U.S. patent number 3,615,813 [Application Number 04/825,910] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-26 for electrophotographic layer cleaning process and apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Francis R. Clarke, Clifford E. Herrick, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,615,813 |
Clarke , et al. |
October 26, 1971 |
ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC LAYER CLEANING PROCESS AND APPARATUS
Abstract
An electrophotographic element is cleaned of residual toner by
providing a cleaning means such as a rotating brush in contact with
the element or an airblast to remove residual toner particles from
the element while also providing means such as a fluorescent lamp
to concurrently illuminate the portion of the element being
cleaned.
Inventors: |
Clarke; Francis R. (Lexington,
KY), Herrick, Jr.; Clifford E. (Lexington, KY) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25245220 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/825,910 |
Filed: |
May 19, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
134/1; 399/353;
15/1.51; 55/DIG.3; 55/361; 55/385.6; 134/9; 134/37; 361/212;
361/229; 15/256.51 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
21/08 (20130101); Y10S 55/03 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
21/06 (20060101); G03G 21/08 (20060101); G03g
013/00 (); G03g 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;134/1,6,9,37
;15/1.5,306,36A,307,308,309 ;313/63 ;317/2A,2C,4
;250/49.5GC,49.5ZC,49.5TC ;355/15 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wolk; Morris O.
Assistant Examiner: Millman; D. G.
Claims
We claim:
1. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element
comprising means to remove residual toner particles from a portion
of said element and means to illuminate said portion of said
element as it is being cleaned.
2. A process for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising
removing residual toner particles from a portion of said element
and illuminating said portion of said element as it is being
cleaned.
3. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element
comprising means for supporting a driven brush in contact with the
surface of said element, said brush comprising brush material
mounted on a core which is adapted to transmit light and said brush
having mounted therein a source of illumination.
4. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element
comprising a housing, an air filter, means to maintain an air
pressure differential between said housing and said filter, a
cylindrical cleaning brush comprising strips of brush material
secured to a transparent core, means to mount said brush for
rotation within said housing, drive means for said brush, a lamp, a
power source for said lamp, and means to mount said lamp within
said core.
5. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element
comprising fibrous material means, said material means being
adapted to transmit light, means for moving said material means
over and relative to said electrophotographic element, and a source
of illumination mounted behind the portion of said material means
moving over said electrophotographic element.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said material means is a
driven cylindrical brush, said brush comprising brush material
mounted on a core which is adapted to transmit light and said
source of illumination being a lamp mounted within said core.
7. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element
comprising means to impinge a high velocity stream of air onto the
surface of said element and means to provide visible illumination
of the proper wavelengths to electrically discharge the portion of
said plate being contacted by said stream of air.
8. A process for cleaning an electrophotographic element of
residual toner particles comprising removing said toner particles
from said element while substantially simultaneously exposing the
portion of said element being cleaned to visible illumination of
the proper wave lengths to electrically discharge said element as
said toner particles are removed.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Electrophotography using photoconductive insulating layers upon
which an electrostatic image is formed, for example, as is
described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691, has become embodied in a
number of high speed copying processes. The photoconductive
insulating layer is backed by a conductive layer and can be formed
in the shape of a cylinder which is then rotated to bring the
electrophotographic element to a number of stations involved in
carrying out the electrophotographic process. The photoconductive
insulating layer is first charged by applying an electrical
potential across it. The charged photoconductive layer is then
exposed imagewise to light and the electrical potential decays in
the surface areas which are struck by light. The dark areas of the
projected image retain their electrostatic charge and the image is
then developed by exposing the surface of the photoconductive layer
to small charged marking particles known as toner particles. The
charged toner particles are attracted to the charged image areas of
the photoconductive layer and thereby develop the electrostatic
image. The image can then be transferred from the photoconductive
layer to a copy sheet.
A number of ways are conventionally employed to develop the
electrostatic image as is well known in the art. These include
cascade development described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
2,618,552; powder cloud development described, for example, in U.S.
