U.S. patent number 3,616,103 [Application Number 04/821,810] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-26 for textured cementitious sheet.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Johns-Manville Corporation. Invention is credited to Norman Shirk Greiner, James Vincent Magee.
United States Patent |
3,616,103 |
Greiner , et al. |
October 26, 1971 |
TEXTURED CEMENTITIOUS SHEET
Abstract
The textured surface of an asbestos-cement sheet covered with
steam cure bloom or normal cure bloom is abraded in a particular
manner to remove bloom from certain areas of the surface to produce
a highly attractive simulated stone decorative sheet.
Inventors: |
Greiner; Norman Shirk
(Somerville, NJ), Magee; James Vincent (South Orange,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
Johns-Manville Corporation (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25234362 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/821,810 |
Filed: |
May 5, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/15; 52/316;
428/141; 451/59; D25/151; 264/162; 428/172 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B44F
9/04 (20130101); B28B 11/0818 (20130101); Y10T
428/24355 (20150115); Y10T 428/24612 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
B44F
9/00 (20060101); B44F 9/04 (20060101); B28B
11/08 (20060101); B32b 003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;51/328 ;52/311,316
;94/3,5,10,21,24 ;117/8,8.5,11,10,39,42,126
;161/19,41,116,124,205,413 ;264/42,60,67,74,129,138,139,162
;156/61,153,154 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
457,417 |
|
Jun 1949 |
|
CA |
|
462,251 |
|
Mar 1937 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Powell; William A.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A cementitious sheet having a decorative surface comprising
a. a textured surface having high and low portions of varying
height,
b. bloom deposits being present on substantial areas of the low
portions of the textured surface and being more pronounced on the
lowest portions thereof,
c. the color of the base cementitious sheet being readily apparent
on the high portions of the textured surface and contrasting with
the bloom present on low portions thereof, and
d. the areas of bloom terminating relatively abruptly adjacent some
high portions of the textured surface and gradually diminishing in
other portions of the textured surface to produce a textured
appearance of varying color.
2. A cementitious sheet as recited in claim 1, wherein the
composition of the sheet comprises asbestos fibers and the
hydrothermal reaction product of hydraulic cement, silica and
lime.
3. A cementitious sheet as recited in claim 1, wherein the textured
surface has a polished appearance, particularly on the high
portions thereof.
4. A cementitious sheet as recited in claim 3, wherein the texture
of the sheet simulates that of stone and the varying shades of
color of the base cementitious sheet and the varying degrees of
polished surface contribute significantly to the appearance of
polished stone.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Asbestos-cement panels and sheets have been in use for many years
as architectural panels, siding panels, roofing and siding
shingles, furniture table tops and other related products. Their
color is usually produced by suitable coating material or by an
integrally mixed pigment, and their exposed surfaces often are
additionally decorated such as by a texturing operation.
A noticeable trend in design today is in the direction of
simulating the appearance of natural products, and with regard to
asbestos-cement products the trend is to provide a texture which
simulates that of polished stone. It is difficult, however, to
faithfully reproduce a stone texture on an asbestos-cement sheet
because of the problem of bloom created during the curing
operation. With regard to steam cured sheets, as the temperature
within the autoclave is raised during a steam curing operation
calcium silicate hydrate, which is present on the surface of the
cementitious sheets in dissolved form, becomes less soluble and
eventually is deposited on the surface of the sheets as a water
insoluble precipitate of dull white appearance. This deposit,
resembling a layer of white chalk dust, is known in the art as
"steam cure bloom." In a normal cure operation, where the
asbestos-cement sheets, after being formed, are exposed to air for
a number of days (usually 28), calcium carbonate deposits form.
They also can be made to form on normal cured asbestos-cement
sheets by exposing them to a carbon dioxide atmosphere under
pressure in the presence of moisture. Such deposits, also
resembling a layer of white chalk dust, are known in the art as
"carbonate bloom" or "normal cure bloom."
One way of preventing the formation of bloom is to treat the
sheets, prior to curing them, with a suitable bloom inhibitor.
Finished sheets treated in this manner do not give the appearance
of stone, however, even though the surface texture may closely
resemble the texture of stone, because the color or body or sheen
of the surface is too uniform and sterile looking.
If bloom inhibitor is not used, the bloom covered sheet that
results bears little or no resemblance to stone. Attempts to remove
the bloom have involved the use of suitable solvents, such as, for
example, hydrochloric acid or ammonium bifluoride, or mechanical
methods involving sanding or sand blasting. While such methods of
bloom removal have been satisfactorily employed on flat sheets,
they are not well suited for treatment of texture sheets. It is
virtually impossible from a practical standpoint to uniformly
remove bloom by sanding without damaging the texture of the sheet.
