U.S. patent number 3,615,389 [Application Number 03/862,249] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-26 for direct image transfer to thermoplastic tape.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to Sterling P. Newberry.
United States Patent |
3,615,389 |
Newberry |
October 26, 1971 |
DIRECT IMAGE TRANSFER TO THERMOPLASTIC TAPE
Abstract
A method and system for thermoplastic recording involves the
transfer of an electrostatic charge pattern from a photoconductive
member to a deformable thermoplastic storage medium. Upon
softening, the thermoplastic medium deforms in accordance with the
electrostatic charge pattern. The information can be permanently
retained by cooling the deformed thermoplastic. The retrieval of
the information may be accomplished by the use of a Schlieren
optical readout system.
Inventors: |
Newberry; Sterling P. (N/A,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Company; General Electric
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25338034 |
Appl.
No.: |
03/862,249 |
Filed: |
December 28, 1959 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
430/21; 365/112;
365/126; 430/48; 430/50; 347/113; 386/E5.057 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
16/00 (20130101); C04B 35/4682 (20130101); G06K
1/126 (20130101); H01C 7/02 (20130101); H04N
5/82 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01C
7/02 (20060101); G06K 1/12 (20060101); C04B
35/462 (20060101); C04B 35/468 (20060101); G03G
16/00 (20060101); H04N 5/80 (20060101); H04N
5/82 (20060101); G06K 1/00 (20060101); B41M
005/18 (); B41M 005/20 (); G03N 015/22 () |
Field of
Search: |
;117/93.4R,93
;18/48M,48FH ;96/1,1.1 ;178/7.5,5.4,7.5D,6.6TP ;179/100.1 ;355/9
;340/173TP |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Horn; Charles E. Van
Claims
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the
United States is:
1. In a method for storing information on a deformable
thermoplastic medium directly in response to light images imaged on
a photoconductive member, comprising the step of uniformly charging
a photoconductive member to establish a uniform pattern on its
surface, exposing the member to a light image to discharge said
uniform pattern selectively in accordance with the light intensity
variations of said image, transferring the resultant charge pattern
from said member to a deformable thermoplastic storage medium,
heating said medium after transfer of said resultant pattern to
produce physical deformations thereon corresponding to the
information to be stored.
2. The information storage method of claim 1 in which the step of
transferring the resultant charge pattern includes the further
steps of bringing the photoconductive member and saId deformable
thermoplastic storage medium into physical contact and applying a
polarizing transfer voltage therebetween to transfer said resultant
pattern.
3. The method for storing information set forth in claim 1 further
characterized by the step of retrieving the information recorded in
the deformations formed on the deformable thermoplastic storage
medium by imaging a light beam on the deformations to be read out,
filtering out undeviated light rays emanating from the
deformations, and converting the deviated light rays passing
through the filtering operation into an output indication of the
information recorded in the deformations.
4. A method of storing information in a layer of thermoplastic
material in the form of a ripple pattern on one surface thereof
that comprises: providing a layer of photoconductive material one
surface of which defines a boundary for engagement with another
surface of said thermoplastic layer, forming a substantially
uniform electrostatic charge on one of said surfaces, light
modulating said photoconductive layer in accordance with said
information to form on said boundary an electrostatic charge
pattern corresponding to said modulation, forming in said one
surface of said thermoplastic layer an electrostatic force pattern
corresponding to said charge pattern, and heating said
thermoplastic layer to form in said one surface thereof a ripple
pattern corresponding to said electrostatic force pattern.
5. The method defined in claim 4 wherein said uniform charge is
placed on said one surface of said photoconductive layer.
6. The method as defined in claim 4 further comprising cooling said
thermoplastic layer to fix said ripple pattern therein.
7. The method defined in claim 6 further comprising reheating said
thermoplastic layer above the melting point thereof to erase said
ripple pattern.
8. A method of storing information in a layer of thermoplastic
material in the form of depressed discrete areas therein comprising
placing a substantially uniform electrostatic charge on one surface
of a layer of photoconductive material, exposing selected discrete
areas of said photoconductive layer to light in accordance with
said information to alter said charge in said selected areas
thereby forming a light modulated charge pattern on said one
surface of said photoconductive layer, transferring said charge
pattern to one surface of said thermoplastic layer to produce a
corresponding electrostatic force pattern therein, heating said
thermoplastic layer to its melting point to form depressions in
discrete areas thereof corresponding to said selected discrete
areas of said photoconductive layer, and cooling said thermoplastic
layer to fix said depressions therein.
9. The method defined in claim 8 further comprising reheating said
thermoplastic layer above its melting point to erase said
depressions and said electrostatic force pattern therefrom.
10. In a direct image recording system the combination comprising a
solid deformable thermoplastic storage medium, photoconductive
means for translating a light image directly into an electrostatic
charge pattern, means for transferring the electrostatic charge
pattern to the surface of said solid deformable storage medium,
means positioned adjacent said solid deformable thermoplastic
storage medium for transforming the charge pattern on said medium
to corresponding physical deformations including means to soften
said medium so that the electrostatic forces due to said charge
patterns deform the medium to store the light image permanently in
the form of the information bearing deformations.
11. The direct image recording system of claim 10 wherein said
means for transferring the electrostatic charge pattern includes
means for applying a voltage between the deformable thermoplastic
storage medium and the photoconductive means of such magnitude that
a charge is transferred therebetween.
