U.S. patent number 3,615,302 [Application Number 05/047,581] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-26 for thermoset-resin impregnated high-speed vitreous grinding wheel.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Norton Company. Invention is credited to Roy S. Nelson, Robert A. Rowse.
United States Patent |
3,615,302 |
Rowse , et al. |
October 26, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
THERMOSET-RESIN IMPREGNATED HIGH-SPEED VITREOUS GRINDING WHEEL
Abstract
A porous vitreous bonded high-speed abrasive grinding wheel in
which between about 95 percent and 100 percent of the pore volume
of either the annular portion of the wheel adjacent to the wheel
hole or the entire wheel is impregnated with either a thermoset
epoxy resin which is a copolymer of a liquid epoxy prepolymer and
an amine or organic acid anhydride, or, a thermoset unsaturated
polyester resin which is a copolymer of a polyester prepolymer
containing ethylenic unsaturation and an ethylenically unsaturated
reactive diluent like styrene, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate,
and the like. The wheel is preferably impregnated by applying the
mixture of liquid prepolymer and hardener (cross-linking agent) to
one side of the wheel over the area to be impregnated, preferably
with a vacuum applied to one side of the wheel to draw the liquid
prepolymer-hardener mixture into the pores of the wheel.
Copolymerization (cross-linking) of the prepolymer-hardener mixture
occurs in situ in the pores. The cross-linked epoxy or unsaturated
polyester resin may form an internal bushing of solid resin with
substantial radial impregnation into the wheel. In such cases, the
prepolymer-hardener mixture is introduced into the wheel hole
around an arbor with a mold plate over both sides of the hole and
extending radially along the wheel surfaces to the extent of
desired penetration.
Inventors: |
Rowse; Robert A. (N/A),
Nelson; Roy S. (N/A, MA) |
Assignee: |
Company; Norton (MA)
|
Family
ID: |
21949803 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/047,581 |
Filed: |
June 18, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
51/295; 51/298;
51/308; 51/309; 51/307 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B24D
3/18 (20130101); B24D 18/0027 (20130101); B24D
3/32 (20130101); B24D 3/348 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B24D
18/00 (20060101); B24D 3/04 (20060101); B24D
3/20 (20060101); B24D 3/34 (20060101); B24D
3/18 (20060101); B24D 3/32 (20060101); B24D
005/02 (); C08G 017/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;51/295,296,298,307,308,309 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Arnold; Donald J.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 634,622
filed Apr. 28, 1967, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An improved ceramic bonded grinding wheel containing a hole
therein, the pores of at least a predetermined portion of said
wheel surrounding and adjacent to said hole being impregnated with
a thermoset copolymer selected from the group consisting of an
epoxy prepolymer having at least two epoxy and/or hydroxyl
cross-linking sites copolymerized with an organic amine or an
organic acid anhydride, and, an unsaturated polyester prepolymer
copolymerized with an ethylenically unsaturated reactive diluent
selected from the group consisting of styrene, vinyl toluene,
methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, about 95 to 100 percent of
the pore volume of said impregnated portion being filled with said
thermoset copolymer.
2. The grinding wheel of claim 1 wherein only said portion is
impregnated with said thermoset copolymer.
3. The grinding wheel of claim 1 wherein said epoxy prepolymer is
the reaction product of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol.
4. The grinding wheel of claim 3 wherein said epoxy prepolymer is
copolymerized with a cyanoethylated aliphatic amine.
5. The grinding wheel of claim 1 wherein said thermoset copolymer
contains a grinding aid.
6. The grinding wheel of claim 1 wherein said hole therein contains
a bushing of said thermoset copolymer which extends radially into
said impregnated position.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Vitrified or vitreous (ceramic) bonded abrasive grinding wheels and
other abrasive products are made up of particles of an abrasive
substance such as alumina in a continuous, vitreous, glassy or
ceramic matrix. Such vitrified bonded abrasive wheels are very
durable, provide good grinding action and are noted for their
ability to maintain the shape of the grinding face. These products
are usually porous to some degree, the porosity varying
considerably, depending on grain size, the amount and kind of
bonding material used, the method of manufacture, etc.