In addition, sanding raises asbestos fibers adjacent the surface to
the point where they are discernable to the touch and interfere
with the formation of a smooth surface coating which may
subsequently be applied. Use of a suitable solvent is also
objectionable because it tends to etch the surface of the sheet and
raise and expose surface fibers. In addition, it is difficult to
adequately reach the low portions of a textured surface with a
solvent applicator. Aside from such objections to sanding or
solvent removal of bloom, stone textured cementitious sheets that
have been treated in this manner do not have the desired
appearance. They are still too obviously artificial because of a
lack of an almost undefinable combination of qualities that
contribute to the overall appearance of natural stone.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
The main object of this invention is to provide a method of
producing a cementitious sheet, particularly an asbestos-cement
sheet, having a textured surface that closely resembles the
appearance of natural stone.
A further object is to provide such a method which can be readily
incorporated into a conventional asbestos-cement sheet
manufacturing operation with a minimum of difficulty and
expense.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above objects are achieved by removing only a portion of the
bloom from a textured cementitious sheet, leaving some of the bloom
to remain. Specifically, it is removed from the high portions of
the textured surface of a cementitious sheet and, to a lesser
extent, from the low portions, leaving significant amounts of bloom
on the lower portions, especially in the small depressions and
valleys of the textured surface. In addition, the textured surface
is polished. The removal of bloom and the subsequent polishing of
the surface remove only minute quantities of the cementitious
composition, and where the sheet is comprised of asbestos-cement
composition, the process does not noticeably raise or expose the
asbestos fibers. This results in a sheet having a textured surface
comprised of high and low portions, wherein the color of the high
portions contrasts with the white bloom still remaining on
substantial areas of the low portions, the bloom being more
pronounced at the lowest parts of the textured surface. In the case
of a sheet pigmented with a dark gray color to produce a slatelike
appearance, the higher portions of the textured surface will be
substantially the color of the base material while portions of
adjacent valleys and other low portions of the textured surface
will still be covered with white bloom. The colors of the bloom
covered areas and the areas from which bloom has been removed blend
gradually into one another where the low portions of the textured
surface slope gently upwardly to meet the high portions, but
provide a direct contrast to one another where a low-portion ends
abruptly at a high portion, such as at a ridge, the effect of which
is to heighten the similarity of the sheet to that of polished
natural stone.
This process permits the formation of cementitious sheets without
the use of bloom inhibitor and does not require expensive bloom
removal operations, such as sanding or sand blasting operations
which, as mentioned above, are highly impractical to use on
textured surfaces. By taking the unorthodox approach of
deliberately not removing all the bloom, the problem of bloom
prevention or removal and the problem of forming a realistic
appearing simulated stone surface have been solved. In practice, it
is preferred that the bloom be removed by a fine abrasive material
of sufficient resilience, compressibility and thickness such that
the abrasive material contacts both the high and low portions of
the textured surface but exerts more pressure on the higher
portions than on the lower portions. The abrasive material itself
carries out the polishing of the surface, to a more noticeable
degree on the high portions than on the lower portions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The nature of the invention will be more fully understood and other
objects may become apparent when the following detailed description
is considered in connection with the accompanying drawing,
wherein:
FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of a textured panel formed in
accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial plan view of a textured panel, the
textured surface of which is covered with bloom;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic pictorial representation of an
illustrative method of removing bloom in accordance with the
invention;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken on line 4-4 of
FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a partial plan view similar to that of FIG. 2, but
showing the panel after portions of the bloom have been removed and
the surface polished.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The term "bloom," when used in the specification and claims, shall
mean either a deposit of water insoluble calcium silicate hydrate
produced by precipitation of such material on the surface of a
cementitious composition during a steam curing operation or a
deposit of water insoluble calcium carbonate produced by
precipitation of such material on the surface of a cementitious
composition during a normal curing operation or by exposure of the
composition to a carbon dioxide atmosphere under pressure in the
presence of moisture.
Referring to the drawing, FIG. 1 shows a typical asbestos-cement
panel 10, containing a simulated stone textured surface consisting
of irregularly formed high portions 12 and low portions 14. In some
areas the surface is gradually sloped from a high portion to a low
portion, as for example at 16. In other areas high portions are
separated from low portions by more abruptly sloped connecting
walls, as where valleys 17 and pockets or crevasses 19 are formed.
