U.S. patent number 3,615,479 [Application Number 04/732,141] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-26 for automatic film processing method and apparatus therefor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Itek Corporation. Invention is credited to Jerry G. Hughes, Robert J. Kohler.
United States Patent |
3,615,479 |
Kohler , et al. |
October 26, 1971 |
AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSING METHOD AND APPARATUS THEREFOR
Abstract
Selective region development of photographic film is made by
relating density of the photographic emulsion with the intensity of
an infrared beam directed onto the emulsion and by controlling the
intensity as a function of the density. Apparatus for carrying out
the method is provided.
Inventors: |
Kohler; Robert J. (Alexandria,
VA), Hughes; Jerry G. (Waltham, MA) |
Assignee: |
Itek Corporation (Lexington,
MA)
|
Family
ID: |
24942356 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/732,141 |
Filed: |
May 27, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
430/30; 430/413;
430/434; 430/448 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03C
5/58 (20130101); G03D 13/007 (20130101); G03C
5/31 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03C
5/58 (20060101); G03D 13/00 (20060101); G03C
5/31 (20060101); G03c 005/24 (); G03c 001/72 () |
Field of
Search: |
;96/48 ;95/89 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Torchin; Norman G.
Assistant Examiner: Kimlin; Edward C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a chemical processing method for selective region development
of photographic film having an emulsion with a latent image thereon
including the steps of partially developing the latent image in the
emulsion and measuring the density of the film in successive
regions of the partially developed image, the improvement which
comprises directing a beam of nonactinic energy causing heating
effect on the film onto successive regions of the film, and
controlling the intensity of said beam as a function of said
measured density in each region to selectively heat each region of
the film, thereby selectively controlling the extent of development
in each region of the film.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said beam of energy is an
infrared beam.
3. The process of claim 1 including the steps of
developing a control signal as a function of measured density,
and
controlling the intensity of said beam by said control signal.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein transmission density is
measured.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein reflection density is
measured.
6. The process of claim 2 wherein said infrared beam has a wave
length of from about 0.8 to about 1.1 microns.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein said energy beam is provided by a
Xenon lamp.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein said energy beam is provided by a
laser.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the intensity of said beam is
varied as an inverse function of said control signal.
10. The process of claim 2 wherein the step of directing the beam
of infrared energy includes energizing a heat source, focusing a
beam of heat radiation and cyclically deflecting the focused beam
across the film.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the cyclical deflection step
includes the step of applying the beam to a mirror and cyclically
moving the mirror.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein a viscous or gel developer is
applied to said emulsion before the film is so scanned.
13. In a chemical processing method for selective region
development of photographic film having an emulsion with a latent
image thereon including the steps of partially developing the
latent image in the emulsion with a developer and measuring the
density of the film in the region of the partially developed image
by sensing radiation conveyed by the film from a beam of nonactinic
energy and scanning the film with a beam of nonactinic radiation
which causes heat effects on the film and increases the activity of
the developer in the film, the intensity of said latter beam being
controlled as a function of the sensed density, the improvement
which comprises using a single beam of nonactinic radiation for
said density measuring and said scanning.
14. Method as in claim 13 wherein said measuring and said scanning
is performed substantially simultaneously.
15. Method as in claim 14 wherein said single beam of nonactinic
radiation is an infrared beam.
16. Method as in claim 15 wherein the developer is in the form of a
viscous or gel layer on the film.
17. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said beam of
nonactinic energy is utilized for said density measuring step, and
the intensity of said beam is controlled according to the density
of the region which is then being simultaneously measured.
18. A method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the intensity of said
beam of radiation is controlled simultaneously as the density of
the film is being measured.
Description
The invention hereindescribed was made in the course of or under a
contract, or subcontract thereunder, with the United States
Government, Department of Defense.
CROSS-REFERENCES
This application is related to each of the following applications,
each of which is entitled AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSING DEVICE AND
METHOD: Ser. No. 638,163, filed Mar. 10, 1967; and Ser. No.
657,558, filed Aug. 1, 1967.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
This invention has to do with a method for processing photographic
film and with film-processing apparatus. More specifically, the
invention relates to such methods and apparatus which are
essentially automatic.
The invention is described and is illustrated hereinbelow with
regard to the processing of aerial reconnaissance film. However, it
is to be understood that the method and apparatus of this invention
are applicable equally to the processing of any type of film.