Attempts have been made to increase the strength, toughness and
shock or impact resistance of vitreous bonded grinding wheels, to
thereby increase the maximum operating speed at which they can be
operated as well as the maximum compression force and shock to
which they can be subjected, by impregnating the pores of the wheel
with a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin. Various resins and
similar substances have been suggested, including phenolic resins,
waxes, benzofuran resins, shellac, furfuryl resins, rubber,
cellulose resins, asphalt, gums, glue, etc. None of these have
achieved commercial success. It is believed that the reasons for
this are as follows: (1) it is difficult to retain a sufficient
amount of the solid resin or other material in the pores
(sufficient loading) to add enough strength and resistance to shock
to warrant the expense of the operation. The more porous the wheel,
the weaker it is. Adequate resin loading and retention is
especially difficult with ceramic grinding wheels having relatively
high porosity (e.g. 25-50 percent porosity by volume), relatively
large grit sizes (e.g. 24-60) and relatively small ceramic content
(e.g. 3-18 percent by volume). The larger the grit size and smaller
the ceramic content, the greater the pore volume and pore
diameter;
(2) those resinous materials, particularly thermoplastics, which
may be capable of adequate pore loading and retention are either
too weak or too brittle or too soft to provide sufficient added
strength and resistance to shock, or have flow characteristics (too
flowable) or melting points (in the case of thermoplastic
materials) which render them unsuitable. If the material tends to
flow or break up at high speed operation and under shock or
compression, it may do more harm than good.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has been discovered that the strength, impact resistance and
resistance to compressive and tensile centrifugal forces can be
greatly increased by impregnating the pores of ceramic bonded
abrasive grinding wheels, particularly the annular portion adjacent
the wheel hole, with (1) a thermoset, cross-linked epoxy resin,
namely a cross-linked copolymer of (a) a liquid, epoxy prepolymer,
such as a prepolymer of epichlorhydrin and a bisphenol, and (b) a
cross-linking compound or hardener of the group consisting of an
organic polyamine and an organic acid anhydride or, (2) a thermset
unsaturated polyester resin, i.e. the copolymer of a liquid mixture
of an unsaturated polyester prepolymer and a reactive unsaturated
diluent e.g. the copolymerization of the condensation reaction
product of an unsaturated dibasic acid and a saturated glycol with
an unsaturated vinyl-type monomer, the free radical
copolymerization reaction being initiated by such free radical
initiators as organic peroxides and azo compounds. As a
consequence, the wheels can withstand extremely high rotational
speeds and impact as compared to known ceramic bonded grinding
wheels and hence are extremely well suited for high-speed
grinding.
The pores are impregnated with a mixture of the prepolymer and the
cross-linking compound and copolymerization (curing) occurs in situ
within the pores at room temperature, i.e. without adding heat
except for the exothermic heat of reaction. Curing at room
temperature is preferred to reduce foaming or bubbling and seepage,
although after curing has been completed at room temperature to a
point at which the resin has solidified and hardened, it may be
desirable to insure complete curing by a post cure baking
operation. However, in certain cases, elevated temperature post
curing may cause uneven expansion and contraction of the resin and
glassy matrix, especially when relatively high temperatures are
used. Post curing temperatures, when used, should not exceed about
225.degree. C. and more preferably should not exceed about
100.degree. c.
Surprisingly enough, it has been discovered that by impregnation
with the aforesaid prepolymers and cross-linking compounds with in
situ curing, between 95 to 100 percent resin loading and retention
of the pore volume treated may be achieved, i.e. between 95 and 100
percent of the pore volume treated can be filled with and retains
the solid cross-linked copolymer, even with pore volumes between 25
and 52 percent of the total wheel volume (exclusive of the wheel
hole), so that the ceramic wheel becomes substantially nonporous,
i.e. it has a pore volume of from 0 percent to 5 percent. This
combined with the fact that the solid cross-linked copolymer is
itself extremely strong, hard, tough, and resistant to shock and
does not flow significantly even at extremely high wheel speeds and
at high temperatures or when subjected to substantial impact
forces, provides a ceramic grinding wheel which can be subjected to
higher speeds and greater compression and impact forces than
ceramic grinding wheels known heretofore. The molecular structure
of the cured epoxy or unsaturated polyester resins is such that
although they are highly resistant to flow and thermal effects,
they are not brittle. This may be due to the spacing of the
molecular chains and the relatively low density of cross-links per
unit area of cross-linked copolymer, i.e. the number of cross-links
per unit area of resin.