As explained previously, even with a faithfully reproduced stone
texture, such a surface does not give the impression of stone if
the color is consistent throughout and the surface is not varied in
regard to color, body and sheen.
A textured asbestos-cement sheet typically is formed from an
asbestos-cement aqueous slurry which is introduced into the cavity
of a die press. Apertures in the cavity permit water to be
expressed during the pressing operation in order to consolidate the
material into final shape and thickness and to permit it to be dry
enough to hold its shape prior to the drying operation. A textured
die plate presses the wet asbestos-cement mix with sufficient
pressure to express the desired amount of water and to permanently
imprint its texture in the surface of the asbestos-cement
composition, after which the wet formed sheet is removed from the
press, cured and dried.
As mentioned previously, the curing operation causes water
insoluble calcium silicate hydrate, in the case of a steam cured
product, or water insoluble calcium carbonate, in the case of a
normal cured product, to be deposited on the surfaces of the
asbestos-cement sheets as a light coating resembling chalk dust. A
portion of such a sheet is illustrated in FIG. 2 wherein the entire
sheet, including high and low portions, are coated with bloom 20.
As indicated in this figure, the bloom prevents the sheet from
giving the impression that it is formed from natural stone and for
all practical purposes makes the sheet unsalable. In accordance
with the invention, the bloom is not entirely removed, as the
practice has been in the past, but is used as the medium for
producing the desired final appearance.
A preferred method of removing bloom in accordance with the
invention is illustrated in FIG. 3 which shows a sheet 10, the
surface of which has been textured and is covered with bloom, being
carried along by a continuous conveyor 22, trained about end rolls
24 and 26. Mounted for rotation above the conveyor is a shaft 28 on
which are mounted a number of ringlike mildly abrasive pads or
segments 30. Suitable clamps 32 are located on shaft 28 adjacent
the outermost pads 30 to hold the pads in place, thus forming an
abrasive wheel 34 comprised of the pads 30 extending from one side
edge of sheet 10 to the other. The abrasive material should be
relatively fine in order both to remove bloom from portions of the
sheet and also to polish the sheet, while leaving intact, or
removing only very minute portions of, the asbestos-cement sheet.
It is important not to remove significant amounts of
asbestos-cement composition in order not to raise or expose
asbestos fibers which are close to the surface of the sheet. The
abrasive material must be of sufficient resiliency, compressibility
and thickness as to be capable of contacting both the high and low
portions of the textured surface of the sheet but with more
pressure applied to the higher portions, thus removing more of the
bloom from the higher areas than from the lower areas.
FIG. 4 illustrates the action of the abrasive wheel 34 more
clearly. The outer peripheral work surface of each of the abrasive
segments 30 is engaged with the textured surface of the sheet 10
both at the highest and lowest points of the surface. This is
possible, even though the shaft on which the segments are mounted
is positioned at a constant distance above the conveyor, because
the abrasive material is compressed to a greater degree when it
contacts the lower portions. More pressure is thus exerted by the
abrasive wheels on the high portions of the textured surface than
on the low portions, and more bloom is therefore removed from the
high portions than from the low portions. The high portions thus
are subjected to greater polishing or buffing action than are the
low portions. It can be seen that a surface such as that
illustrated at 16, which connects in a gradually sloping manner the
high portion 12 with the valley 14, will be subjected to varying
amounts of pressure, ranging from relatively great pressure at the
high portion to relatively low pressure at the low portion. The
result of this arrangement is to leave some bloom on the low
portion, substantially no bloom on the highest portion, and
gradually diminishing amounts of bloom between the high and low
extremities of the surface 16.
The portion of the panel shown in FIG. 5 illustrates the effect of
the abrading or buffing treatment of the sheet of FIG. 2. As shown
in FIG. 5, the bloom has been removed from the high portions of the
texture, has been substantially retained at the lower portions
immediately adjacent the high portions, and has been gradually
removed on surfaces connecting low points to high points, such as
the surface illustrated by reference numeral 16. The resulting
textured surface bears a striking resemblance to natural stone,
particularly where the base color of the asbestos-cement mix is a
natural stone color, such as gray or brown.