2. Description of prior art.
One of the prime prerequisites in photography is the faithful
recording of detail, which is mainly dependent upon the size and
shape of the photographic image, and the density differences which
distinguish the image from its surroundings. Major problems are
encountered in the recording of this detail due to solar altitude,
atmospheric effects (e.g., haze and cloud shadows), terrain types
(e.g., beaches and forests) and other factors; this is particularly
pronounced in high altitude, wide area, long distance photography
where ground detail is contained in a microimage. Large area
coverage generally requires great exposure latitude in the film,
due to variations in illumination and terrain, the exposure in
effect being a compromise between optimum exposure for highlights
and shadows or dark areas.
It is desirable to control sensitometric characteristics of
individual areas of a film negative without degrading the
microimage detail. In an effort to increase the information content
of wide area photography, the processing of the photographic film
has been improved. By control of film development, the film's
ability to record information is increased. Exposure latitude of
the film has been extended, while enabling correcting for
overexposure or underexposure. Such control can be exercised by
change of various parameters of the developer, including:
temperature, agitation, development time, and chemical
composition.
According to other prior techniques, the agitation or activity of
the developing solution over different portions of the film is
varied. It is possible with such a system to increase the
developing activity in an area of the film where increased activity
is desirable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a process of selective region
development of an exposed and partially developed photographic film
by sensing the density of the film by exposure to a radiation beam
to which the film is not sensitive, i.e. nonactinic radiation,
(typically, infrared radiation); scanning the film directly with a
beam of nonactinic radiation which causes heat effects on the film
and increases the activity of the developer in the film; and
controlling the intensity of the latter beam as a function of the
sensed density. A single beam of nonactinic radiation can be
generated to measure the density of the film as well as to cause
the heating and preferential development. The preferred nonactinic
radiation is infrared radiation.
The present invention represents a substantial advance in method
and apparatus, which enables variation of the contrast and/or
density of the image, and of selected areas of the exposed film,
during the course of processing of the latent image. Ordinarily in
techniques proposed hitherto, the variables are selected so that
the major portions of a film negative, when being developed at a
given solution temperature for a given time interval, result in a
negative of excellent contrast; a succeeding portion of the film
may not, however, due to differences in contrast of the exposed
image, respond correspondingly to such temperature and time
parameters. Even if a compromise is made, substantial portions of
the film may not develop satisfactorily.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The construction and operation of the apparatus of the present
invention will become apparent from the description which follows,
taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of an embodiment of the
invention in which a cold developer is employed;
FIG. 2 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of another embodiment of
the invention in which a viscous developer is employed;
FIG. 3 is a schematic, perspective view of the infrared scanning
system shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the electronic components of the
infrared scanning system shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the relationship of density
(abscissa) and applied infrared energy (ordinate) in various
films;
FIG. 6 represents a comparison of graphs of film densities
(ordinate) vs. relative log exposure (abscissa) obtained with an
aqueous developer for 4 minutes at 20.degree. C. (curve A) and with
an ethylene glycol viscous solution of the same developer at
temperatures of 20.degree. C. (curve B) and 32.degree. C. (curve
C).
FIG. 7 represents a comparison of film densities (ordinate) with
the relative log exposure (abscissa) after times of 0 sec. (curve
A); 30 sec. (curve B); 60 sec. (curve C); and 120 sec. (curve
D).
FIG. 8 is a graph of the relative log exposure (abscissa) versus
density (ordinate) at 20.degree. C. (curve A) ; 27.degree. C.
(curve B); 32.degree. C. (curve C) and 38.degree. C. (curve D),
with the viscous developer of FIG. 6; and
FIG. 9 is a graph of heating temperature (.degree.C.) (abscissa)
related to relative film speed (ordinate), using the viscous
developer of FIG. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In addition to photosensitive media comprising silver halide as the
photosensitive component, media comprising other organic or
inorganic photosensitive materials can be used herein. These media
comprise a photoconductor as the photosensitive component.
Preferred photoconductors are metal-containing photoconductors, and
particularly preferred are the inorganic materials such as
compounds of a metal and a nonmetallic element of group VIA of the
periodic table* such as metal oxides, such as zinc oxide, titanium
dioxide, antimony trioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide,
germanium dioxide, indium trioxide, hydrated potassium aluminum
silicate (K.sub.2 A1.sub.6 Si.sub.6 O.sub.22 .sup.. 2H.sub.2 O),
tin oxide (SnO.sub.2), bismuth oxide (Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3), lead oxide
(PbO), beryllium oxide (BeO), silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2), barium
titanate (BaTiO.sub.3), tantalum oxide
Also useful as photoconductors are certain fluorescent materials.