12. The combination set forth in claim 10 further characterized by
optical readout means positioned adjacent the deformable
thermoplastic storage medium and including a light source for
projecting a beam of light through the solid deformable
thermoplastic medium, light filter means for passing only light
rays deviated by the information bearing deformations, and means
responsive to the deviated light rays passing through said filter
means for producing an output indication of the information
recorded in the deformations.
13. In direct light image recording system the combination
comprising a solid deformable thermoplastic storage medium,
positioned adjacent said thermoplastic storage medium and adapted
to change its electrical characteristics in response to an
impinging light image, means to generate a uniform electrostatic
charge pattern on one of said media, means for exposing said
photoconductive medium to a light image to selectively discharging
said uniform pattern upon exposure to said light image to produce a
modified charge pattern on said deformable medium corresponding to
the light characteristics of said image, and means positioned in
heat exchange relationship with said solid deformable medium for
forming the information bearing deformations from the modified
charge pattern including means to soften the deformable medium.
14. In a system for directly recording light images in the form of
light modifying physical deformations, the combination comprising a
solid deformable thermoplastic medium and photoconductive means
positioned adjacent said deformable thermoplastic medium and
capable of changing its electrical characteristics in response to
an impinging light image, means for impressing an electrostatic
charge pattern on the surface of said deformable medium including
charging means for producing a uniform charge pattern on said
photoconductive means, means for holding the deformable
thermoplastic medium and said photosensitive means in charge
transfer relation and exposing the photoconductive means to a light
image to change its electrical characteristics in accordance with
the light characteristics of said image so an electrostatic charge
pattern is produced on said deformable medium which corresponds to
the light image, and means for developing said charge pattern to
form the information bearing deformations on said medium including
heating means to soften said medium so that said charge pattern
deforms said medium to store the light image as corresponding
deformations.
15. In a direct image recording system the combination comprising a
photoconductive temporary storage medium, means positioned adjacent
said photoconductive medium for producing a charge pattern on said
temporary storage medium in accordance with the light
characteristics of an image, a permanent deformable thermoplastic
storage medium in juxtaposition to said photosensitive storage
medium, means to transfer said charge pattern from said temporary
to said permanent storage medium, and means for treating said
permanent storage medium to form deformations corresponding to said
charge pattern.
16. The direct image recording system of claim 15 wherein said
transfer means includes means for applying a voltage between said
media of such magnitude that charge is transferred
therebetween.
17. The combination set forth in claim 15 wherein said transfer
means includes means for applying a voltage between said media of
such magnitude that charge is transferred therebetween, and further
characterized by optical readout means positioned adjacent the
deformable thermoplastic storage medium and including a light
source for projecting a beam of light through the solid deformable
thermoplastic medium, light filter means for passing only light
rays deviated by the information bearing deformations, and means
responsive to the deviated light rays passing through said filter
means for producing an output indication of the information
recorded in the deformations.
Description
The instant invention relates to a method and apparatus for storing
information on a deformable storage medium in the form of permanent
physical deformations, and more particularly, to a system wherein
the information bearing deformations are formed directly in
response to a light image.
The recording and storing of information, both analog and digital,
in a permanent and easily reproducible form is a pressing
technological problem. The demands on such systems in terms of
speed, density of storage, resolution, etc. have become
increasingly severe. Various techniques such as photographic
recording, magnetic tape recording, dielectric recording, magnetic
core recording, have been used in the past to satisfy these
demands. While each of these may perform in a satisfactory manner
in various environments and under diverse conditions, all have
serious shortcomings which seriously limit their utility.
In the recent past, novel recording and storage technique has been
developed which provides many advantages over the other recording
and storage techniques. This novel scheme contemplates recording
information on a deformable plastic medium in the form of minute
light modifying deformations. The information bearing deformations
are formed on the storage medium by depositing charges on the
medium surface by an electron beam in a pattern representing the
information to be stored. The deformable storage medium is then
softened by the application of heat or the like and the
electrostatic forces due to the charge pattern deform the softened
material to produce physical deformations corresponding to the
charge pattern. Upon cooling the medium, the deformations are
frozen into the surface of the storage medium and are permanently
stored unless deliberately erased by reheating. The information
stored in the form of these deformations is retrieved by projecting
a beam of light through the medium. The projected light is
deflected or diffracted by the deformations, depending on their
nature, to produce a spatial light image corresponding to the
original image. The spatial light image may be viewed directly or
may be converted to electrical signals by means of light-sensing
devices such as photomultipliers or the like. A complete disclosure
of such a system may be found in an application for U.S. Pat. No.
698,167 entitled "Method and Apparatus for Electronic Recording,"
filed Nov. 22, 1957 in the name of William E. Glenn and assigned to
the assignee of the present invention and now abandoned.
While this recording and storage technique offers many advantages
and operating efficiencies over heretofore known techniques, it is
not at present capable of storing optical information directly.
When light images such as photographs and television pictures,
etc., are to be recorded in this manner it is first necessary to
scan the picture and convert the light image into electrical
signals representative of the light characteristics of the image.