Preferably, only the portion of the wheel adjacent to the wheel
hole is impregnated from about one third to one half the radial
distance from the hole wall to the wheel periphery with the
peripheral grinding portion remaining untreated. In this way, the
grinding properties of the wheel remain unchanged. However, the
entire wheel or any particular portion may be so treated and, in
some cases, the impregnated epoxy or unsaturated polyester resin
provides grinding advantages.
Preferably, the liquid mixture of prepolymer and cross-linking
compound is applied to one side of the portion of the wheel to be
treated and is drawn into the pores either by gravity but more
preferably by applying a vacuum to the other side of such wheel
portion, an arbor or plug being located in the wheel hole. The
vacuum is sufficient only to pull the prepolymer-cross-linking
compound mix into the pores and the magnitude of vacuum required to
do this depends on the porosity of the wheel and the viscosity of
the mix. Generally the vacuum may vary between about 10 and 300 or
400 mm. Hg with a pull of between 750 mm. Hg and 360 or 460 mm. Hg
based on atmospheric pressure on the side of the wheel to which the
mix is applied. Of course, if a positive pressure is applied to the
aforesaid side of the wheel, the vacuum can be omitted.
Preferred curing conditions for the impregnated epoxy of
unsaturated polyester resin are those which limit the exotherm and
avoid excessive foaming or bubbling. This can be accomplished by
selecting curing agents which are not too rapid in action or by the
use of known polymerization inhibitors such as water, in the case
of the epoxy resins, which may be mixed with the
prepolymer-cross-linking compound mix. Not only does a high
exotherm, caused by too rapid polymerization, cause foaming but
also it may cause uneven and harmful expansion and contraction of
the impregnant resin and the ceramic matrix. Generally, the more
rapid the curing time, the better the results, so long as it is not
so rapid as to present difficulties in handling the liquid mix
between mixing and application to the wheel or to raise the
exotherm too high or cause excessive foaming.
An inner solid cross-linked epoxy or unsaturated polyester resin
bushing for the grinding wheel may be provided with radial
penetration into a substantial portion of the ceramic wheel by
starting with an oversized wheel hole and using an arbor having a
diameter equal to that desired for the finished wheel hole but
smaller than the diameter of the hole of the untreated wheel. When
this is done, mold plates are located above and below the wheel
hole and extend radially along the opposite sides of the wheel a
distance equal to the desired penetration.
Impregnation of the press of the wheel portion adjacent the hole,
with or without an inner solid bushing portion, can be achieved by
use of a hollow arbor, located in the wheel hole, having a series
of radial holes spaced around the circumference thereof and with
the aforesaid plates on either side of the hole, whereby the liquid
prepolymer-cross-linking compound mix is introduced into the hollow
arbor and flowed radially through the holes into the pores of the
wall of the wheel hole. It has been found that with the aforesaid
prepolymer and cross-linking compound, excellent radial
penetration, with or without a solid resin inner bushing, can be
achieved without the use of high pressures as are used in injection
molding.
Ceramic grinding wheels have in the past been bushed by (1) pouring
molten lead into the wheel hole around a solid arbor and allowing
it to solidify and (2) injection molding a hot thermoplastic
material into the wheel hole around a solid arbor and cooling to
solidify the plastic and form a solid plastic bushing. The first
method is costly while the second method is unsatisfactory because
the high injection pressures may break the weak abrasive structure
and because high shrinkage of thermoplastic resins causes problems
in maintaining desired high hole tolerances. By the use of the
aforesaid liquid mix of epoxy or unsaturated polyester prepolymer
and cross-linking compound in accordance with the invention, no
substantial pressure need be exerted at the hole of the wheel and
shrinkage of the solid resin material is not sufficient to cause
trouble with maintaining hole tolerance dimensions. Also a stronger
product can be achieved in accordance with the present invention by
controlling the process so that the resin, in addition to forming a
solid inner bushing, also fills the pores of a substantial annular
portion of the wheel structure adjacent to the hole.