Such materials include, for example, compounds such as silver
activated zinc sulfide, zinc activated zinc oxide, manganese
activated zinc phosphate Zn.sub.3 (PO.sub.4).sub.2, an admixture of
copper sulfide, antimony sulfide (SbS) and magnesium oxide (MgO),
and cadmium borate.
Suitable organic photoconductors include imidazolidinones,
imidazolidinethiones, tetraarylazacyclooctatetraenes, and
thiazines, such as
1,3-diphenyl-4,5-bis([-methoxyphenyl)imidazolidinone-2;
4,5-(bis(para-methoxyphenyl)imidazolidinone-2;
4-phenyl-50(para-dimethylaminophenyl)imidazolidinone-2;
4,5-(bis(paramethoxyphenyl)imidazolidenthione-2; 3, 4, 7,
8-tetraphenyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetraazacyclooctatetraene-2, 3, 6, 8; and
methylene blue.
Also useful as photoconductors are heteropolyacids such as
phosphotungstic acid, phosphosilicic acid, and phosphomolybdic
acid.
Developing agents useful for the media comprising photoconductors
are liquid redox systems preferably comprising heavy metal ions
such as silver, gold, copper, mercury, and other noble metal ions.
British Pat. No. 1,043,250 fully describes suitable developing
agents and processes for developing and fixing for use in this
invention and is incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to FIG. 1, exposed film 10 on supply roll 11 is
advanced by appropriate motor means (not shown) through tank 12
containing a suitable developer indicated by 13. The developer is
maintained at a relatively low temperature, e.g., just above the
freezing temperature, in order to minimize activity of the
developing agent or agents therein. Film 10 is advanced over a
series of idlers 14 and is removed over idler 15. As is obvious to
those skilled in the art, various other methods of underdeveloping
the film may be used, e.g., use of low-energy developers,
shortening the developing time, etc.
Upon removal from tank 12, the emulsion (light-sensitive layer)
portion of film 10 will continue to contain developer. Film 10
after having passed over idler 15 is then scanned with a rapidly
moving beam of energy to which the film is not sensitive, typically
infrared energy, at a station 16. The infrared energy is provided
by a suitable source 17, preferably a Xenon lamp or a laser. The IR
rays are focused and are directed by an optical system comprising
lenses 18 and movable mirror 19, upon film 10. Mirror 19 is mounted
on a movable part of galvanometer 20 to scan the beam over the
film, as described hereinafter in connection with FIGS. 3 and
4.
As film 10 is scanned with IR energy at station 16, the level of
partial development is detected by means of infrared sensor 21.
This sensor 21 is positioned on the underside of film 10 and senses
the transmissivity, i.e., the inverse of film density.
Alternatively, reflectance may be sensed. Sensor 21 is associated
with the electronics system depicted in FIG. 4.
A silver halide-type film will still have an appreciable amount of
silver halide at station 16, since the film is only partially or
predeveloped. Silver halide, the photosensitive material in the
undeveloped emulsion on film 10, is a whitish-appearing material
having a degree of transparency of about 40-60 percent and a
reflectance of about 60-40 percent depending upon the condition and
type of the film. Such factors as the degree of wetness, amount of
predevelopment and the like, govern the relative transmissivity and
reflectance of the film to nonactinic radiation. Metallic silver is
a blackish material and hence substantially not transmissive and
not reflective. Hence, as the density level of the image on the
film increases with increased development, less radiation is
transmitted or reflected by any discrete area of the film and less
radiation is received by sensor 21. The scanned film is then
advanced over idler 22 for further processing, including, in
sequence, for example (but not shown) passage through a short stop
bath, a fixing bath, a wash section and a drying section, all of
which are well known in the art and need not be described in
detail.
In FIG. 2, there is shown a modification of the system illustrated
in FIG. 1; similar elements have the same reference numerals and
are not again described. Instead of the developing bath, a viscous
or gel developer is used. With such a developer, a controlled
amount of developer can be put on the emulsion of the film and an
ample supply of developer constituents is provided. The viscous
material or gel provides a substance into which oxidized
development products can diffuse; there is reduced developer
evaporation, and increased infrared absorption due to the thickness
of the viscous or gel developer layer. The film 10 is advanced to
viscous or gel developer applicator 50. The applicator may be of
conventional form for applying a viscous or gel material to a
surface. For example, with viscous material, it may comprise a tank
having an adjustable bottom slot and an adjustable doctor blade
positioned beside the slot. The gel containing the developer can be
applied from a continuous roll supply of gel on a support therefor
from which the gel separates on contact with the film. Following
application of the developer to film 10, the film is advanced to
station 16 as described in connection with FIG. 1. Processing is
the same as mentioned with FIG. 1, except that a prewashing can be
included before the short stop bath in order to prevent
contamination of the short stop bath with emulsifier.
Alternatively, the viscous or gel developer can be removed by use
of a rubber blade in pressure contact with the film as it advances,
thus obviating the need of a prewash.
FIG. 3 illustrates an infrared scanning system wherein infrared
source 17 located in a chamber (not shown) provides, in air, an
infrared beam 100 which passes through filter 101, lens 102 and
thence to mirror 19, from which it is focused upon film 10. The
mirror 19 is jointed to the moving element of galvanometer 20
through shaft 103. A relatively large mirror 19 is used to subtend
the infrared radiation passed by lens 102. For example, with a .+-.
2.5.degree. rotation of galvanometer shaft 103, a .+-. 5.degree.
deflection is given the infrared beam (100).
FIG. 4 illustrates an apparatus automatically adjusting for
density, and effecting selective development. Xenon arc lamp 17,
shown in block form only, emits a beam of infrared radiation 100
toward mirror 19 scanning across film 10 upon movement of the
mirror 19 by the galvanometer 20. The Xenon arc lamp may, for
example, have an effective arc area of 0.3 mm. .times.0.3 mm., and
an intensity of about 3,000 candles. Even after losses in the
lenses, filters, mirror and other auxiliary equipment which may be
used, approximately 5 watts of energy can still be applied to the
film. Xenon arc lamps have the property that the intensity of the
lamp can be modulated electronically, with practically instant
response. The infrared radiation can be obtained by other means;
lasers are particularly useful providing a sharply collimated and
defined beam of high energy. When the laser is used, mirror 19 may
be small.
A power supply 200 energizes a drive amplifier 201 controlled by a
saw tooth oscillator 202 having a saw tooth wave output to the
galvanometer 20, so that the galvanometer 20 will cause the mirror
to rotate scanning beam 100 slowly across film 10 and then be
returned suddenly to the starting point at one edge thereof. Other
means of scanning the beam across the film may, of course, be
provided, such as providing a multisided rotating mirror or the
like.
A semitransparent mirror 203, that is, a mirror which passes a
portion of infrared beam straight through and reflects a portion
thereof, is interposed in the path of the beam between galvanometer
mirror 19 and film 10. Mirror 203 directs the major portion of the
beam 100 onto film 10. After passing through the film, beam 100
strikes photocell 204 which is designed to be specifically
sensitive to the wavelength of radiation received. Photocell 204
acts as a sensor of the radiation passing through the film, and
develops a signal I.sub.t which is proportional to the radiation
transmitted through the film. A second photocell 205 is located in
the path of the beam reflected by mirror 203, and from photocell
205 a signal I.sub.o is derived proportional to the output of
radiation of lamp 17, which serves as a reference beam. If
reflected energy is to be measured, instead of transmitted energy,
a reflected beam 100' (FIG.3) is detected by detector 204".
Signals I.sub.o and I.sub.t are compared in a comparator 206 having
logarithmic characteristics, that is having a transfer function
of
(1) D=log I.sub.o -log I.sub.t..., where D is equal to the density,
and I.sub.o and I.sub.t are incident and transmitted radiation,
respectively.
The output from the computing device, comparator 206, will appear
at a line 207, and is applied to an intensity control adjustment
unit 208. The intensity control adjustment unit introduces a
distortion into the signal in dependence upon an input,
schematically indicated at 209, to compensate for the relative
differences in sensitivity to infrared energy of various films.
This adjustment may have to be made manually, that is, the input at
209 may be a manual adjustment of parameters of unit 208 which, for
example, may include resistance diode networks.
The output from intensity control unit 208, appearing at line 210,
is applied to a current modulator 211, which modulates the power
applied to lamp 17 from a power source 212, in accordance with the
signal appearing at line 210.
A starting circuit, schematically shown at 213, is also provided
for Xenon lamp 17.
The transfer function of unit 208 is schematically illustrated in
FIG. 5, mathematically:
(2) I=f(D)....
The apparatus of FIG. 4 may be used at station 16 of either of
FIGS. 1 or 2.
Operation in accordance with FIG. 1 is as follows. Exposed,
unprocessed film 10 is predeveloped in tank 12 (FIG. 1), the
temperature of the developer 13 being low enough to minimize the
activity of developing agents, for example, of the order of
0.degree. C., allowing only minimal development. Upon removal, the
emulsion of the film, that is the light-sensitive layer, will
retain all the developer it can hold. Upon scanning across film 10
with a flying spot of infrared energy, beam 100, the infrared beam
will heat the emulsion and the developer in inverse relation to the
amount of density present in the film. Thus, where there is no
density, the sensor 204 will detect a high transmission of
infrared, thus controlling through lines 207--unit 208--line 210,
the modulator 211 to cause Xenon lamp 17 to provide more energy and
thus more heat to the developer. When there is substantial density,
sensor 204 will detect a lesser amount of infrared and hence less
heat will be applied to that portion of the film. Since the
development rate is highly dependent on temperature (as is well
known, and as illustrated by the graphs and discussion below), the
rate of development can be controlled at incremental regions of the
film by heating different portions of the film to different
temperatures.
Operation of the apparatus in the system illustrated by FIG. 2 is
as follows. The operation is similar to that previously described
in connection with FIG. 1, except that unprocessed film 10 is
coated with a viscous or gel developer. Development is again
allowed to proceed to a minimal amount to provide some density in
the film. Heat, again, is applied in inverse relationship to the
amount of density present, that is the more density, the less
infrared energy is supplied. The signal applied at line 210 is a
function not only of the instantaneous density of the film (derived
from comparator 206) but also of the processing constants of the
film (derived from unit 208). As shown graphically by FIG. 5, the
shape and position of the curve will be different for different
emulsions used. Manual adjustment at terminal 209 changes this
control when the type of film being processed changes.
Comparator 206 can be simple. When silicon photovoltaic cells are
used for sensors 204 and 205, and comparator 206 has a high
resistance load approaching an open circuit, the output of the
silicon cells is practically a logarithmic voltage function of the
illumination, so that a simple subtracting network suffices. If the
load on the silicon voltaic cells increases, the logarithmic
relationship changes and at practically a short circuit across the
silicon voltaic cell, current will be proportioned directly to the
illumination and to the area of the cell illuminated, so that the
logarithmic relationship is established by circuitry within unit
206.
It is not necessary to have sensor 204, sensing the density of the
film, exposed to the same source of infrared radiation as that
which is utilized to selectively develop the film. A separate
source of infrared radiation, or any radiation to which the film is
not sensitive so as to avoid fogging, can be provided. The output
signal appearing at line 210 can then be applied to a more powerful
lamp, or other element instantaneously responsive to the signal at
line 210, to cause selective development. Nor is photocell 205
strictly necessary, if the intensity of the radiation source from
which the density signal is obtained, is essentially constant. The
system illustrated in FIG. 4, however, is a simple closed loop
utilizing a minimum of components.
Comparative tests have been made to demonstrate the improvement
realized by employing the method and apparatus of the
invention.
A 70 mm. aerial negative, showing a section of a Metropolitan area
was obtained in which a given exposure had produced a normal
density in a sunlit area, but also contained a large area of lower
density, caused by cloud shadow coverage. Utilizing conventional
developing and printing procedures, the negative was projection
printed onto a fine grain, medium contrast, aerial duplication
film, type 8430. The projection system comprised a
4.times.5Chromega enlarger equipped with two 100-watt tungsten
lamps and 150 mm. lens. With a magnification factor of 4X, an
exposure of 28 seconds at f/11 was given. The exposed 8430 film was
then processed in the following manner:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Developer Coated onto the exposed film utilizing a hand-drawn
doctor blade, resulting in a 1/8-inch thickness layer of viscous
developer. 6 minutes 20.degree. C. Stop 2% Acetic Acid Solution 10
seconds 20.degree. C. Fix 5 minutes 20.degree. C. Wash 30 minutes
22.degree. C. Air Dried 30 minutes 43.degree. C.
developer water (approx. 50.degree. C.) 500 ml. Elon Developing
Agent 2.0 grams Sodium Sulfite, desiccated 90.0 grams Hydroquinone
8.0 grams Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated 52.5 grams Potassium
Bromite 5.0 grams Cold water to make 1.0 liter To which was added:
20 grams Sodium Carboxymethocellulose suspended in 100 ml. Methanol
thus obtaining the viscous developer used. RAPID FIXING BATH Water
(approx. 50.degree. C.) 600 m1. Sodium Thiosulfate (Hypo) 360.0
grams Ammonium Chloride 50.0 grams Sodium Sulfite, desicated 15.0
grams Acetic Acid 28 % 48.0 m1. Boric Acid, crystals 7.5 grams
Potassium Alum 15.0 grams Cold water to make 1.0 liter
__________________________________________________________________________
Reproduced on film was a satisfactory density record of the cloud
shadow area, but information was lost in the sunlit areas due to
gross underexposure. Had the initial reproduction been exposed in a
manner in which to produce a satisfactory record of the sunlit
area, the information contained in the cloud shadow area of the
negative would suffer similar consequences and be lost due to gross
overexposure. In either procedure, some information contained in
the overall scene would be of loss to the viewer.
Additional exposures were made onto type 8430 film in the
previously mentioned manner, where an exposure was given to produce
a satisfactory record for the cloud shadow area. These films were
selectively treated individually with controlled exposures to
infrared energy, in the sunlit area only, utilizing an infrared
exposure apparatus such as illustrated in FIG. 2.
Each exposed test film was coated individually with the viscous
developer, and allowed a one minute initial development period. The
area of lower density (sunlit) was treated with varying infrared
exposure times. Followed by the continuation of development,
resulting in the overall development time of 6 minutes.
Example 1
1 minute initial development
10 seconds on-off infrared exposure
4 minutes 50 seconds continued development
Stop
6 minute total
Example 2
1 minute initial development
60 seconds on-off infrared exposure
4 minutes continued development
Stop
6 minute total.
A satisfactory positive was produced, showing good density and
detail in the sunlit area when the film was treated with 30 seconds
infrared energy at a distance of 3 inches from the base of an
infrared source. The initial positive receiving no infrared
exposure lacks both detail and density in the sunlit area.
Sensitometric tests were also conducted. The viscous developer and
type 8430 film were used.
Five strips of type 8430 film were exposed to a calibrated step
wedge. The exposure given utilized a 100 watt tungsten bulb in
conjunction with a 110-volt K & M Tri-Level point source light
control unit and a Lectra Decade Interval Timer. At a distance of
30 inches, an exposure time of 2 seconds was given at -3setting on
the light control unit.
One strip was then coated with the viscous developer at 20.degree.
C. and developed for 6 minutes, thus, producing a gamma of 1.32,
relative speed 7.2, Dmin 0.07 and Dmax 2.69. (Curve B shown in FIG.
6)
The remaining strips were then individually processed for a total
time of 2 minutes, but during development were selectively treated
with varying exposure to infrared energy.
INFRARED EXPOSURE
__________________________________________________________________________
Strip - Initial Development IR Exposure Con't.
__________________________________________________________________________
Dev. 2 1 minute 10 seconds 50 seconds 3 1 minute 20 seconds 40
seconds 4 1 minute 30 seconds 30 seconds 5 1 minute 40 seconds 20
seconds.
__________________________________________________________________________
Results of such tests are set forth in the tabulation below. A
definite increase in film speed with increased exposure to infrared
energy, without a marked difference in gamma, is shown by Strips -s
1-5. Noteworthy is Strip -5 as compared with Strip -1; 40 seconds
of infrared energy development during a total development time of 2
minutes, approximates the result obtained when no infrared exposure
was given and a total 6 minute development time was used.
##SPC1##
The method of the present invention, as illustrated by the
foregoing comparative examples, is effective for controlling film
development rate and, hence, the emulsion speed, in the areas of
the negative, by differentially heating the emulsion with infrared
energy. The method is superior to conventional processing
techniques, in that emulsion speed control during development is
possible through controlled amounts of infrared energy. The
controlled development makes possible an increase in the amount of
information obtainable from aerial films. The method is effective
for photographic dodging, which is the photographer's art of
improving the quality of reproduction made from poorly exposed
film, which generally consists of selectively reducing the amount
of light passing through underexposed areas of a negative while
allowing the same or more light to penetrate the darker,
overexposed portions.