The electrical signals are caused to modulate an electron beam to
deposit the desired charged pattern on the surface of the
deformable medium. As a result, complex and expensive circuitry is
required to convert the information from a light image to
electrical form. In addition, the conversion from light image to
electrical signals results in a considerable loss of resolution of
the light image.
It is a primary object of this invention, therefore, to provide a
method and apparatus for directly storing optical information in
the form of light images on a deformable storage medium.
It is another object of this invention to provide a simplified,
inexpensive apparatus and technique for storing optical information
in the form of light images on a deformable storage medium.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a high
resolution optical information storage system.
The present invention contemplates producing a charge pattern on
deformable storage medium directly from a light image without the
intervention of a modulated electron beam. One resulting advantage
is the elimination of the electron gun and the beam focusing and
control assemblies. Furthermore, once the electron beam is
eliminated it is no longer necessary that the recording and storage
process take place in a vacuum thus greatly simplifying both the
complexity of the equipment as well as the care required to
establish and maintain the integrity of the vacuum system.
Hence, it is still another object of this invention to provide a
method and apparatus for directly storing optical information
wherein storage takes place under atmospheric conditions.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent
as the description thereof proceeds.
The above objects and advantages are attained in one form of the
invention by providing a photosensitive temporary storage element
such as selenium, which is uniformly charged and then exposed to
the light image to be stored. The impinging light image so modifies
the electrical characteristics of the photosensitive element the
charge leaks off selectively in accordance with the light
characteristics of the image. This charge pattern is then
transferred to a deformable storage medium, such as a thermoplastic
film, by applying a polarizing transfer voltage between the
photosensitive elements and the thermoplastic. The charge pattern
on the deformable storage medium is then developed by softening the
thermoplastic film so that the electrostatic forces due to the
charge pattern deform the thermoplastic medium to form
corresponding deformations.
The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of this
invention are set forth with particularity in the appended
claims.
The invention itself, however, both as to its organization and
method of operation, together with further objects and advantages
thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following
description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in
which:
FIG. 1 is an isometric perspective of one form of an apparatus for
carrying out direct storage of optical information;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the charge pattern on the photosensitive
selenium element of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an isometric perspective of a charge transfer
assembly;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of Schlieren optical system which may
be used for retrieving stored information;
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of completely automatic system
for storing information directly in response to a light image;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of photosensitive selenium belt useful
with the system of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the mechanical details of an
automatic storage system in accordance with the circuit of FIG.
5;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along lines 8--8 of FIG. 7.
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawings, an information and
recording storage system constructed in accordance with the
principles of this invention is illustrated and comprises, broadly
speaking, an assembly for storing and retrieving optical
information by impressing an electrostatic charge pattern on a
deformable thermoplastic storage medium directly in response to a
light image and forming permanent deformations from the charge
pattern. To this end, a transport mechanism is provided for
positioning a photosensitive element and a deformable thermoplastic
storage medium at a plurality of individual stations at which the
various recording and retrieving operations take place. The
transport mechanism comprises a track 10 along which a carriage 11
is constrained to move by means of a rope and pulley driving
arrangement 12. The carriage driving arrangement 12 may either be
manually operated or may be automatically controlled through a
motor and servosystem to position the carriage at a plurality of
stations 14, 15, 16 and 17. The carriage 11 which is made of a
metallic conducting material, for a reason presently to be
described, supports a photosensitive storage element 13 which
changes its electrical characteristics in response to light and
which may, for example, be fashioned of selenium or any material,
such as cadmium sulfide, which has long term retention of radiation
induced conductivity. The selenium plate 13 is characterized by the
fact that it is photoconductive and hence, its conductivity varies
with light intensity. By virtue of this characteristic, the
selenium plate 13 is ideally suited for producing and temporarily
storing a charge pattern directly in response to light image.
The selenium plate 13 on carriage 11 is first transported to
charging station 14 where a uniform charge is impressed on its
surface. The charging mechanism at station 14 consists of a corona
generator 18 which includes a first set of corona forming wires 19
positioned above the plate 13 and energized from a source of
unidirectional energizing voltage appearing at the input terminal
20. The DC energizing voltage appearing at the input terminal 20
and applied to the corona wires through a dropping resistance 21,
is of the order of 7,500-8,000 volts and produces a voltage
gradient between corona forming wires 19 and selenium plate high
enough to produce a corona discharge. The ions from the corona
discharge are accelerated by means of a set of wire electrodes 22
disposed between the corona forming wires 19 and the selenium plate
13. The wires 22 are energized from a source of unidirectional
voltage supplied at a second input terminal 23 to produce an
electrostatic field which accelerates the ions toward plate 13
charging it uniformly. The accelerating wires 22 and the corona
forming wires 19 are staggered so that passage of the ions between
the accelerating wires 22 to the selenium plate 13 is facilitated.
The accelerating wire electrodes 21 also function as arc-over
protective electrodes to guard against arc-over between the corona
forming wires 19 and the selenium plate 13.