Pat. No. 2,221,776; and magnetic brush development described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,874,063, fur brush development, donor
belt development, impression development and liquid spray
development. Commonly used processes in commercial copying machines
are cascade and magnetic brush development. These methods employ
toner particles usually comprising a heat softenable resin binder
material, for example, a natural or synthetic organic compound or
polymer such as styrene polymers and copolymers, epoxy resins,
rosin, rosin esters, polymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid
esters such as those prepared by polymerizing such monomers as
methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and
mixtures thereof. Various physical and chemical combinations of
such polymers can also be employed. The resins are mixed with
coloring matter, for example, carbon black so that a colored image
can be easily heat fused onto a copy sheet. Other additives, such
as plasticizers and anticaking agents can also be employed in the
toner composition.
After development, the image is transferred from the
photoconductive layer to the copy sheet, such as plain paper, so
that the photoconductor can be reused repeatedly to produce
additional copies. Conventionally, the paper is placed in contact
with the developed image on the element and the toner is
transferred by an electrical charge and/or mechanical pressure
applied to the paper. The paper carrying the toner image is then
stripped from the photoconductor.
Because it has not been found possible to make a complete transfer
of toner to the copy sheet, a portion of the toner image remains on
the photoconductor surface and small amounts of finely divided
toner particles also cling to the nonimage areas. If not removed,
this residual image and background toner will appear on the
following copies. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a cleaning
station for cleaning the surface of the photoconductor prior to the
next copying cycle.
A number of ways of removing residual toner particles have been
employed such as, for example, by physically contacting the surface
of the photoconductor with either a renewable web of fiber material
or with the bristles of a rotating cylindrical brush, and also by
contacting the photoconductor surface with high velocity air. The
removed particles are carried away from the cleaning station to a
suitable receptacle by providing an air pressure differential.
Light and/or corona discharges can be employed to neutralize a
portion of the charge on the photoconductor prior to the time that
it reaches the cleaning station so that the particles are more
easily removed.
Problems have been associated with the foregoing cleaning methods
because the photoconductor still retains some charge particularly
in the image areas which are shielded by residual toner from the
corona or light. Therefore, in certain modes of operation, it is
found that the photoconductor is not completely cleaned and
discharged. This is particularly the case where the apparatus
provides a choice of different size copy sheets and the user
selects a short copy sheet while exposing a larger size original.
In this situation, there will be a portion of the image area which
is not transferred to a copy sheet and which must be cleaned from
the surface of the electrophotographic element. This heavily toned
image sometimes taxes the cleaning apparatus to the extent that a
portion of the image remains on the surface of the plate and
appears on subsequent copies. This phenomena may be caused either
by normal variations in the efficiency of the cleaning action
resulting in some of the residual toner not being removed from the
charged image areas or, even if all the toner is initially removed,
then loose toner particles remaining at the cleaning station may
redeposit on the charged image downstream from the point at which
the toner is originally removed from the electrophotographic
element.
A method and apparatus have now been found which eliminate the
problem of residual image and which also provide for a general
improvement in the cleaning of the photoconductor surface.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with this invention, a method is provided for
cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising removing
residual toner particles from the element and illuminating the
element as it is being cleaned.
An apparatus is also provided for cleaning an electrophotographic
element comprising means to remove residual toner particles from
the layer and means to illuminate the element as it is being
cleaned.
In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a cylindrical
cleaning brush comprising strips of brush material secured to a
transparent core with a source of illumination mounted within the
core.
In another embodiment, a means is provided for impinging a high
velocity stream of gas on the surface of the electrophotographic
element along with means to illuminate the portion of the plate
being contacted with the gas.
DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the
invention will be apparent from the following more particular
description of preferred embodiments of the invention as
illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of an electrostatic copying machine
in which an embodiment of the apparatus and method of the invention
is employed.
FIG. 2 is an elevational view partially in section with parts
broken away of an embodiment of the apparatus of the invention
shown in FIG. 1 employing a lamp mounted inside of a cleaning brush
which has a transparent core.
FIG. 3 is an elevational view of the cleaning brush illustrated in
FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a schematic side view, partially in section, of another
embodiment of the apparatus of the invention employing an air knife
cleaning device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Turning now to FIG. 1, a typical electrophotographic copying device
is schematically shown in conjunction with an embodiment of the
invention. A cylindrical drum 11 is mounted for rotation on a shaft
10 and a photoconductive element 12 comprising photoconductive
insulating layer 13 and a conductive backing layer is mounted on
the outer periphery 15 of drum 11.