It is indeed surprising that with the use of the epoxy or
unsaturated polyester prepolymer and cross-linking compound of the
present invention, between 95 and 1100 percent resin loading and
resin retention in the pores can be achieved with pore volumes as
high as 52 percent, since with other thermosetting resins, such as
available phenol formaldehyde systems, only a fraction of the pore
volume retains the solid resin. This is undoubtedly one of the
reasons that the ceramic impregnated wheel of the invention has
much greater strength than a ceramic wheel impregnated with phenol
resins and will withstand much greater speeds and compression
forces.
Another reason for the increased resin loading and retention and
also for the greater strength of the wheels of the present
invention may be that the epoxy resin or unsaturated polyester
becomes strongly bonded to the ceramic matrix through the highly
polar nature of the cross-linked polymers; the adhesion
characteristics of epoxy and polyester resin are well known.
Another reason for the increased resin loading and retention and
also for the greater strength of the wheels of the present
invention is that substantially no volatile reaction products are
formed during the in situ curing so that no volatile matter is
evolved during curing of the prepolymer with the cross-linking
agent, whereas with phenolic resins substantial volatile matter is
evolved.
It is also believed that another reason for the higher resin
loading and retention of the pores which is achieved, aside from
the lack of volatile matter given off and the adhesive bonding with
the ceramic through the polymer's highly polar groups, is the
peculiar physical and chemical properties, including curing
characteristics, of the prepolymer-cross-linking compounds, e.g.
the changing viscosity and exothermal heat effects during curing
from the time the prepolymer and cross-linking compound are mixed
and applied to the wheel to the finally cured stage, as well as the
speed of curing.
Epoxy resins have been suggested for use as bonding agents in place
of ceramic in plastic bonded grinding wheels made by centrifugal
molding. Also copolymers of unsaturated monomers with unsaturated
esters of alcohols and polybasic acid prepolymers have been used as
bonding agents and to impregnate plastic bonded grinding wheels.
However, such wheels do not have the grinding characteristics of
the ceramic wheels of the present invention.
The hardened impregnant epoxy of unsaturated polyester resin forms
an essentially continuous phase in the grinding wheels of the
invention.
Grinding aids may be advantageously incorporated into the resin
phase either chemically as part of the resin bond or physically as
a filler. For example, where an aliphatic polyamine curing agent is
used to cure an epoxy prepolymer, the aliphatic group may contain a
sulfur atom to provide the group -C-S-C-. Also, polysulfide
compounds or elemental sulfur or halogen compounds, such as
cryolite, can be incorporated into the prepolymer-cross-linking
compound mix prior to impregnation, such compounds being present as
a filler in the cured resin phase. Iron sulfide, potassium
fluoroborate, vinylidene chloride, and other conventional fillers
can be employed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view in cross section of an apparatus for
impregnating a ceramic bonded abrasive grinding wheel according to
the invention by impregnating from one side of the wheel and using
a vacuum on the other side.
FIG. 2 is a cutaway view of another apparatus for impregnating a
ceramic bonded abrasive grinding wheel by impregnating from one
side of the wheel and using a vacuum on the other side according to
the invention.