The uniformly charged selenium plate 13 is next transported to
recording station 15 where it is exposed to the light image which
is to be stored. The selenium plate 13, which is illustrated in its
new position by means of dashed lines in, FIG. 1, is positioned at
the image plane of a light projecting system 24 to intercept a
light image projected from a negative 25. The light image impinging
on the plate 13 changes its conductivity in accordance with the
intensity of the impinging light so that the charge leaks off to
form a charge pattern which corresponds to the impinging light
image. That is, photoconductive elements such as selenium are
characterized by the fact that they have a "dark resistivity;"
i.e., resistivity when unexposed to light, of 10.sup.12 ohm
centimeter or greater. When selenium is exposed to light, however,
the resistivity value drops to 10.sup.10 ohm centimeter or less for
maximum light intensity. The ease with which the deposited charge
at any point on the surface of the selenium leaks off through the
material to the metallic carriage 11 is, therefore, determined by
the intensity of the impinging light at that point. Hence, a charge
pattern is produced on the surface of the selenium 13 which has a
point by point correspondence with the light intensity variations
of the image. image, In storing the optical information by
producing a charge pattern in response to a light image, it is
desirable under many circumstances to dissect the light image and
store it as an extremely fine line structure rather than in a
continuous point by point fashion. That is, the image is dissected
and stored in a manner analogous to that in which a television
picture is produced by breaking the image into 525 or so individual
segments or lines each of which is modulated in intensity. The
charge pattern representing the light image is similarly fragmented
into a plurality of spaced charge bearing strips separated by
corresponding uncharged strips. Each charged selenium strip bears a
charge distribution which corresponds to the light intensity
variations of the corresponding image element.
The reason for dissecting the image and forming the charge pattern
as a line structure of this type is determined in part by the
characteristics of the mechanism for retrieving the information.
Information retrieval takes place using a beam of light which is
deflected or diffracted by the information bearing deformations.
The light deflection or diffraction is produced by passage of the
light through the sloping sides of the deformations. Therefore, if
a large white area of an image is to be recorded on a point by
point basis from a negative, the white area on the image would
appear as a dark area on the negative and little or no light would
pass through the negative. As a result, the charge density at this
point on the pattern would be high since little or no charge would
have leaked off. When this charge pattern is impressed on a
deformable medium and the medium is heated, a large shallow groove
having a flat bottom would be formed. The light in passing through
the groove would not be bent in passing through the large flat
portion but only at the sloping sides and, hence, would not be
sensed. Consequently the large white area would not be reproduced
as such during retrieval. By dissecting the image into a plurality
of elements and producing a fine line charge pattern many small
deformations rather than a single large groove, are produced so
that the readout beam functions in the proper manner.
In addition, the problem of displacing a relatively large volume of
the thermoplastic presents severe problems if it is necessary to
produce a wide shallow groove. By dissecting the image before
storage this problem is minimized. Before projecting the light
image from negative 25, the selenium plate 13 is discharged
selectively by a beam of unmodulated light projected through a bar
or grid arrangement 26. The bar or grid 26 contains a grating
structure of alternating transparent and opaque portions so that a
plurality of individual parallel spaced light beams is projected
onto the plate 13. The previous uniformly distributed charge on
selenium plate 13 is converted to a uniform line pattern, as may be
seen most clearly in FIG. 2. The line pattern consists of a
plurality of charged strips 27, where the projected light was
blocked by the opaque bars in the screen 26, separated by a
plurality of uncharged portions 28 where the individual light beams
from the grid arrangement 26 struck the selenium plate changing the
conductivity sufficiently to cause the charge to leak off.
After the photosensitive selenium plate 13 has thus been
conditioned to produce a uniform line charge structure, the screen
26 is removed and the light image to be recorded is projected from
the negative 25 onto the selenium late 13. The light image then
selectively discharges the charged strips 27 in accordance with the
light intensity variations of the image to form a charge pattern
corresponding to the intensity variations of the light image.
Dissection of the light image may be achieved in other ways than
that illustrated in FIG. 2. For example, it is equally feasible to
utilize a mosaic of rectangular charged portions aligned in
horizontal and vertical rows, in which case the screen 26 is
constructed as a grid rather than as a plurality of parallel spaced
bars. It is also possible to achieve the same result without using
a screen by fabricating the plate 13 of a plurality of
photoconductive strips separated by a material which is not
photoconductive. Besides these specific alternatives it will, of
course, be apparent to the man skilled in the art that other
schemes for dissecting the picture prior to storage may be utilized
without going outside of the scope of the instant invention.
The charge pattern on the temporary selenium storage plate 13 is
transfered to the surface of a permanent deformable thermoplastic
storage medium by bringing plate 13 into physical contact with a
deformable storage element 30 illustrated in FIG. 3 and applying a
polarizing voltage. The storage element 30 includes a thin
thermoplastic film 31, a conductive substrate 32, shown partially
broken away in FIG. 3, and a transparent base member 33. The
composition and fabrication of such a thermoplastic storage medium
will be described in detail later. The storage medium 30 and the
plate 13 are brought in physical contact so that the charge pattern
on the plate comes into contact with the thermoplastic film 31.
Part of the thermoplastic film 31 is stripped away to expose
conducting substrate 32 which is then grounded by a clip 34. A
polarizing transfer voltage is applied between the selenium plate
13 and the substrate 32 by pressing an electrode 35 against the
back of plate 13. The electrode 35 is connected to a source of
unidirectional voltage of suitable magnitude to affect the transfer
of the charge pattern from the selenium plate to the thermoplastic
film 31. It has been found that the application of a unidirectional
transfer voltage of the order of 1,600 volts is effective to
transfer the charge pattern from the photosensitive element to the
deformable thermoplastic medium.
