U.S. patent number 3,614,253 [Application Number 04/830,220] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-19 for engine stall anticipation and reaction device.
Invention is credited to Robert M. Gaertner.
United States Patent |
3,614,253 |
Gaertner |
October 19, 1971 |
ENGINE STALL ANTICIPATION AND REACTION DEVICE
Abstract
In a compressor operating near stall and utilizing the mechanism
of variable pitch stator blades to prevent stall, a floating stator
blade is used to sense an imminent stall condition. The blade
pivots like a weather vane in the airstream flow through the axial
flow compressor. The attack angle differential between the variable
pitch stator blades and the floating stator blade is sensed and
utilized by electrical or fluid pressure means to change the attack
angle of the variable pitch stator blades so as to prevent
stall.
Inventors: |
Gaertner; Robert M. (Oxen Hill,
MD) |
Family
ID: |
25256559 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/830,220 |
Filed: |
May 29, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
415/23; 415/147;
415/48 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F04D
27/02 (20130101); F04D 27/0246 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F04D
27/02 (20060101); F01d 027/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;415/10,23,27,48,147
;230/114A,114H ;60/39,27 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Feinberg; Samuel
Claims
While several preferred embodiments of the present invention have
been illustrated and described it will be obvious to those skilled
in the art that various changes and modifications may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as
defined by the appended claims.
1. An apparatus for anticipating and preventing stall in axial flow
jet engine compressors which have one or more stages and utilize
variable stator blades to control operating characteristics of the
compressor having a compressor housing adapted for rotatably
mounting said variable stator blades thereon comprising
at least one floating stator blade per variable stator blade stage
rotatably mounted among said variable stator blades so as to allow
said floating stator blade to align itself with airstream flow in
said compressor;
a follower means responsive to rotational movement of said floating
stator blade;
a damping means restraining said floating stator blade from freely
rotating in response to minute direction changes in said airstream
flow;
a control means responsive to actuation by said follower means;
and
adjustment means responsive to said control means to actuate said
variable stator blades to follow the movement of said floating
stator blade whereby a complete stall condition is averted.
2. The stall anticipating and preventing apparatus as recited in
claim 1 wherein said follower means comprises
a shaft rigidly attached to said floating stator blade so as to
rotate with said floating blade; and
rotary motion to linear motion conversion means responsive to
rotation of said shaft to actuate said control means.
3. The stall anticipating and preventing apparatus as recited in
claim 2 wherein said control means comprises
a fluid flow directing means responsive to a force exerted by said
motion conversion means to direct high-pressure fluid flow;
high-pressure fluid conductors for transmitting said directed fluid
flow;
a fluid pressure activated piston responsive to fluid flow
transmitted by said conductors to actuate said adjustment means;
and
feedback means responsive to movement of said piston to apply a
force opposite in direction to the force applied by said motion
conversion means being of sufficient strength to reposition said
fluid flow directing means to a null position.
4. The stall anticipating and preventing apparatus as recited in
claim 1 further comprising a fuel feed means responsive to said
control means for decreasing volume of fuel flow to the jet
engine.
5. An apparatus for anticipating and preventing stall in axial flow
jet engine compressors which have one or more stages and utilize
variable stator blades to control operating characteristics of the
compressor having a compressor housing adapted for rotatably
mounting said variable stator blades thereon comprising
at least one floating stator blade per variable stator blade stage
rotatably mounted among said variable stator blades so as to allow
said floating stator blade to align itself with airstream flow in
said compressor;
a follower means responsive to rotational movement of said floating
stator blade; said follower means comprising a shaft rigidly
attached to said floating stator blade so as to rotate with said
floating blade, and a resilient means rigidly attached and
deformably responsive to rotation of said shaft;
a control means responsive to actuation by said follower means;
and
adjustment means responsive to said control means to actuate said
variable stator blades to follow the movement of said floating
stator blade whereby a complete stall condition is averted.
6. The stall anticipating and preventing apparatus as recited in
claim 5 wherein said control means comprises
a transducer responsive to deformation of said resilient means;
a transducer amplifier; and
variable stator actuating means responsive to said transducer
amplifier to rotatably actuate said adjustment means.
7. The stall anticipating and preventing apparatus as recited in
claim 6 wherein said adjustment means comprises
a rotating shaft responsive to said variable stator actuating
means;
rotatable shafts rigidly attached to said variable stator blades so
as to rotate with said variable stator blades; and
bevel gear combinations transmitting rotary motion from said
rotating shaft to the rotatable shafts of said variable stator
blades and said floating stator blade.
8. The stall anticipating and preventing apparatus as recited in
claim 5 further comprising a fuel feed means responsive to said
control means for decreasing volume of fuel flow to the jet engine.