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of certain parts of the apparatus of
FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a view in perspective of the apparatus of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of yet another apparatus for
impregnating a ceramic grinding wheel in accordance with the
invention by radial impregnation. FIG. 6 is a top view in plan of
the impregnated grinding wheel of FIG. 5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FOR MAKING THE ABRASIVE
PRODUCTS OF THE INVENTION AND FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHODS OF THE
INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, the untreated ceramic bonded abrasive grinding
wheel 2, with its hole plugged by a rubber plug or stopper 4, is
held over the vacuum chamber 6 by means of an annular rubber mold
7. The periphery of the wheel is located between the two halves 8
and 10 of the mold 7 and has a 1/4-inch thick, circular rubber
sheet 12 located over the top surface or side thereof. The
peripheral portions of the rubber sheet are clamped in position on
the upper surface of the wheel 2, between the two halves of the
mold and such sheet has a central hole 14 having a diameter greater
than that of the wheel hole 20 and equal to the area of
impregnation. Thus, the portion 21 of the top of the wheel 2
adjacent the wheel hole is exposed. A vacuum is provided in the
vacuum chamber by means of a vacuum hose 16, plug 18 and a vacuum
pump not shown.
A mixture of the liquid prepolymer and the cross- linking compound
is poured onto the exposed top area 21 of the grinding wheel and
the vacuum in chamber 6 draws the mixture into the pores of the
portion of the grinding wheel adjacent the wheel hole below area
21.
In FIGS. 2-4, 6' represents the vacuum chamber having a cup-shaped
portion 22 on the top thereof for receiving a lower removable
rubber mold plate 10', the grinding wheel 2' and an upper removable
rubber mold plate 8' with an arbor or plug 4' extending through the
center hole 14' in plate 8', the center hole 23' in the grinding
wheel 2' and the center hole 24' in the lower plate. The The hole
in upper plate 8' is larger than the wheel hole to expose an area
of the upper surface of the wheel adjacent to the wheel hole
corresponding to the area to be impregnated. The hole 24' in the
lower plate 10' is substantially larger than the hole in the upper
plate. Plate 10' corresponds to mold half 10 in FIG. 1. The vacuum
hose 16' and plug 18' connects with the vacuum pump not shown. In
this construction, the rubber sheet is omitted and the upper mold
plate is used to define the area of the wheel to be impregnated.
The prepolymer-cross-linking compound mix is poured into the hole
14' of the upper mold plate 8' onto the exposed area of the wheel
and is drawn into the pores of the wheel by the vacuum in chamber
6'.
In FIGS. 5 and 6, a bolt 26', having a center axial passage 28,
fits snugly within the hole of the grinding wheel 2" with a pair of
mold plates 8" and 10" on either side of the center portion of the
wheel, as shown. The assembly is held together by means of enlarged
bolt head 30 and nut 32. The lower end of axial passage 28
communicates with a plurality of radially extending
circumferentially spaced holes or slots 34. The diameter of the
seal plates 8" and 10" corresponds to the diameter of the area to
be impregnated adjacent the wheel hole. The liquid mix of
prepolymer and cross-linking curing compound is directed from a
nozzle 33 axially through the passage 28 and thence radially
through the radial passages 34 into the pores of the portion of the
wheel adjacent the wheel hole. The seal plates insure the aforesaid
radial flow of mix into the pores to a radial distance
corresponding to the radial distance of the seal plates. Very
little pressure, e.g. 10 p.s.i., is required to achieve good
penetration. Such pressure is far below injection molding pressures
and is too low to cause any damage to the ceramic matrix. By
placing the assembly in a vacuum chamber, the vacuum will pull the
liquid mix into the wheel pores with no positive pressure. By
making the bolt of smaller diameter than the wheel hole to provide
a space between the bolt periphery and the wall of the wheel hole,
a solid resin bushing can be obtained together with radial
penetration into the wheel to provide a bushing made up of an inner
epoxy resin and an adjacent resin impregnated wheel portion.
EXAMPLE I
Two ceramic bonded aluminum oxide grinding wheels were impregnated
in an area 11/4inches (radial distance) around the hole. The size
of the wheel was 7 inches (diameter) .times. 1/2 inch (hole size)
.times. 11/4 inches (thickness). The pore volume or porosity was 47
percent, the grain size was 46 grit and the percent by volume of
ceramic or glassy matrix was 4.6 percent. The wheel was placed in
the apparatus shown in FIG. 1. The mold aperture (central hole in
mold 7) was 6 inches with an outside mold diameter of 12 inches.