If the unidirectional polarizing transfer voltage applied to the
selenium plate is positive with respect to the conducting substrate
32, there is a direct charge transfer which corresponds to the
charge pattern on the selenium element. If, on the other hand, the
transfer voltage applied to the selenium plate 13 is negative with
respect to the conducting substrate, electrons from the storage
element 30 are drawn to the plate 13 producing a negative of the
charge pattern.
After the charge pattern is transferred to the thermoplastic,
deformations are developed by softening the thermoplastic so that
the electrostatic forces due to the charge pattern deform film 31.
The storage element 30 is, therefore, placed on the carriage 11 and
moved to the developing station 16 and the hot air heating means
36. The hot air from heater 36 heats the thermoplastic film
sufficiently to bring it to a softened condition so that
deformations are formed by the action of the electrostatic
forces.
The storage element is then removed from the heating station 16 to
cool the deformed thermoplastic so that the deformations are
"frozen" on the thermoplastic. Thus information is permanently
retained in this form unless the medium is deliberately heated
again to bring the thermoplastic film to a softened condition, at
which time the surface tension of the viscous thermoplastic
destroys the deformations and erases the information.
The information thus stored on the storage element 30 may be
retrieved at the readout station 17 by projecting a beam of light
through the storage element 30. The readout mechanism at station 17
includes an optical system 37 consisting of a light source 37a and
a lens 37b which projects a beam of collimated light through
opening 38 in the track 10 onto storage element 30. The beam
passing through storage element 30 is intercepted by a blocking
member 40 so that in the absence of deformations on storage medium
30 the collimated light is blocked. If deformations are present on
storage medium 30 the light is so deflected that some of the light
passes around the member 40 and is gathered by a field lens 41 and
projected onto a viewing screen 42. The intensity distribution of
the light on screen 42 is controlled by the amount the light is
deflected and is thus a function of the depth and spacing of the
deformations.
A system constructed in accordance with the principles of the
invention need not be constructed so that the readout station 17 is
adjacent to the developing station 15 whereby retrieval takes place
immediately after storage. It is clear that the storage medium 30
may be removed and stored until the information stored thereon is
needed. Under many circumstances, however, a system similar to that
illustrated in FIG. 1 is preferred whereby the stored information
may be retrieved immediately. The precise time at which the
information is retrieved from the storage medium is determined by
the end use to which the recording and storage system is to be
put.
The retrieval of the information from the light modifying
deformations on the storage medium 30 may best be understood by
referring to FIG. 4 of the drawings where a detailed schematic
illustration of a multiple bar Schlieren optical readout system is
shown in place of the single blocking member of FIG. 1. A detailed
description of a comparable system may be found in U.S. Pat. No.
2,813,146 --William E. Glenn, issued Nov. 12, 1957. A projection
light source shown at 44 emits rays of light which are focused by
lens 46 and pass through a bar system 47 having spaced light
transmitting apertures. Light beams passing through the apertures
of bar system 47 are normally focused by a lens 48 to form an image
of the light beams on corresponding light blocking bars of a second
bar system 49. In the absence of any deflection or diffraction of
the light rays travelling between the bar systems 47 and 49, the
light is completely blocked and no light reaches field lens 50 and
screen 51. If, however, the light rays are deflected or diffracted
in passing between the two, the light is no longer completely
blocked by the bars, and a portion passes through the apertures and
is focused on the projection screen 51. The amount of light passing
through the bar system 49 is proportional to the amount of
deflection or diffraction which is controlled by the spacing and
the depth of the deformations on the thermoplastic storage medium
30.
The light source 44 is illustrated as a line source of light
composed of an infinite number of point sources. Considering the
light from one such point source A on line source 44, a portion of
the light, shown in the form of a dappled beam B, is focused by the
lens 46 to pass through aperture 52 of bar system 47 and thence to
lens 48 which normally projects an image of the aperture 52 onto
the light blocking bar 53 of the grating 49. By placing the
thermoplastic storage medium 30, including light modifying
deformations, between the lens 48 and the grating 49 light beam B
in passing through a typical set of deformations, illustrated by
the deformations 55, is deflected in all directions so that a
portion thereof is deflected sufficiently so that it no longer
strikes the light blocking bar 53, as shown by lines c--c, but
passes through an aperture 56. A typical bundle of deflected light
rays is shown as the deflected beam B' passing through the aperture
56 to the lens 50 to be focused thereby at the point X on screen
51. The light characteristics, such as the intensity at point X on
screen 51 then correspond to the information stored on medium 30 as
in the deformations 55. Another portion of the light, not shown,
also deflected by the deformation 55 passes through the lower
aperture member 57 also focused at point X on the screen 51.
However, for simplicity of illustration, this latter beam of light
as well as the light beams due to other deformations are not shown
in FIG. 4.
Each point on the line light source 44, however, may be similarly
considered as furnishing an independent source of light, and as
contributing to the final illumination of the point X on the screen
51. The amount by which the elemental portion 55 deflects the light
to control screen illumination is a function of the spacing between
the deformations, since the angle of deflection or of diffraction
depends on the spacing and the depth of the deformations, while the
attenuation of the light intensity by the deformation is a function
of the depth of the deformations so that the total intensity of the
illumination at any point X on the screen 51 is a function both of
the spacing as well as the depth deformations, illustrated at 55.
Although in FIG. 4 only a single group of deformations is shown on
storage medium 30, in order to simplify the description, the
remaining portions of the thermoplastic storage medium 30 contain
similar deformation patterns so that light may be transmitted
through each of the elemental portions of the medium and the entire
screen 51 is illuminated and the recorded information is reproduced
as a spatial light image corresponding to the original image. The
projection screen 51 illustrated in FIG. 4 may be replaced by a
light sensitive electron-optic device such as a photomultiplier or
the like which converts the projected spatial light image into
electrical signals so that the information may be retrieved
electrically rather than visually.
The deformable thermoplastic storage element 30 of FIG. 1 is
constructed of a light transparent polyester film base material 33
such as that sold by the DuPont Company under their trade name
"Mylar." The base material must be optically clear, smooth, and
nonplastic at temperatures up to at least 150.degree. C. The
thickness of the base material is not critical and excellent
results have been obtained from a 4 mil strip. Another suitable
material for the base 33 is an optical grade polyethylene
terphthalate sold under the trade name "Kronar." The deformable
thermoplastic film 31 on the base member 32 must be optically
clear, resistant to radiation, have a substantially infinite room
temperature viscosity and a relatively fluid viscosity at
temperatures of 100.degree.-150.degree. C. In addition, the
thermoplastic film 31 should have a high resistivity in ohms per
centimeter. One thermoplastic material satisfying all of these
requirements is a blend of polystyrene, m-terphenyl; and the
copolymer of 95 weight percent of butadiene, and 5 weight percent
of styrene. Specifically, the composition may be 70 percent
polystyrene, 28 percent m-terphenyl, and 2 percent of the
copolymer.
The thermoplastic film is prepared by forming a 10 percent solid
solution of the blend in a toluene solvent and coating the base
material with the solution. The toluene is evaporated by air drying
and by pumping in a vacuum to produce the final deposited article.
The film thickness of the thermoplastic film can vary from about
0.01 mils to several mils, with the preferred thickness being about
equal to the minimum distance between deformations to be stored in
the film.
In addition, a thin conducting substrate 32 of stannic oxide or
cuprous iodide is deposited between the optically transparent base
material 33 and the deformable thermoplastic film 31. The
conducting substrate 32 is provided for two different reasons:
first, to provide a ground or reference potential plane for
applying the polarizing transfer voltage between the photosensitive
selenium plate 13 and the storage element 30; and second, to
provide, in a manner to be described in detail later, a mechanism
for heating the thermoplastic film 31 to soften the thermoplastic
so that the electrostatic forces due to the charge pattern form the
light modifying deformations.
A conducting film of cuprous iodide, for example, may be prepared
by vacuum depositing a thin film of metallic copper on the surface
of the base material 33 and then immersing the copper coated base
material in an iodine vapor to form the desired cuprous iodide
film. For a more detailed description of the method and apparatus
for producing such a cuprous iodide film, reference is hereby made
to U.S. Pat. No. 2,756,165, entitled "Electrically Conducting Films
and Process for Forming Same," D. A. Lyon, issued July 24, 1956. It
will be apparent to those skilled in the art, however, that the
conducting film 32 may be prepared by any one of many well-known
processes and that the specific process referred to above is by way
of illustration only and is not to be considered limiting.
Turning now to FIG. 5 of the drawings, another embodiment of the
invention is shown in the form of a diagrammatic illustration of a
continuous, automatic, direct image recording system. FIG. 5
illustrates a system in which the light image is projected onto a
continuous photosensitive belt to produce the desired charge
pattern representative of the image. An endless belt of
photosensitive material such as selenium is supported on drive
rolls 61 and 62 which are driven by a transport motor 63. Transport
motor 63 is actuated intermittently to advance the belt 60 by a
fixed amount during each movement so that one complete image or
"frame" is stored on the belt. Selenium belt 60 may be constructed
as shown in the sectional view of FIG. 6 and consists of a
plurality of selenium photoconductor strips 64 separated by
nonphotoconductive strips 65. The entire assembly is secured to a
conducting backing strip 66 to which the charge leaks on exposure
of the selenium by the light image. A corona generator 67 is
positioned adjacent to the selenium belt 60 and sensitizes the
selenium strips 64 by charging them uniformly.
A given portion or "frame" of sensitized belt 60 is advanced into
recording position to store a light image when it passes over idler
pulleys 68 at which time it is positioned at the image plane of an
optical system illustrated generally at 69. The optical system 69
may be that of a camera so that operation of the camera shutter
projects a light image onto belt 60. The impinging light, as
explained previously, changes the conductivity of selenium strips
in accordance with the light intensity of the impinging light,
causing the charge on the strips to leak off selectively in
accordance with the light intensity.
The exposed "frame" on belt 60 is advanced until the image
representing charge pattern stored on the "frame" passes between
drive roll 61 and a second roll 70, which form a set of transfer
rolls for transferring the charge pattern to the thermoplastic. The
upper transfer roll 61 has DC voltage supplied thereto periodically
from a pair of input terminals 71 to apply a polarizing transfer
voltage between the photosensitive selenium belt 60 and a
thermoplastic tape 72 which is brought into physical contact with
the belt in passing between the transfer rolls. Establishing an
electric field between the thermoplastic and the belt transfers
charge from belt 60 to thermoplastic film 72 so that a
corresponding charge pattern is formed on the surface film of the
thermoplastic tape 72.
The virgin thermoplastic film 72 is supplied from a supply reel 73
and is wound, after information is stored thereon, on a pickup reel
74. The reels 73 and 74 are driven intermittently by transport
motors 75, only one of which is shown. The speed of tape transport
motor 75 is controlled in such a manner that the thermoplastic tape
72 and the photosensitive selenium belt 60 are maintained in
nonslip rolling contact to facilitate proper charge transfer. To
this end, a transfer roll speed sensing arrangement 76, to be
described in detail later with reference to FIG. 7, is provided.
The sensing arrangement 76, broadly speaking, senses any difference
in speed between the transfer rolls 61 and 70 and actuates a
control potentiometer 77 to vary the input signal to motor control
amplifier 78 to control the energization of transport motor 75. The
speed of the two transfer rolls is thus always equalized to
maintain continuous nonslip contact between the belt 60 and the
thermoplastic tape 72.
After the tape 72 passes between transfer rolls 61 and 70 the tape
is transported to heating station 80 where the transferred charge
pattern is developed. Heating station 80 comprises a pair of spaced
electrodes 81 and 82 which are periodically energized by an RF
heating voltage. The RF voltage induces a circulating heating
current in the conductive substrate of the tape to heat and soften
the tape so that the electrostatic forces produced by the charge
pattern deform the softened tape. The electrodes 81 and 82 are
connected to a source of RF energy, such as an RF oscillator, not
shown, which supplies the energizing voltage to an input terminal
83. The electrodes are energized through closure of a switch 84
connected between the terminal 83 and one of the electrodes.
The tape transport motors 63 and 75 are both intermittently
operated so that both thermoplastic tape 72 and the selenium belt
are advanced by a fixed amount during each actuation of the motors
whereby individual stored images or frames are advanced to the
various operating positions in the system. It will be obvious to
those skilled in the art that the transport motors 63 and 75 may be
energized simultaneously to synchronize their operation. In
addition, manual switch 84 for energizing the RF heating electrodes
81 and 82 may be replaced by an automatic device which is also
actuated in synchronism with the transport motors 63 and 75 so that
the switch is closed and the heating energy supplied to the
thermoplastic tape whenever these transport motors have positioned
their respective tape members at the next succeeding position.
However, for the sake of simplicity of illustration and
explanation, a manually controlled switch 84 is shown for the
purpose of periodically supplying RF heating energy to
thermoplastic tape.
After heating, thermoplastic tape 72 is transported to a viewing
microscope assembly 85 which is provided to permit the operator to
observe the surface of the tape and determine the nature and
characteristics of the deformations formed on its surface. The
viewing microscope assembly 85 is preferably a phase contrast
microscope which is particularly useful in observing minute
physical differences. Microscope 85 includes a light source 86, a
phase contrast condenser assembly 87 which introduces a fixed phase
difference between the light ray components passing through the
deformation peaks and valleys. This phase difference results in
interference phenomena between the light components to produce a
perceptible image in the microscope objective and eye piece
assembly 88 though only very minute differences in thickness exist.
Phase contrast microscope assemblies of this type are well known in
the art and it is not believed that a further discussion thereof is
necessary. For a detailed discussion of phase microscopes reference
is made to the text "Phase Microscope" --Bennett, Jupnik,
Osterberg, and Richards, John A. Wiley & Sons, New York
(1951).
The thermoplastic tape is next transported to a readout station 89
where the information stored on the tape may be retrieved. At
readout station 89 information stored on the thermoplastic tape is
retrieved as a light image and then converted to electrical signals
corresponding to the stored image. A scanning light source is
provided in the form of a flying spot scanner cathode-ray device 90
energized from a suitable sweep circuit indicated at 91. The flying
spot scanner 90 includes an electron beam which is deflected by the
sweep signal from circuit 91 to scan the beam in a predetermined
pattern across the face of cathode-ray device 90. The cathode-ray
device 90 has a transparent phosphor deposited on its face so that
the impinging beam produces a spot of light at the point of impact.
By deflecting the beam both in the horizontal and vertical
direction a continuously scanning spot of light is produced. The
light beam from the flying spot scanner is projected through
thermoplastic tape 72 onto a Schlieren optical system shown
generally at 92. A photosensitive device 93 positioned behind the
Schlieren arrangement 92 produces electrical signals in response to
the light passing through the Schlieren system.
The Schlieren optical system 92, as described previously with
reference to FIG. 4, transmits no light in the absence of
deformations on the thermoplastic tape 72 since the light is
normally blocked by the bars of the Schlieren system. Deformations
on the thermoplastic tape 72 deflect or diffract the light so that
a portion of the light passes through apertures in the Schlieren
grating onto the photosensitive device 93. The magnitude of the
light passing through the grating at any position on the
thermoplastic tape is dependent on the spacing and depth of the
deformations so that the magnitude of the electrical output signals
from the photosensitive device 93 will vary correspondingly. As the
scanning light spot sweeps across each elemental portion of tape 72
a varying electrical output is produced by photosensitive device 93
which may be stored again or which may be transmitted directly to
an electrical utilization circuit. It will be understood, of
course, that in order to be useful the output signal from the
photosensitive device 93 must be synchronized with the sweep
voltages supplied by the sweep circuit 91 in a manner similar to
that used in television systems wherein the video signals must be
provided with synchronizing impulses (i.e., sync signals) in order
to correlate the light intensity information with the position on
the video frame.