An example of a suitable abrasive material to be used in the
combined bloom removing and buffing operation is a ringlike
abrasive segment sold by Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company
under the trademark "SCOTCHBRITE," which is comprised of a nylon
web with abrasive particles such as aluminum oxide, silicone
carbide or flint bonded to the fibers of the matrix. Fibrous
material carrying abrasive particles is also available in belt
form, an example of which is a product sold by Armour Abrasive
Company under the trademark "MICROLON." The invention is not
limited to the use of abrasive material of a particular grit size
since the type of texture and surface finish desired to be produced
may vary depending on the end use of the product as well as on
individual tastes. Exemplary of a satisfactory abrasive is one of
280 grit size, which has been found to remove bloom and polish the
cementitious material in a highly desirable manner. It is not
intended to limit the invention to the use of abrasive material
consisting of a fibrous matrix carrying bonded abrasive particles.
The buffing operation can also be carried out with material which
itself is abrasive as well as resilient and compressive, such as,
for example, steel wool of finer grades. Because of the varied
nature of suitable abrasives, the term "abrasive material" as used
in the specification and claims includes abrasive particles bonded
to a resilient, compressible matrix and resilient, compressible
material which itself is an abrasive.
It is not practical to assign limits to the pressure at which the
abrasive and buffing operation is carried out since the pressure
can vary considerably depending on the type of abrasive material
employed, the texture, the cementitious composition, and personal
taste. For example, it may be desirable to use an extremely fine
abrasive material in order to produce a desired effect, which in
turn may require a greater pressure to be applied than if a coarser
abrasive were used. In addition, as previously mentioned, the
pressures exerted over the face of the sheet during an abrading
operation vary according to the texture; that is, greater pressures
are applied at the high portions than at the low portions. It is
contemplated that various pressures can be used and, as mentioned
above, various grades of abrasives, so long as the abrasive
material is resilient and compressible and thick enough to
penetrate down to the lower portions of the textured surface.
As an example of a practical manner of carrying out the invention,
asbestos-cement sheets containing by dry weight, approximately 40
percent Portland cement, 35 percent asbestos fibers and 25 percent
silica flour were formed from an aqueous mixture of about 25
percent solids content using a die press having a textured die
plate designed to produce a slatelike appearance. The sheets were
made 1/8 inch oversize in thickness to allow for level sanding of
the backs before being steam cured. The sheets were air cured for 7
days, then trimmed to size and backsanded to remove 1/16th inch of
material. They were then placed on a pallet with protective
material, such as soft foam, between adjacent sheets in order to
protect the texture from being scuffed and compressed out of shape
by the weight of the sheets above. The sheets were steam cured in
an autoclave at 100 p.s.i.g. for 16 hours, followed by a drying
period of 8 hours at 250.degree. F. After being dried the back
surfaces of the sheets were sanded to remove the additional 1/16th
inch and to make them level, after which the textured surfaces of
the sheets were subjected to the action of a segmented abrasive
wheel comprised of "SCOTCHBRITE" material formed from a nylon web
to which aluminum oxide of 280 grit size was bonded. The resulting
appearance of the asbestos-cement sheets bore a striking
resemblance to charcoal colored slate and was highly desirable for
use in both interior and exterior installations. It was estimated
that about 90-95 percent of the bloom was removed, the remaining
small amount being retained on the sheets to enhance their natural
stone appearance.
In many cases, it will be desirable to coat the textured surface
with a clear lacquer finish in order to protect it from the weather
if used in an exterior environment and from scuffing and spilling
of materials if used in an interior environment. An example of a
suitable lacquer coat which can be sprayed on the sheets is
cellulose acetate butenate (CAB) lacquer, diluted with two parts of
methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solvent for each volume of lacquer. The
amount of lacquer sprayed onto the textured surface of course may
vary according to personal preference. It has been found that a
coverage of about 10 grams per square foot of surface is
adequate.
While the invention has been explained primarily with respect to
asbestos-cement products, it should be understood that it can be
used equally as well with other types of cementitious sheets so
long as the surface of the sheet is coated with bloom and is
textured to permit varying removal of bloom by the abrasive
operation described. The depth of the texture may vary according to
taste, although it is preferred that the difference in height
between the higher portions of the texture and the lowest portions
of the texture be no more than about 1/4 inch. This permits the
buffing or abrasive device to readily reach the low portions of the
textured surface without being unduly compressed as it contacts the
high portions.
It should now be apparent that this invention, by making use of the
very material that was heretofore responsible for difficulties in
producing suitable textured designs in cementitious sheets, has
enabled the elusive combination of characteristics that makes up a
polished stone appearance to be captured and duplicated simply and
inexpensively.
* * * * *