The mold recess of 7 inches diameter by one-half inch in thickness.
The soft rubber sheet 12 was 14 inches in diameter and 11/4 inches
thick with an opening 21/2 inches at the center.
50 grams of a liquid prepolymer of epichlorhydrin and Bisphenol A,
having a viscosity of 4,000 c.p.s. at 23.degree. C. (Brookfield
viscometer) and an epoxy value of 0.39 Eq/100 g. and sold by Ciba
Products Corporation under the name Araldite 502, was mixed with 3
grams of a liquid aliphatic polyamine hardener (cross-linking
compound), sold under the name DP-112 BY Ciba Products Corporation,
and 14 drops of water (inhibitor). The mixture was poured on the
portion of the grinding wheel exposed by the hole in the rubber
sheet while maintaining a moderate vacuum in the vacuum chamber.
The vacuum drew most of the liquid mix into the pores of the
grinding wheel in 45 seconds, whereafter the vacuum was
discontinued. The impregnated resin hardened in about 2 minutes at
room temperature About 95 percent of the pore volume of the portion
of the wheel treated, i.e. the portion of the wheel below the
exposed area, was filled with solid epoxy resin.
The impregnated wheels are placed on a smooth rubber surface. A
mixture of 25 grams of Araldite 502 epoxy resin prepolymer, 1.5
grams of Araldite Hardener, DP 112, and 15 grams of Cryolite powder
were mixed and poured into the hole of each wheel around a
cylindrical steel arbor centrally located in the hole and having a
diameter of one-fourth inch. After approximately 11/2 minutes at
room temperature, the material had formed a solid epoxy resin
bushing around the arbor.
Two more grinding wheels having the same construction were bushed
with epoxy resin in the same manner as aforesaid without prior
impregnation of the wheel.
Two more grinding wheels having the same construction were bushed
using lead as the material poured into the wheel hole and without
prior impregnation of the wheel with resin.
Speed tests to destruction were run on all these wheels. The speed
of the wheel was increased until the wheel broke. The results were
as follows:
r.p.m. at Which Average % Breakage Occurred Improvement
__________________________________________________________________________
Standard Lead Bushing 10,000;9700 Epoxy Resin Bushing 11,200;11,900
18% over Lead Without Impregnation Epoxy Resin Bushing 13,600 39%
Over Lead With Impregnation
EXAMPLE II
The ceramic bonded wheels in this example were
8.times.3/4.times.11/4 inches and had a pore volume of 46.4
percent, a grain size of 60 grit (silicon carbide) and a percent
volume of ceramic of 5.6 percent.
A mixture of 50 grams of Araldite 502 epoxy resin prepolymer, 3
grams of Araldite Hardener DP 112 and 0.8 grams of water were mixed
and poured into the hole of each of two of the wheels around a
steel arbor with he wheel being supported on a smooth rubber
surface. After 5 minutes at room temperature, this material had
formed a solid epoxy resin bushing around the arbor and had also
penetrated approximately three-fourths inch radially into the wheel
structure. Between 95 and 100 percent of the pore volume of the
penetrated impregnated portion of the wheel was filled with the
solid epoxy resin.
Two more wheels having the same construction were bushed in the
same way using lead as the material.
These wheels were broken in the standard centrifugal test preferred
to in example I:
r.p.m. Average % Improvement
__________________________________________________________________________
Standard Lead Bushing 7,200;8,000 Epoxy Resin Bushing 11,200 47%
Over Lead
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE III
The ceramic bonded grinding wheel of this example was
12.times.1.times.3 inches. The grain size (fused alumina) was 46
grit. The pore volume was 46 percent and the percent by volume of
the ceramic matrix was 5.8. The wheel was cleaned with air to allow
maximum penetration of the wheel pores. 2 pounds of a viscous
liquid linear prepolymer of epichlorhydrin and Bisphenol A having a
viscosity of between 12,000 and 19,000 c.p.s. at 25.degree. C., an
epoxy assay of 170 to 182 (grams per gram-mole epoxy i.e.
approximately two epoxy groups per prepolymer molecule) and sold by
the Union Carbide Corporation under the name ERL-3794, were mixed
with 0.75 pound of a cyanoethylation product of an aliphatic amine,
having the formula N CCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NRNCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C N
(43-47 percent amine) and a viscosity of 90 to 125 c.p.s. at
25.degree. C. and sold by the Union Carbide Corporation under the
name ZZL-0803 as a hardener (cross-linking compound) for the
ERL-3794 prepolymer. Likewise, one pound of ERL-3794 and 0.38 pound
of ZZL-0803 were mixed in a separate contained container to form a
second batch of prepolymer-hardener mix. Two batches were made to
reduce the exotherm. The two mixes had a viscosity of between
800-1600 c.p.s. and were blended and quickly poured o the top
surface of the grinding wheel set in aluminum foil in a cardboard
retaining cylinder. Wheel and resin were put into a vacuum chamber
at 281/2 inches Hg at room temperature for 30 minutes with a
maximum vacuum of 29 inches Hg attained for the last 20 minutes.
Foaming was not excessive and consisted of continual release of
fine bubbles which collected on the surface and coalesced into
larger bubbles as the foaming slowed. The vacuum was removed and
the surface of the resin was was bubblefree. After 4 hours gelatin
began to occur and the excess resin on the outside of the wheel was
removed easily with a spatula. The exotherm which followed during
the next hour did not exceed 50-55.degree. C. (120-131.degree. F.).
The impregnated wheel remained at room temperature for 21/2 days
and was then post cured by baking for 24 hours as follows: 8 hours
at 120.degree. C.; 16 hours at 120.degree. C. Essentially, 100
percent of the pore volume of the wheel was filled with the solid
cross-linked epoxy resin.
Speed tests to destruction were run on the above wheel and an
untreated wheel having the same construction. The tests were at
room temperature and the wheels were dry.
Surface speed per Minute At Which Wheel Was Destroyed
__________________________________________________________________________
Standard untreated wheel 15,300 Epoxy resin impregnated wheel
26,000
__________________________________________________________________________
Standard tests to determine the compressive strength of the wheels
were carried out using blocks cut from each of the wheels and a
120,000 lb. Olsen testing machine, 120,000 lb. range, 050 inches
per minute load rate. The blocks were 1.times.133 2 inches. A
phenolic resin impregnated wheel had a compressive strength 7
percent greater than the untreated wheel and the epoxy resin
impregnated wheel had a compressive strength 181 percent greater
than the untreated wheel.
EXAMPLE IV
A wheel having the construction of example III was used in this
example. Only the portion thereof adjacent the wheel hole was
impregnated with epoxy resin in the apparatus shown in FIGS. 2 to
4. The zone of impregnation extended about one third the radial
distance from the wall of the wheel hole to the periphery of the
wheel. The vacuum was about 28 inches Hg. The same
prepolymer-hardener mix was poured onto he exposed area of the
wheel with curing occuring in situ in the wheel. Most of the mix
had passed into the wheel within 30 minutes after which the wheel
was removed and treated in the manner of example III. The
impregnated portion of the wheel adjacent the hole formed a bushing
and between 95 and 100 percent of the pores of such portion were
filled with solid epoxy resin.
The relative improvement in the speed tests of the epoxy resin
impregnated wheel over the untreated wheel compared to that in
example III.
EXAMPLE V
Ceramic bonded aluminum oxide grinding wheel structures, in the
form of 4.times.1.times.1/2 inches rectangular bars, were
completely impregnated with a mixture of an epoxy resin prepolymer
and an aromatic amine hardener. The abrasive structure contained
46-grit aluminum oxide abrasive and had a volume composition
of:
abrasive 48% bond 8.5% pores 43.5%
The resin-hardener mixture was comprised of 100 parts by weight of
epoxy prepolymer Epon 828 and 20 parts by weight of aromatic amine
hardener Z, both manufactured by the Shell Chemical Company.
Impregnation of two bars was accomplished by heating the
resin-hardener mixture to about 50.degree. C. and soaking of the
bars in the hot mixture. The essentially completely impregnated
bars were then heat treated 2 hours at 80.degree. C. followed by 2
hours at 150.degree. C. to cure the organic mixture.
The impregnated bars, along with two nonimpregnated bars of the
same composition, was subjected to a flexural (cross-bending) test
using 2-point loading, with the following results:
Ave. Modulus of Impregnant Rupture in p.s.i. Improvement
__________________________________________________________________________
none 3060 Epon 828 3970 30% + hardener Z
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE VI
Two ceramic bonded aluminum oxide grinding wheel structures of the
same configuration and volume percent composition as those of
example V were completely impregnated with a mixture of 99.5 parts
of Marco X1095 unsaturated polyester resin containing styrene
diluent, sold by the Marco Chemical Company; and 0.5 part of Cadox
MDP, which is methyl ethyl ketone peroxide sold by the Cadet
Chemical Corporation. The impregnation was carried out by allowing
the unsaturated polyester-catalyst mixture to soak into the bars at
atmospheric pressure. The impregnated bars were cured by allowing
them to stand at room temperature for 48 hours followed by 96 hours
at 50.degree. C. and 47 hours at 110.degree. C.
These impregnated bars, along with five nonimpregnated bars, were
subjected to the same flexural test as was employed in example V,
with the following results:
Ave. Modulus of Impregnant Rupture in p.s.i. Improvement
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none 2653 Marco X1095 + Cadox MDP 4345 64%
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other known cross-linking polyamine hardening agents for epoxy
prepolymers, such as triethylene tetramine, can be used. Also other
known organic anhydride hardeners for curing epoxy resins, such as
phthalic and maleic anhydride, can be used. Where excessive foaming
occurs in the initial in situ curing before hardening of the resin,
it is preferred to either use a slower acting hardener or known
inhibitors such as water to reduce the foaming and exotherm.
The viscosity of the prepolymer should not be so great that when it
is mixed with the hardener and applied to the wheel, the viscosity
of the mix is too great for easy penetration into the pores of the
wheel. On the other hand, for optimum retention of resin in the
pores the viscosity of the prepolymer should not be much less than
about 500 centipoises at 25.degree. C. Minimum and maximum
viscosities will depend on the size and volume of the pores of the
grinding wheel. The amount of liquid prepolymer-hardener mix used
should be sufficient to form a volume of solid resin substantially
in excess of the total pore volume of the portion of the wheel to
be impregnated. The ratio of hardener to prepolymer will vary
depending on the particular hardener and the particular prepolymer
used. Such ratios are known.
Epoxy prepolymers other than those of Epichlorhydrin and Bisphenol,
e.g. Bisphenol A and Bisphenol F, can be used so long as they are
liquid, prepolymers having at least two epoxy and/or hydroxy
cross-linking sites, e.g. glycerol-based based epoxy prepolymers
(glycerol-epichlorhydrin resins), phenol
formaldehyde-epichlorhydrin condensates, tetra kis (hydroxy phenol)
alkane epoxy prepolymers, epoxidized polyolefins, etc.
The present invention is adapted for ceramic bonded abrasive
grinding wheels having a pore volume of 25-52 percent, abrasive
grain sizes between 24 grit and 320 grit and ceramic volume of
between 3 percent and 18 percent.
When it is stated herein that the impregnated portion of the wheel
surrounds and is adjacent to the wheel hole or the wall of the
wheel hole, this includes a construction with no inner solid resin
bushing as well as a construction with an inner solid resin bushing
or any other king of bushing, the term "wheel" being used to refer
to the unbushed hole.
It should be pointed out here that in the preceding examples
particular resin-hardener systems are employed which are subjected
to specific cure cycles. Other epoxy or unsaturated polyester based
resin-hardener systems may require different curing cycles in order
to attain approximately optimum: (1) adhesion between the ceramic
material and resin-hardener system; (2) shrinkage of the
resin-hardener system. These things are well known to the skilled
polymer chemist and constitute no part of the present
invention.
It is however, not intended that the invention be limited by any
theories, or to any products or examples, referred to above, but
only to the products claimed below and their equivalents.
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