piston displacement volumes. The fluid
pressure within chamber 9 can never exceed the value of bias
pressure provided by outlet valve 15. For the reasons discussed
above, the value of bias pressure shown on the graph of FIG. 3 is 5
pounds per square inch (gauge pressure) above atmospheric pressure.
Thus, from the graph of FIG. 3 it can be seen that if a volume of
gas equal to the piston displacement volume is trapped within
pumping chamber 9, about one-quarter of the displacement volume 22
will be occupied in compressing the gas to the outlet bias pressure
and the volume pumped 26 will be about three-quarters of the piston
displacement volume. If the volume of trapped gas is two times the
piston displacement volume, the pumped volume 25 will be about
one-half of the piston displacement volume. If the volume of
trapped gas is three times the piston displacement volume, the
pumped volume 29 will be about one-quarter of piston displacement
volume. However, if the volume of trapped gas is four times the
piston displacement, then no part of the volume is pumped. Under
such conditions, the piston strike is used to increase the fluid
pressure within the chamber 9 up to, but not exceeding, the value
of bias pressure provided by outlet valve 15. The pumping apparatus
of the present invention having an outlet valve bias pressure of 5
pounds per square inch gauge pressure and having a chamber volume
13, 24, 27, 28 of at least four times the unit displacement volume
therefore becomes disabled to pump fluid when the volume of trapped
gas or air within the chamber is about equal to the total volume of
chamber 9 (i.e., four times the piston displacement volume). It
should be apparent, however, from the graphs of FIGS. 2 and 3 that
other values of outlet valve bias pressure and displacement units
of residual volume may be used in pumping apparatus according to
the present invention which becomes disabled to pump fluid in the
presence of a selected volume of gas within the chamber. For fail
safe operation, then, the present pumping apparatus may include a
residual volume which is at least about one additional unit of
displacement volume greater than is minimally required for a unit
of displacement volume to produce fluid pressure (i.e., with gas
present in chamber 9) approximately equal to the value of bias
pressure provided by outlet valve 15. The outlet valve 15 should be
located in the lowermost region of the residual volume (With the
chamber 9 substantially vertically aligned) to assure that the
outlet valve 15 is always disposed in the liquid phase of fluids
within the chamber 9. If from practical considerations, a volume of
gas approximately equal to four units of displacement volume
requires too large a residual volume in chamber 9 in order to avoid
having the present apparatus pump air, then the bias pressure
provided by outlet valve 15 may be increased. From the graphs of
FIGS. 2 and 3, it should be apparent that the volume of gas within
chamber 9 which disables the present apparatus from pumping liquid
decreases as the bias pressure provided by outlet valve 15
increases.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a sectional view of a
disposable, cartridge-type pump assembly according to the present
invention. In this embodiment, the outer housing 61 includes a
reservoir or bubble chamber 63, the chamber 65 containing the
pump-actuator and return spring, the piston chamber 67 defining the
displacement volume, the residual-volume chamber 69 and the chamber
71 containing the outlet valve assembly. These chambers are all
disposed along the direction of liquid flow through the pumping
apparatus substantially in the order named.
The piston 73 is a conventional flexible-skirted cupped piston
which moves a very short distance (typically a few thousandths of
an inch) down the length of the piston chamber 67 in response to
electromagnetic force applied to the piston actuator. This actuator
includes a plate 75 of magnetic material which is attached to (and,
ideally, encapsulated in) a plastic or other nonmagnetic piston
driver 77. This piston driver, which is coupled to the piston 73,
is captivated within the outer housing 61 and is held against stops
79 at the upper end of is travel by spring 81. The plate 75 and the
piston driver 77 with the piston 73 attached thereto are all urged
downwardly by the electromagnet 83 which is disposed about the
housing 61 below plate 75 when the electromagnet is energized at a
selected repetition rate of electrical pulses from source 85.
Fluid flows into the top of bubble chamber 63 from the drip chamber
35 and thence substantially axially through apertures 86 in the
piston driver 77 to the top of piston 73. Longitudinal ports cut
into the cylinder wall of the outer housing 61 about the piston 73
in its uppermost most position permit fluid to flow around the
piston prior to a pumping stroke and into the pumping chamber 67,
69. As soon as the piston 73 moves downward from its uppermost
position, these ports are closed off so that the volume of
displaced fluid can only flow out of the pumping chamber during a
pumping stroke through the outlet valve assembly 72. The lower
chamber 71 of the outer housing may include suitable means for
"bleeding" trapped gas out of the pump chamber initially upon
placing the pumping apparatus in service. For example, the
lowermost portion 78 of the housing may be axially or
longitudinally slidable and may be spring-biased upwardly against
the stop 74. Thus, manually urging the housing portion 78 downward
against the return force provided by spring 76 relieves the force
of the outlet valve spring 72 and permits air to "bleed" through
the outlet valve. Return spring 76 positions the housing portion 78
against stop 74 when released, to assure reestablishment of the
proper bias pressure provided by outlet valve 72.
Such design factors as displacement volume, residual volume 69 and
outflow bias pressure may be determined in the manner previously
discussed in connection with FIG. 1 and the graphs of FIGS. 2 and
3. In addition, the volume of chamber 63 may be chosen to be larger
than the total volume of the pumping chamber to permit any gas
trapped therein to escape back through ports 87 for harmless
collection in chamber 63. Also, this chamber establishes an ample
reservoir of liquid below drip chamber 35 to provide a reasonably
long period of continuous normal operation after the supply of
liquid in reservoir 33 is depleted.
Referring now to FIG. 5 there is shown one embodiment of the
present pumping apparatus which uses peristaltic action to pump
only liquid. This embodiment of the present apparatus includes a
length of flexible tubing 31 which provides a fluid conduit from
the reservoir 33 and conventional drip chamber 35 to the hollow
needle or catheter 37 positioned within a vein or artery of a
patient's body. The pump includes an anvil 39 positioned on one
side of the tubing 31 and having a stator portion 41 and a valve
body portion 43. A rotatable roller carrier or rotor 45 includes a
plurality of arms 47, each supporting a roller 49 at the end
thereof for engaging and squeezing the tubing 31 closed against the
stator 41. The angular separation of the arms 47 of rotor 45 is
greater than the angle subtended by the arcuate surface of the
stator 41. This assures that the chamber portion of the tubing 31
which extends from the outlet valve 48 to the upper edge 50 of the
stator 41 is vented to fluid pressure from reservoir 33 before each
pumping cycle. Thus, it should be noted that rotation of rotor 45
by suitable means (e.g., a variable-speed spring-driven or
battery-operated motor) causes a roller 47 to squeeze the tubing 31
and thereby displace the quantity of fluid contained within only
the length of tubing 31 which is disposed adjacent the arcuate
surface of the stator 41. The remaining length of tubing 31
disposed between the lower edge 52 of stator 41 and the outlet
valve 48 serves as the residual volume of the pumping chamber
formed by the entire length of tubing 31 from the upper edge 50 to
the outlet valve 48. This residual volume (or, more conveniently,
this residual length where tubing 31 has a known internal diameter)
may thus be selected by the same design considerations previously
discussed in connection with FIG. 1 and the graphs of FIGS. 2 and
3. The value of outlet bias pressure is determined by the spring 54
which overcomes the resiliency of the tubing 31 and squeezes it
closed against the valve body 43. Also, to permit convenient visual
observation of the pumping rate, it is desirable to select the
displacement volume per pumping stroke to approximately equal the
volume of one drop of the liquid to be pumped (approximately 1/10
to 1/50 c.c.) so that the drip rate as observed in drip chamber 35
may provide a quick indication of the volume of liquid being pumped
per unit time.
In this and other practical embodiments of the present invention,
since the pumping apparatus is designed to become disabled from
pumping liquid in the presence of gas within the pumping chamber,
it becomes necessary to vent any gas that may become trapped in the
chamber when the pump is initially placed in service. One
convenient procedure that may be used is simply to disable the
outlet valve 48 initially (as by relieving the spring force which
squeezes the tubing 31 closed) in order to allow liquid to fill the
entire conduit from reservoir 33 to the catheter 37. For this
purpose, a relief knob 56 which is springloaded toward the anvil 39
may be temporarily withdrawn from its normal position against a
stop 57 in order to relieve the spring force and thereby "bleed"
the air out of the system. The relief knob 56 is spring-loaded
against the stop 57 to assure reestablishment of the proper setting
of the outlet valve 48 upon release of the relief knob 56 following
completion of the "bleeding" procedure. In addition, for pumping
apparatus of substantially axially symmetrical design such as shown
in FIGS. 4 and 6, or the like, an additional fail safe feature may
be conveniently provided in order to inhibit operation when the
outlet bias valve is not properly seated after a "bleeding"
procedure. Specifically, the portion of the outer housing
surrounding the outlet valve may include an unaligned guide key or
pin or generally be altered in exterior shape or dimensions when
the outlet bias valve is improperly reseated so that the pumping
apparatus cannot be positioned in operating position with respect
to the pump-actuating means, as shown, for example, in the
embodiment of FIG. 4 in which a reference base 66 is disposed in
fixed, spaced relationship to the top of coil 83.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown a sectional view of another
embodiment of a disposable, cartridge-type pumping apparatus
according to the present invention. In this embodiment, the outer
housing 91 includes a pumping chamber 93 having flexible chamber
walls 95. In this embodiment, friction and wear associated with
moving piston parts are eliminated and the pumping stroke may be
provided by compressing the chamber, say in an axial or
longitudinal direction to alter its volume. Suitable means such as
a variable-speed, spring-driven or battery-operated motor may be
used to develop the axial compressive force required to produce a
minute decrease (typically, a few thousandths of an inch) in the
longitudinal dimension of the chamber 93.
The inlet means to the pumping chamber 93 includes a valve which
closes at the start of a pumping cycle to assure that displaced
liquid may only be expelled from the pumping chamber during a
pumping cycle by passing through outlet valve 103. In this
embodiment, the inlet valve includes two valve faces 96 and 98 with
an aperture 101 through the upper valve face into the bubble or
reservoir chamber 105. Thus, in the position of maximum extension
of the chamber 93 prior to a pumping stroke, the two valve faces 96
and 98 are spaced apart to permit fluid to flow from the upper
reservoir chamber 105 through aperture 101 and between the valve
faces into the pumping chamber 93. However, since one of the valve
faces 96 is mounted on the bellows-type walls of the outer housing
91 for movement with respect to the other valve face 98, the
passage for fluid flow between these faces and through aperture 101
is closed off so that the volume of fluid displaced from chamber 93
during a pumping stroke can only flow out through outlet valve 103.
The other design factors such as displacement volume, residual
volume, and outflow bias pressure may be determined in the manner
previously discussed in connection with FIG. 1 and the graphs of
FIGS. 2 and 3.
Therefore, the pumping apparatus of the present invention becomes
disabled to pump liquid in the presence of a selected volume of gas
or air trapped within the pumping chamber. Pump apparatus of this
type is thus ideally suited for positive-displacement liquid
infusion applications in medicine where a high degree of safety and
reliability is required to prevent injury or death from accidental
injection of air into the veins or arteries of a patient.
* * * * *