Again it must be pointed out that, although FIG. 5 shows the
readout or retrieval station 89 in close physical proximity to the
transfer and heating stations so that readout takes place
immediately after storing the information, the invention is not
limited to an immediate retrieval system. Under many circumstances,
however, an immediate retrieval system is desired. For example, if
for use with an aerial survey arrangement it is desirable to take a
picture in the aircraft, store it on the thermoplastic tape,
retrieve the information from the tape, and convert it to
electrical form which may then be telemetered from the craft to
ground. In such an environment immediate readout after storage is
both useful and desirable.
Belt 98 in FIG. 7 is uniformly charged just before it is pulled
into position for exposure through the medium of a corona charging
device 99 located immediately above the mounting adapter 95. After
exposure, belt 98 is transported by the drive rolls 100 and 101
until the store information "frame" is brought into contact with
the thermoplastic storage element 102 supplied from a reel 103. The
supply reel 103 and a corresponding pickup reel 104 on the other
side of the housing are driven by the variable speed torque motor,
not shown, to maintain nonslip rolling contact between
thermoplastic belt 102 and the charge bearing selenium belt 98.
To insure that nonslip contact is maintained the thermoplastic tape
102 passes over a pair of idler pulleys 105 mounted on a rocker arm
assembly 106. The idler pulleys and rocker arm assembly sense
differences in speed between the tape 102 and the photosensitive
belt 98 causing the rocker arm to rotate either in the clockwise or
counter clockwise direction depending on which belt is moving at
the higher speed. Rocker arm 106 is mounted for rotation on a
potentiometer shaft 107 so that rotation of the rocker arm varies
the output from the potentiometer to vary the energizing voltage to
the variable speed drive motors for the supply and pickup reels 103
and 104. The rocker arm assembly and the potentiometer thus
cooperate to provide feedback for a simple servosystem which
controls the wheel drives and matches the thermoplastic film speed
to the speed of the photosensitive selenium belt.
The transfer roll 101 is also supplied with a DC polarizing
transfer voltage to effect the transfer of the charge pattern on
the selenium belt 98 to the thermoplastic tape 102. To this end,
the transfer roll 101 is supplied with a pair of brush elements,
not shown, in sliding contact with its drive shaft. A source of DC
energizing voltage is periodically applied to these brushes to
supply the polarizing transfer voltage between the transfer roll
101 and the conducting film in the thermoplastic tape 102.
After passing over idler pulleys 107 the thermoplastic tape passes
over a tape guide 108, one end of which supports RF heating
electrodes 109 so that the thermoplastic tape is heated in passing
between these electrodes. After passing through through RF heating
electrodes 109 tape 102 passes through the viewing field of a phase
contrast microscope 110 fastened to housing wall 111. The phase
microscope includes the light source 112, phase contrast condenser
assembly 113 supported in a mounting bracket 114 secured to the
wall 111, a microscope objective 115 threaded into and secured by
the tape guide 108, and an eyepiece 116 extending into the plane of
the paper and through the wall 111 to the exterior of the housing.
The microscope 110, as discussed previously, facilitates
observation of the thermoplastic tape to ascertain whether the
information has been properly stored.
The electrooptical readout system for retrieving the information
stored on the thermoplastic tape in the form of electrical output
signals may be seen most clearly in conjunction with FIG. 8 which
is a sectional view taken along the lines 8--8 of FIG. 7. As can be
seen in FIG. 8 the housing 94 is divided into two separate chambers
by means of a dividing wall 111. Positioned in the right-hand
chamber, and seen in dashed outline in FIG. 7, is a light source
comprising a flying spot scanning device 117 secured in a suitable
mounting bracket 118. The electron beam moving across the tube face
119 produces a moving spot of light which is reflected by the
45.degree. mirror 120 through an opening 121 in the wall 111. The
light is intercepted by a second 45.degree. mirror 122 and
projected downwardly through a lens 123 onto the thermoplastic tape
102.
The light passes through the thermoplastic tape 102 and is
deflected by an amount controlled by the spacing and depth of the
light modifying deformations on the tape. The deflected light is
projected by field lens 124 secured to tape guide 108 onto a
Schlieren bar system 125 mounted to an opening of a light
integrating sphere 126. The scanning light beam is normally blocked
by the bars 125 and passes through the apertures between the bars
to the interior of the integrating sphere only if the tape bears
the deformations. The light passing into integrating sphere 126 is
gathered and focused on the photosensitive electrode of a
photomultiplier 127 extending into the sphere. An amplifier 128 is
electrically connected to the output of the photomultiplier 127 to
amplify the output signals.
It can be seen that a direct image storage system has been
described which stores optical information directly on a deformable
thermoplastic medium at high speeds with high storage density, and
without the need for an electron beam.
While particular embodiments of this invention have been shown and
described it will, of course, be understood that it is not limited
thereto since many modifications both in the circuit arrangement
and in the instrumentalities employed may be made. It is
contemplated by the appended claims to cover any such modifications
as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
* * * * *