Description
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or
for the Government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is concerned with the anticipation of stall
conditions in a jet engine compressor and the prevention of a stall
condition which would seriously impair the performance of the
engine. The invention is more particularly concerned with the use
of a freely floating stator blade as a sensor for anticipating
imminent stall conditions in the compressor section of a jet engine
and with controlling the variable geometry of an axial flow
compressor so as to prevent a stall condition such as would
seriously impair the operation of the jet engine. The problem of
stall in an axial flow compressor is not a new one in the art and
there have been many methods devised to sense and obviate the
problem. The majority of the devices designed for obviating stall
conditions in an axial flow compressor utilize sensors which are
sensitive to either temperature, pressure or speed of the
compressor. These variables at best are only indirect indicators of
a stall condition. Another approach to the problem consists of
sensing the sonic frequencies produced by an imminent stall
condition and controlling the geometry of the compressor in
response to the occurrence of these sounds. The problem of
effectively anticipating stall by monitoring the conditions in the
air flow through the compressor still remains.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention suggests the use of a floating stator blade to
detect an imminent stall condition. The floating stator blade would
be located among the variable stator blades. The installation of
the floating stator blade is such that it weather cocks and
positions itself with respect to the airflow past it. As a stall
condition begins to form within the compressor, the floating blade,
because it is essentially unrestrained, starts to move (weather
cock) as the airflow changes its direction. The angle of attack of
the variable stator blades do not change because these blades are
held stationary by the variable geometry drive actuators, but the
angle of attack of the floating blade remains more or less constant
since it is free to move in response to the condition associated
with the change in airflow through the compressor. If the
relationship between the variable stator blades and the floating
blade is derived, by mechanical means, pressure changes or
electrical means, a means of sensing an imminent stall condition is
available. Besides using this blade sensor to actuate the variable
stator blades in a manner so as to prevent stall, it could also be
used to actuate other devices such as a fuel feed control device to
cut back fuel flow and assist in the overall program to eliminate
complete stall in jet engines.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a stall
anticipation and prevention system for jet engine compressors
operating near stall conditions which is uncomplicated but still
effectively sensitive.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an
uncomplicated stall anticipation and prevention system for jet
engine axial flow compressors operating near stall conditions which
permits compressors to operate closer to the stall line without
creating adverse engine operation than was before possible with
such uncomplicated equipment.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will
become apparent from the following detailed description of the
invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying
drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram, partially in section, illustrating a
mechanical-fluid control system used to sense the movement of the
floating vane in the airstream and convert this movement into the
physical force required to move the variable stator vanes; and
FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in schematic
form in which the free-floating blade is spring loaded to follow
the normal stator blade positions but allowed freedom, within the
limits of the applied loads, to move in response to airflow
direction changes.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With more particular reference to FIG. 1 of the drawing which
illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention functioning in
relation with the fuel feed and control system 22 of a standard jet
engine, the variable stator vane actuating mechanism of standard
and well-known jet engines is actuated in response to the floating
blade means. Free floating blade 1 is located among the variable
stator blades of a compressor and is effectively damped against
oscillation by damping means 21. Upon a change in the direction of
airflow through the axial flow compressor, the floating blade 1,
pivots on its axis to follow the direction of change in the
airflow. The helical screw follower 2 attached to the shaft of the
floating blade rotates in the same direction as the blade. Assuming
for illustration's sake that the rotation of blade 1 is in a
counterclockwise direction, as illustrated by the arrow, the
follower 3 of lever 4 rides in the grooves of helical screw 2 as it
rotates. The direction of rotation tends to cause follower 3 to
ride up causing end 5 to move downwards as indicated by the arrow.
This downward motion of end 5 causes spring 6 to expand placing a
force on lever 7 which pivots at the point indicated. Lever 7 in
turn places a force on piston rod 8, in a direction indicated by
the arrow, to move piston 9 to the right, as indicated by the
arrow, so as to lie under cylinder vent F.sub.1 while still lying
over low-pressure outlet F.sub.3. Because of the spindle type
construction of piston 9, cylinder vent F.sub.1 discharges its
high-pressure fuel around the smaller circumference of piston 9
into outlet F.sub.3 and back into the fuel feed and control system
of the jet engine. This causes a decrease in pressure on one side
of piston 15 of the stator vane actuator cylinder 16. Piston 15
will move in the low-pressure direction, as indicated by the arrow,
causing linkage shaft 10 attached to piston 15 to move in that
direction also. The movement of linkage shaft 10 will cause
feedback cable 11 to move in the direction indicated by the arrow.