A variety of photoconductive materials are conventionally employed
in the photoconductive insulating layer 13, for example, amorphous
or vitreous selenium, selenium alloys with tellurium and arsenic,
cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, and zinc oxide in a resin
binder. A preferred material is an organic photoconductor
comprising a 1 to 1 molar ratio of polymerized vinylcarbazole and
2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone which is disclosed and claimed in an
application of Shattock and Vahtra, Ser. No. 556,982, filed June
13, 1966 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 3,484,237 on Dec. 15, 1969,
and assigned to the assignee of this invention.
Preexposure corona unit 17 deposits an electrical charge of the
desired polarity on the photoconductive material while it is
maintained in the dark. Document 19 is held in place on a
transparent plane 21 and an image of the document is projected onto
the surface of the photoconductive insulating layer 13 by means of
an illuminated scanning station 23 and optics 25. The
photoconductor is discharged at 27 in the portion struck by the
light to form a charged image corresponding to document 19. The
drum 11 is rotated to bring the image to developer station 29 where
finely divided charged toner particles are brought into contact
with the charged image on the surface of photoconductive layer 13.
The developer station can employ a variety of different developer
means, as previously mentioned, for example, a cascade developer
unit, powder cloud developer unit or magnetic brush developer unit.
The developer station illustrated at 29 is a cascade developer unit
wherein a two component developer composition is caused to move
across the surface of the charged image on the photoconductive
layer 13. The developer composition comprises relatively large
carrier particles and relatively small heat fixable marking
particles of toner as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
2,618,552. The toner particles are attracted to and cling to the
charged areas of the photoconductive layer 13.
At station 31 the toned image on the surface of photoconductive
layer 13 is transferred to a plain paper sheet or web 33 with the
assistance of a transfer corona unit 35 which charges the paper to
a polarity opposite to that of the toner particles so that it will
attract the toner away from the surface of the photoconductive
layer 13. The paper is then stripped from the photoconductive layer
and passed to a heating unit 37 which acts to fuse and fix the
toner image onto the paper.
A certain proportion of the toner particles remain on the
photoconductive layer as a result of the fact that transfer
efficiency to the paper is less than 100 percent and sometimes,
because the length of paper copy sheet chosen is shorter than the
length of the toned image on the drum, none of the toner is
transferred from some image areas.
The rotating photoconductive layer is then passed into cleaning
station 39 where it is contacted by a driven cylindrical cleaning
and treatment brush 41 whose length corresponds approximately to
the width of photoconductive layer 13 on the drum. Brush 41 is
mounted in a housing 43 and an air flow in the direction shown by
the arrows is provided by a vacuum means 45 to carry off the
removed toner to a filter bag 47. A knockoff bar 49 aids in
removing toner particles from the brush so that the brush remains
relatively free from toner particles upon extended use. Mounted
inside the brush 41 on lamp support 51 and mounting bracket 53 is a
cylindrical fluorescent lamp 55 (usually about 1 watt per inch)
connected to a conventional electrical power source which is not
shown.
It should be understood any suitable means can be used to provide
radiation of the proper wave lengths to discharge the residual
charge on photoconductive layer 13 as brush fibers 42 remove the
toner particles. The brush and illuminated brush-holding assembly
are shown in more detail in FIGS. 2 and 3. Brush 41 comprises
strips 57 of fabric pile material of polytetrafluoroethylene such
as is described in a copending U.S. application of Ray L. Dueltgen
and Carl A. Queener, Ser. No. 762,952, filed Sept. 26, 1968, and
assigned to the assignee of this invention. Other materials can be
used for the nap of the cleaning brush such as various types of
furs, for example, beaver fur, gray fox fur, rabbit fur and
fiberlike synthetic materials such as nylon, rayon or Dynel and the
like. The synthetic fibers 42 are woven or knit into conventional
backing layers, such as, for example, cotton or polypropylene and
cemented in place at the backing layer by a coating of latex. The
strips 57 may be wound and secured to a transparent core 59 of
acrylic plastic. In the embodiment shown, strips 57 are wound in a
helical manner so as to leave about 10 percent of the core area of
transparent portions 61 between adjacent strips to permit the
passage of light. Other light transmitting plastics or glass can
also be employed for the core material. Other methods of winding
and securing to a core can also be employed. The total amount of
light reaching the photoconductor can be controlled to a useful
degree by the percentage of core area left uncovered, between
strips.