It has been found that viscous or gel developers, referred to in
connection with FIG. 2, are advantageous in several respects. For
example, there is a lower dissipation of heat by conduction along
the surface of the film containing a viscous or gel developer. Less
energy is required to raise its temperature and there is no
significant cooling due to evaporation. These features are
illustrated with a developer wherein ethylene glycol is used in
place of a portion of the water normally employed, viz.:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Water (125.degree. F.) 100 milliliters Elon 0 .55 gram Sodium
sulfite 24 grams Hydroquinone 2 .2 grams Sodium carbonate 14 grams
Potassium bromite 1 .2 grams Ethylene glycol balance Total: 250
milliliters
__________________________________________________________________________
All materials, except the glycol, were mixed, and the resulting
mixture was then added to the ethylene glycol.
The tests mentioned above were repeated, allowing the film strips
to soak 60 seconds in the viscous developer at 20.degree. C., after
which time they were drained and rapidly heated to an elevated
temperature for a 90-second wait time. The film induction time is
approximately 60 seconds. The film being removed from the developer
at the conclusion of its induction time could continue development
with the developer on its surface, thus increasing adjacency
effects. By controlling the temperature during this 90-second wait
period, the rate of diffusion and thus the development rate was
controlled by the temperature as shown in FIG. 8. A satisfactory
speed range was obtained. A relative speed vs. temperature curve is
given in FIG. 9.
Thus, a standard developer mixed in a solution which is slightly
more viscous than it would be when mixed with water, can be used
and normal sensitometry obtained which can have a 10X speed change
with a 20.degree. C. temperature change. This speed change can be
obtained with only that developer remaining on the emulsion after
draining.
Film strips processed in the ethylene glycol viscous developer
possessed sensitometry comparable to that which is obtained in a
comparable aqueous developer. This is shown by FIG. 6. Curve B was
lower than Curve A. Increasing the temperature of the film to
32.degree. C. (Curve C), thereby increasing the developer diffusion
rate, increased the curve above the curve for the aqueous
developer. A 12.degree. C. rise in temperature induced a lateral
log E speed shift of 0.68.
Four films were individually soaked in the viscous developer for 60
seconds. They were then removed, drained, and placed on a counter
for 0, 30, 60 and 120 seconds before fixing with the same
conventional fixing solution. The results are shown in FIG. 7. As
indicated, normal sensitometry can be expected from the viscous
developer under such conditions.
The viscous developers employed in the present invention may vary
widely as to the viscosity. Preferably, the developer should have a
viscosity of from about 2,000 centipoises up to several hundred
thousand centipoises. For most uses, the flow characteristics of
the developer should be of an order which permits efficient flow
application onto the photographic film, and retention of the
developer on the film surface. As previously indicated, the
developer can be provided in the form of a gel which has the
physical properties of a continuous film or layer thus rendering it
particularly suitable for the present process. The gel film or
layer can be applied in predetermined amount to the photographic
film from a roll or feed supply composed of the gel on a suitable
support from which the gel separates on contact with the
photographic film. The thickness of the gel film, concentration of
developer and similar considerations are determined by the film
requirements and other variables which are obvious to those skilled
in the art.
Although the foregoing disclosure is illustrated with infrared as
the nonactinic radiation, other forms of radiation can be employed
depending on the spectral sensitivity of the film being developed.
For example, most silver halide film is sensitive to only blue
light but the sensitivity of the film is extended to green and red
light by the addition of sensitizers. After exposure, the
sensitizers can be removed prior to development, in which case the
film is no longer sensitive to either green or red light, both of
which may be employed as nonactinic radiation in the present
process. A typical reagent to remove the extended sensitivity of
such film is pinacryptal green. Methods of desensitizing the films
are available in the literature, for example, "Photographic
Chemistry," Vol. 2 (Chapters XLII--Desensitization) by P.
Glafkides, Fountain Press, London 1960.
Although the invention has been described with respect to the
method and apparatus detailed above, it is not intended to be
limited to the details so recited, since various modifications may
be made without departing in any way from the spirit and scope of
the claims appended hereto.
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