The variable stator blade mechanism, including linkage 12 and
linkage 13 will move as indicated and variable stator vane 14 will
move to follow the direction of movement of floating blade 1.
Because of the movement of feedback cable 11, an expanding force is
exerted on spring 17 in the direction indicated by the arrow, which
places a force on piston rod 18 connecting spring 17 and piston 9,
tending to bring piston 9 back to its null position as shown. When
the piston 9 is in this null position, high-pressure fluid
conductors 19 and 20 having outlets F.sub.2 and F.sub.1 are at
equal pressure and piston 15 will remain in the position it took on
the last movement of variable stator blade 14. Piston inlets
F.sub.4 and F.sub.5 are the high-pressure boost inlets coming from
the fuel feed and control system of the jet engine. Piston outlet
F.sub.3 is the low-pressure outlet going to the fuel feed and
control system of the engine. There is a substantial pressure
differential between the two high-pressure fuel inlets F.sub.4 and
F.sub.5 and the low-pressure fuel outlet F.sub.3.
As can be readily seen, if the free-floating blade 1 tended to move
in a clockwise direction the helical screw follower 2 would follow
that movement and so would the other mechanical elements of the
system. The direction of system movement would be opposite to the
directions indicated by the arrows in FIG. 1.
From the foregoing explanation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 it
is clear that free floating blade 1 moves in response to a stall
condition and the variable stator blade 14 follows the direction of
movement of floating blade 1 so as to prevent stall in the axial
flow compressor.
Stall conditions generally being of the intermittent type,
free-floating blade 1 will follow the changing airflow which should
soon return to normal again causing the control equipment to
actuate in a manner so as to reposition variable stator blade 14 in
the newly desired position taken by free-floating blade 1. It
should be pointed out that this system is not designed to allow a
compressor to operate in a continuous stall condition but rather
allows the compressor to accommodate an intermittent stall
condition without feeling any deleterious effects therefrom and
thereafter go back to operating on its designed performance
curve.
Referring now to FIG. 2 which shows another embodiment of the
invention, the floating stator blade 28 is mounted in the variable
stator blade section of a compressor housing by means of bearings
and shafts connecting the floating blade to rotating shaft 23 which
by means of bevel gear drive shafts 24 and 26 of the variable
stator blades and the free-floating blade, respectively. The
floating blade 28 will line up with the variable stator blade 25
and follow, due to the tension exerted by spring 27 caused by the
rotating force exerted by shaft 23, the position of variable stator
blade 25. As a stall condition begins to occur in the axial flow
compressor, the free-floating blade 28 will tend to change its
direction in accordance with the direction of flow in the
compressor. The variable stator blade 25, however, is held
stationary by the rotating shaft 23 its beveled gears and shaft 24.
Because of the rotation of free-floating blade 28 and the
stationary condition of stator blade 25, the spring 27 is placed in
a compressive or expansive state. This state is sensed by means of
strain gauges placed on spring 27 which indicate by a small
electrical signal of either a negative or positive polarity whether
the spring has been placed in compression or expansion. These
signals are carried to an amplifier 31 by cables 29 and 30. The
amplifier 31 amplifies these signals and feeds them to the variable
stator actuator mechanism 32 which can be any well-known mechanism
such as a motor drive which will rotate shaft 23 in the appropriate
direction as indicated by the magnitude and direction of signals
produced by the strain gauges. The variable stator blade 25 is thus
caused to line up with the position assumed by free-floating blade
28 thereby removing the tension or compression of spring 27. The
strain gauges therefore will produce no output and no further
changes in the geometry of the stator blades will occur until
another change in the airflow direction occurs in the axial flow
compressor which will again rotate free-floating blade 27 and again
cause the control equipment to go through its functional
relationships. As can be seen, floating blade 28 can rotate in
either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction in response to any
direction change in the airflow giving an effective response to an
imminent stall condition. It is contemplated that variable stator
actuating mechanism 32, besides actuating shaft 23, to rotate
variable stator blades 25, could also be used to actuate other
devices such as the fuel feed control of a jet engine to cut back
fuel flow and thereby assist in the overall program to eliminate
complete stall conditions in the jet engine. The strain gauges used
are standard gauges well known in the art and adapted to produce a
positive or negative output depending on the force applied to them.
The strain gauge amplifier 31 is well known in the art and the
variable stator actuating mechanism can be any of a number of motor
means responsive to the amplifier output to drive the rotating
shaft 23 in either direction, as required. The output 33 of
variable stator actuator mechanism 32 is a force which can act
mechanically to increase or decrease jet fuel flow and further aid
in stall prevention. Such a method is well known in the art and is
not seen as needing further discussion.
* * * * *