Brush 41 is mounted for rotation at one end by locator ring 63 and
bearing 65. Lamp support 51 is mounted to frame 71 by slide 69 and
clamp plate 73. Brush 41 is mounted at the other end for rotation
by chuck 79 acting on plastic insert 81. Chuck 79 is driven by a
drive means which is not shown. Lamp 55 is mounted to lamp holder
51 by mounting brackets 53 secured to lamp holder 51 by binding
screws 83. Lamp 55 is powered by a conventional electrical power
source which is not shown. Spring 85, washers 87, 89, 99 and
retaining ring 97 provide means to assure that brush 41 is
adjustably and tightly held for rotation between locator ring 63
and chuck 79. Horizontal adjustment of lamp holder 51 is provided
by a slot 75 in slide 69 and shoulder screw 77. Housing 43 provides
the proper air flow to retain the toner, which is lifted from the
surface of the photoconductive layer 13 by the brush 41 from layer
13, so that the toner is removed to filter bag 47.
The construction of the brush is shown in more detail in FIG. 3
wherein strips 57 of brush material are affixed to transparent core
59 so as to leave uncovered portions 61 to permit the light to
shine through onto the photoconductor as it is being cleaned by the
brush material. It should be understood that alternate ways of
accomplishing the cleaning and discharge of photoconductive layer
13 can be employed and are within the scope of the invention, for
example, the use of other core materials which will permit the
passage of light such as opaque materials which have apertures or
which are of a screenlike construction or which have slots, for
example, in the area 61 between strips of brush material. The brush
backing and fibers can also be made of transparent material so that
the light shines through the brush material which eliminates the
need to provide discontinuties in the brush fibers to permit the
passage of light.
In operation, brush fibers 42 engage the photoconductive layer 13
and flick the majority of the residual toner particles from the
surface of the photoconductor. Substantially concurrently, the
light impinges upon the portion of the photoconductive layer 13
which is being contacted by brush 41. Layer 13 is sufficiently
cleaned of residual toner by the initial contact with the brush
fibers 42 so that the light reaches and discharges the
photoconductive layer 13. The speed of rotation of brush 41 and the
width of the area of contact or "foot print" of brush 41 on the
surface of photoconductive layer 13 is such that the brush will
make several rotations over each portion of layer 13. In the
absence of surface charge loose toner particles are not again
electrically attracted to the photoconductor prior to their being
removed to the filter bag and any residual toner particles
remaining on the layer 13 after initial contact with the fiber 42
are easily removed by subsequent portions of the brush from the now
discharged photoconductor.
Turning now to FIG. 4, another embodiment of the invention is shown
wherein an air knife 101 is employed. A high velocity stream of air
is caused to impinge upon the surface of the photoconductive layer
113 and dislodge the toner particles 104. Lamp 103 is mounted such
that the area of the photoconductor contacted with the airstream is
illuminated and discharged so that toner particles are not again
attracted electrostatically to the surface of the photoconductive
layer 113 and the particles are easily removed by a suitable air
pressure differential through housing 105 to a collecting container
(not shown).
It is been found that by utilizing the method and apparatus of the
invention in which the photoconductor is concurrently discharged as
the toner is being removed, an additional means to loosen the
toner, for example, a preclean corona unit is unnecessary. The
apparatus has the additional advantage of substantially completely
neutralizing of the charge on the photoconductive layer between
cycles without requiring the additional coronas or lights which are
employed in the prior art. If the charge is not so neutralized then
it may build up during the subsequent corona charging to a point
where electrostatic breakdown of the photoconductive layer will
occur.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood
by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in
form and detail may be made therein without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *