U.S. patent number 3,614,069 [Application Number 04/859,731] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-19 for multiple frequency ultrasonic method and apparatus for improved cavitation, emulsification and mixing.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Fibra-Sonics, Inc.. Invention is credited to Edward J. Murry.
United States Patent |
3,614,069 |
Murry |
October 19, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
MULTIPLE FREQUENCY ULTRASONIC METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED
CAVITATION, EMULSIFICATION AND MIXING
Abstract
Method and apparatus for obtaining a state of cavitation,
emulsification and mixing wherein materials are subjected to a band
of ultrasonic frequencies which are gradually shifted downwardly to
cause bubbles in the material to grow and then applying a second
set of ultrasonic frequencies but of a much lower frequency and of
a higher intensity than the first ultrasonic frequencies for
causing the bubbles to expand to a size such that catastrophic
collapse takes place. The low-frequency ultrasound is also varied
in frequency so as to cause the bubbles to collapse and implode. In
this case, the lower frequency is caused to increase in frequency
by periodically sweeping the lower frequency upward. The method and
apparatus provide improved cavitation, emulsification and mixing of
substances as, for example, water-in-oil.
Inventors: |
Murry; Edward J. (Palos Park,
IL) |
Assignee: |
Fibra-Sonics, Inc. (Chicago,
IL)
|
Family
ID: |
25331590 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/859,731 |
Filed: |
September 22, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
366/119;
366/108 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01F
31/81 (20220101); B01F 31/89 (20220101); B01F
31/86 (20220101); B01J 19/10 (20130101); B01J
2219/1942 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B01J
19/10 (20060101); B01F 11/00 (20060101); B01F
11/02 (20060101); B01f 011/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;259/1,DIG.43,72,99,DIG.44 ;68/355 ;134/1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Jenkins; Robert W.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. The method of causing cavitation in a substance comprising
exciting said substance with energy at a high frequency, decreasing
the frequency of said high frequency energy, exciting said
substance simultaneously with energy at a lower frequency and
increasing the frequency of said lower frequency energy.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said high frequency energy and
said lower frequency energy are at ultrasonic or sonic
frequencies.
3. The method of claim 1 comprising applying said high frequency
energy and said lower frequency energy simultaneously to said
substance.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said high frequency energy and
said lower frequency energy are respectively changed in frequency
in a repetitive manner.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said high frequency energy has a
frequency which causes bubbles in the substance to grow by
resonating them and the bubbles become progressively larger as the
high frequency energy is decreased in frequency.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said lower frequency energy has a
frequency which causes said bubbles to be captured, expand and
collapse.
7. The method of clam 6 wherein the frequency of said lower
frequency energy is periodically increased to cause the collapse of
a substantial portion of the bubbles in said substance.
8. The method of emulsification comprising subjecting a mixture of
at least two different substances to at least two high frequency
energies, periodically sweeping the frequencies of said high
frequency energies to lower frequencies to cause the capture and
growth of the inherent bubbles in said substances, and subjecting
said mixture to at least two lower frequency energies and
periodically sweeping said lower frequency energies to higher
frequencies to capture bubbles and cause them to grow to a
catastrophic destruction size resulting in emulsification of the
mixture from the strong, generated shock waves.
9. The method of emulsification comprising subjecting a mixture of
at least two different substances to at least two simultaneous high
frequency energies to cause the capture and growth of any bubbles
in said substances, and subjecting said mixture to lower frequency
energy to capture the bubbles and cause them to collapse and
emulsify said mixture.
10. The method of claim 9 comprising periodically sweeping said
high frequency energies to a lower frequency.
11. Means for causing cavitation of a substance comprising a
variable size container for said substance, means for varying the
size of said container such that the variation in size of said
container varies the resonant frequency of said container, means
for exciting said substance at a first, high frequency, downwardly
changing so as to cause small bubbles in said substance to grow
large, and means for exciting said substance at a second lower
frequency and sliding it upwardly and downwardly to cause said
grown bubbles to be captured and further grown to a stage of final
collapse and implosion thereby releasing reverse shock waves.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said means for exciting
said substance at a first high downwardly changing frequency
includes a frequency modulated ultrasonic generator of a
continuously varying frequency over a finite spectral band width
and a first plurality of sonic transducers mounted in said
container and capable of responding to said generator's
variations.
13. Apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said means for exciting
said substance at a second lower sliding downward frequency
comprises a frequency modulated ultrasonic generator having a
finite spectral band width, and a second plurality of sonic
transducers mounted on said containers and connected to said second
generator.
14. Apparatus according to claim 11 comprising at least three
varying band width frequency modulated generators and a plurality
of transducers mounted in said container and respectively connected
to said three frequency modulated generators.
15. Means for mixing substances comprising a chamber of
continuously varying dimensions and having an inlet and outlet
through which said substances pass and means for inherently
exciting said substances at a plurality of frequencies as they pass
through said chamber of varying size.
16. Means for mixing substances according to claim 15 including
means for generating comprising notched vibrating blades in said
chamber.
17. Means for mixing substances according to claim 15 and which
said means for exciting said substances at a plurality of
frequencies includes a plurality of vibrating blades of varying
dimensions and resonant at different frequencies so as to produce
said plurality of frequencies.
18. Means for mixing according to claim 15 wherein said excitation
means includes means for applying a varying magnetic field to said
chamber so as to cause it to vary its dimensions in response to the
variations of the applied magnetic field.
19. Means for mixing according to claim 15 wherein said means for
varying the dimensions of the variable mixing chamber includes
mechanical means such as rotating cams.
20. Means for mixing substances comprising a chamber and an inlet
and outlet through which said substances pass and means for
exciting said substances at a plurality of frequencies as they pass
through said chamber and said means for exciting includes a
variable air whistle mounted in said chamber.
21. Means for mixing substances comprising a chamber and an inlet
and outlet through which said substances pass and means for
exciting said substances at a plurality of frequencies as they pass
through said chamber and said means for exciting includes a
plurality of variable air whistles mounted on said chamber.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates, in general, to cavitation, emulsification
and mixing apparatus and method.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A great deal of work has been done on cavitation and emulsification
theory and many successful machines have been built but the exact
reasons for emulsification have not been discovered. The literature
simply attributes the phenomena to a cavitation of high intensity
induced by the insertion of ultrasonic energy. Certain research has
tended to show that the simultaneous application of several
ultrasonic frequencies leads to superior cavitation and
two-frequency cavitation units have been built. Certain of these
prior experiences have shown that certain operations such as
emulsification and biological alteration could not be carried out
successfully without the simultaneous use of at least two
ultrasonic frequencies being inserted into the same volume of fluid
and then being "beamed" into each other; i.e., injected onto the
same axis and into the same volume of fluid. These prior units
which merely injected two different frequencies into a fluid were
unpredictable and did not produce the much improved results of the
present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention the method and apparatus for improved
cavitation, emulsification and mixing is accomplished by subjecting
the material to a primary high frequency source of ultrasonic
energy which is gradually changed in frequency downwardly to cause
bubbles inherent in the material to grow and to change. As each
group of bubbles grows they are selectively captured and enlarged
by the next cycles of ultrasound which are of a slightly longer
period; in other words, have a longer wavelength; i.e., lower
frequency. This is accomplished in a first phase, or initial stage
of cavitation (and of emulsification), during which time the
various sized microbubbles available are captured, held in place
and are made to grow in size. They do not move around to any great
extent in the fluid or liquid since they are held in place by the
continuously applied ultrasonic waves. Instead, they vibrate in
place until they reach a size which is in exact balance with the
cohesive forces of the surrounding medium, at which time the
vibration of the bubbles decreases or ceases its growth action.
If the high frequency ultrasound alone was all that was available,
some bubbles (as is well known) would still experience catastrophic
collapse, since some true ultrasonic vapor, and void cavitation,
could occur. However, such small growth can do little, if any,
toward the generation of the severe shock waves which are needed to
clean surfaces or to fracture molecules apart. In the present
invention, by using a second set of ultrasonic frequencies, but of
a much lower frequency and of a higher intensity, (from 40
kilohertz to 50 kilohertz, for example) it is possible in a single
cycle to pick up, capture and expand the newly available bubbles
(which were generated by the high frequency ultrasonic generator)
to a size such that catastrophic collapse must immediately take
place. The growth will occur in approximately one-quarter of a
cycle of the applied signal and during the the next half cycle
(from 90.degree. to 270.degree. ) the bubbles will collapse
(implode). Since the bubbles which were produced earlier have
varying sizes, increasing the frequency upward (in the opposite
direction to the high frequency sweep) results in improved
cavitation, emulsification and mixing, since we now produce a
myriad of large diameter, collapsing shock wave generators; i.e.,
imploding bubbles.
For forming an emulsion the apparatus and equipment becomes more
complex since two distinct fluids (or one fluid and small particles
of solids; such as dirt, lamp black, etc.) which require different
high and low frequency ranges to: (1) cause microbubble growth
and/or in-place resonance; and (2) the capture and then rapid high
energy growth to an intermediate catastrophic destruction and
thereby finally to the generation of strong shock waves (needed to
effect molecular ionization and/or fracture) which are required to
accomplish emulsification.
Highly effective emulsification can be readily accomplished by the
use of four varied ultrasonic frequencies (in pairs of two).
Further, it has been discovered that large increases in efficiency
can be achieved by using three or four staggered variable
frequencies (each operating over a small range) of ultrasonic waves
so as to completely cover all possible sizes of bubbles or
particles in the liquids from small bubbles of perhaps one or two
microns in size up to perhaps those of 0.033 inches in diameter.
The very small bubbles might require a "startup" frequency as high
as 500 megahertz while the second phase larger bubbles could
require a final "breakup" frequency of about 5 kilohertz.
It is an object of the present invention therefor to provide a
cavitation and emulsification apparatus capable of obtaining
precise, exact and economical cavitation and emulsification of any
selected materials as, for example, crude oil and sea water, crude
oil with other materials and all forms of petroleum and other
materials.
Another object of the invention is to provide a mechanism and
apparatus for giving emulsifications by enhanced and precise
operations far superior to previous emulsification devices.
A further object of the invention is to provide superior cavitation
in liquids or in a mixture of liquids under the influence of
ultrasound or in gases.
A still further object of the invention is to provide superior
mixtures of gaseous substance; either with or without contained
solid particulate.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be
readily apparent from the following description of certain
preferred embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, although variations and modifications may be
effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel
concepts of the disclosure and in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the improved apparatus of the
invention in its simplest form; using piezoelectric or
magnetostrict sonic-motors;
FIG. 2 illustrates a more complex modification of the
invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a further modification of the invention for
extreme intensities;
FIG. 4 illustrates a liquid jet apparatus with the invention added,
driven by a high-pressure pump;
FIG. 5 illustrates a modification of the invention using dual
jet-edges;
FIG. 6 is a partially cutaway view of the apparatus illustrating a
modification of the invention wherein four jet-edges are used with
the invention (two not shown);
FIG. 7 is a partially cutaway illustration of a further
modification of the invention using the principle on a gas
mixer;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the invention applied to an inplace
sea water/oil emulsifier;
FIG. 9 is a view of mobile apparatus for the emulsification of sea
water/oil;
FIG. 10 is a detail view of the heavy-duty emulsifier of FIG. 9
with a large capacity;
FIG. 10A is a detail view illustrating how a skimmer-scoop of the
heavy-duty emulsifier could operate; and
FIG. 10B is a further detail of the apparatus of the heavy-duty
emulsifier using a reticulated steel-foam sponge roller as an oil
collector and transfer device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As populations have become greater and greater and the use of
machines has increased, the earth's atmosphere, surface and water
resources have become more and more contaminated. For example,
spillage and leakage of oil in the seas and lakes has been a major
problem in that the oil does serious damage to marine life and
beaches. It is very difficult to remove oil from the sea and such
techniques as burning the oil, or picking it up with simple
skimmers and then separating it, has proved impractical. The
present invention, including method and apparatus for improved
cavitation, emulsification and mixing, may be applied to
decontaminating large bodies of water containing oil, for example,
wherein the oil and water mixture is effectively emulsified and
stabilized. The oil particles by this method are broken into
particles so small that they disperse infinitely and no longer
stick together behaving like water, and are no longer injurious.
The present invention allows emulsification and/or mixing of
liquids, fluids, gases, vapors and particulate so cheaply as to
permit efficient removal of oil and other contaminants.
As sound waves pass through a given fluid, regions of rarification
and compression are established in a regular sequence. In a
rarification region, a negative pressure will exist, depending on
the cohesive forces and the local pressures holding the fluid
together. These forces vary with the materials. Air, vapor or void
cavities will exist and will be effected by the ultrasonic waves
present. These cavities will be caused by local discontinuities of
one sort or another; such as microbubbles, particles of impurities,
or of structural weaknesses of the molecules present.
It is important to note that for any given fluid at a given
pressure and temperature and of equal impurity; in other words
containing the same and similar particles and dissolved amount of
gases, that there will be a range of possible bubble sizes which is
governed by the viscosity and cohesive forces present. For any
given ultrasonic frequency, there is an upper limit to the size of
bubbles that will be formed; however, there is approximately no
lower limit. It is also known that some viscous fluids cavitate at
a much lower acoustic pressure than do others, but occasionally
fluids of higher viscosity will cavitate easier than will those of
lower viscosity which appears to be an anomaly. For example: castor
oil (of poise units 6.3 ) starts to cavitate at an acoustic
pressure amplitude of only 3.9 atmospheres, while whale oil of a
much lower viscosity (poise rating of but 2.5) requires a very high
pressure of ultrasound to create the start of cavitation; somewhere
around 8.9 atmospheres. This data is at variance with the
hypothesis that viscous forces determine the bubble growth
potential and eventually the cavitation threshold.
Another factor of interest is that whale oil has very few local
weaknesses (when pure); holds few microparticles; and will not
retain much dissolved gas. For these reasons, few microbubbles are
available for commencing cavitation; i.e., the first stage of
in-place, rectification diffusion, via the inplace
resonance/pumping-up mechanism. However, by increasing the
ultrasound frequency to a high value (then normal) advantage was
taken of the only voids available; those which were very tiny in
cross sectional diameter. Then, by varying the frequency downward
at a rapid shift rate (some thousand times per second) bubbles were
induced to appear which could then be captured selectively by the
low frequency high energy source. It has been discovered that it is
only necessary to know the cross sectional diameter of the
available cavities (under the conditions that prevail) in the fluid
that one wishes to cavitate to obtain highly effective cavitation
in that fluid by a selective choice of frequencies.
Prior art has stated that as frequency increases the production of
cavitation in liquids becomes more difficult, ceasing altogether at
a very high frequency. The reason for this was that since the
period of the wavelength was very short, the time duration during
which the sound waves could act, also was short and hence the
period of energy input was insufficient to take the available voids
to a final growth-collapse state. I have discovered that bubbles
under high frequency excitation grow to a size corresponding to the
resonance of the available wavelength, but then cease to grow and
merely vibrate in place with no further growth to disruption being
possible. If the fluid has sufficiently low viscosity the frequency
at which cavitation ceases is, of course, higher. However, these
high frequency induced cavitations are weak since bubbles cannot
grow to any great size before rupture. If, on the contrary, a lower
frequency of ultrasonic energy is also present, cavitation starts,
becomes quite strong and continues vigorously; however, without the
presence of the proper high frequency ultrasonic energy at the same
time, the cavitation becomes much less severe and four to eight
times the amount of energy is required to cause cavitation than
with the two frequency method. In fact, some fluids will not
cavitate at all unless two frequencies are present.
The major mechanism of cavitation onset is therefor caused by
resonating bubbles of a wavelength of ultrasound which is close to
or somewhat less than that of the cross sectional diameter of the
available voids or bubbles at the startup time-- which, in turn, is
specific to the fluid used, and its condition at the time of
ultrasonic radiation. Once cavitation is started, it is then
carried to a stage where it can be effectively collapsed by the
lower ultrasonic frequency of higher energy. It has been discovered
that all fluids can be cavitated somewhat by very low frequencies
such as 10 kilohertz; but this is true only if there are some
higher harmonics and large impurities present. As fluids become
more "pure" and the waveform used has fewer harmonics, cavitation
ceases. I have discovered that it is not "one" frequency which the
"best" for causing cavitation, emulsification and mixing of any one
fluid, but a small band of frequencies of narrow wavelength
distribution having periods correlative to the cross sectional
capture ratio of the small cavities available for growth in the
fluid that is being cavitated. For example: a distribution in size
of the voids present in a media of from 5 microns to 20 microns
(very small for most fluids) requires a theoretical frequency
spectrum at the high end of 400 megahertz, varying downward to at
least ten megahertz, to cause capture and subsequent secondary
growth of the bubbles. By then subjecting the fluid to a lower
ultrasonic energy of about one megahertz, bubbles would grow to
about 100 microns in size (assuming that the one megahertz
frequency contains many harmonics to enable smooth capture of the
new bubbles which will continue to grow even further and finally
collapse).
I have found that the use of ultrasonic frequencies, rich in
harmonics, allows the entire spectrum to be covered for the
capture/transfer frequencies for all sizes of donated bubbles. It
should be noted that while some cavitation exists at the higher
frequencies, (since some bubbles will almost always be in the media
which are able to resonated at those frequencies) the generation of
high ultrasonic energy is difficult and costly; and therefore it
should be used only to start the growth of bubbles and then subject
the bubbles to a lower ultrasonic energy which may be produced far
cheaper and more readily cause it to grow and rupture. A one
megacycle excited void, for example, can grow to only 0.02 cms.
while a bubble excited by 100 kilohertz signal can grow to a size
of 0.2 cms. in size. However, bubbles will usually collapse before
they ever reach this latter size and if a high enough energy of the
lower frequency ultrasonic signal is used the bubble will disrupt
in one single cycle. In general, the larger the bubble at the exact
time of collapse, the greater the resulting shock wave that is
produced and the more energy converted into work in the fluid, or
at its final impact area.
The discovery of the complete mechanism of cavitational onset,
transfer and one-cycle catastrophic disruption allows an easy
choice of frequencies to obtain cavitation in all fluids, including
viscous oils, and the heretofore economically noncavitatable
fluids. Fluids may now be cavitated very efficiently and precisely
at a minimum cost. A complete understanding of cavitation in turn
allows the more complex operation of homogenization (emulsification
via ultrasound) for several fluids (two or more) to be readily
effected. Also, by utilizing these specific techniques, complex
intermixing of nonalloyable materials and of metals with nonmetals
such as oil in brass, or lead in stainless steel, can be
accomplished.
By the use of the multifrequency techniques disclosed herein,
emulsions previously believed impossible, may be accomplished.
Thus, with the present invention, mercury may be emulsified in
water, or oil-in-water or even water-in-oil.
The accomplishment of stable, complex emulsions by ultrasonic
homogenization is facilitated, in some instances, by the use of a
third material in addition to the two materials being "joined."
However, some materials can be homogenized and will remain stable
even without the third stabilizing material. The third material may
be a simple surfactant, which is compatible with the two other
materials in such a way as to permit them to remain bonded together
for long periods of time. The application of strong collapsing
ultrasonic energy causes the two primary materials to be divided
into extremely fine particles so that their surfaces become very
large relative to their diameters and it is to be noted that the
idea of frequency capture is again of great importance. Any
particles in the fluid may also be resonated, once they have been
divided and made very small by the strong shock waves of the
cavitation program. The finely divided particles will, of course,
all have the same charge because of the way in which they were
formed. The particles may be made to float in either of several
liquids and by the use of the proper surfactants the process may
actually be reversed. For example, crude oil may be emulsified in
water (up to 75 percent of the total mixture being crude oil and
still feel watery and not oily), or water may be dissolved in oil
such as in mayonnaise (where 75 percent of the final product is a
water-in-oil mixture). The finished emulsion will comprise a
material (liquid or solid) coated by a charged-covering, in a media
of the same charge and the resulting combination will be stable.
The like charges will cause the particles to remain separated from
each other and if small enough the particles will remain suspended
due to the small gravitational forces present and being
counteracted by several minute forces in the fluids; such as
Brownian impact.
The method and apparatus of this invention may also be utilized to
form mixtures of gases, vapors and fine metallic and other types of
particles and the energies required to do this are related to the
mass of the particles and the velocity of the movements imparted.
If the particles are large, energy of lower frequency and greater
energy must be utilized.
FIG. 1 illustrates the simplest apparatus for mixing substances
according to this invention and a tank 10 contains two substances
which are to be intermixed. A first ultrasonic transducer 14 is
mounted to the wall 12 of tank 10 and is energized by an ultrasonic
generator 17 which has a meter 18 for indicating the output
frequencies and has a tuning knob 19 for controlling the output
frequency of the generator. The output of the generator 17 may be
swept in frequency and the frequency excursion is determined by the
setting of a knob 24. A second ultrasonic transducer 16 is
connected to the wall 13 of the tank 10 and is driven by an
ultrasonic generator 21 which has a knob 23 for controlling its
output frequency and has a meter 22 for indicating its output
frequency range. The output frequency of generator 21 may also be
swept and a knob 26 controls the frequency variation of the
generator 21. It is to be noted that transducers 14 and 16 are
mounted so that their energy is beamed toward each other so that
the liquids within the tank 10 are excited causing cavitation and
intermixing.
In use, the generators 17 and 21 may be set to produce a single
frequency and a single liquid may be placed in the tank 11 to
determine the best usable frequencies for that single fluid for
bubble growth and disruption. The upper frequency which may be
produced by the generator 17, for example, may be determined
independently the lower frequency and then homogenized generator 21
may be set to determine the best frequency for effective
cross-sectional capture and catastrophic breakup. Once these
frequencies have been determined for a pair of liquids the
generators 17 and 21 may be set to two variable frequencies which
are frequency-modulated with the generator 17 used for high
frequency pump-up and the generator 21 used for low frequency
capture/transfer and disruption. The frequency of generator 17 is
frequency-modulated such that the high ultrasonic frequency is
swept downwardly on a periodic basis and the low frequency
ultrasonic generator 21 is swept upwardly on a periodic basis. By
converting the generators 17 and 21 from fixed frequencies to
warbled frequencies an increase in the efficiency of cavitation is
achieved in the order of four to five times. It is is to be noted
that the transducers 14 and 16 are broadband transducers which are
required to sweep through the band of frequencies.
Thus, fluids may be caused to intermix with the apparatus of FIG. 1
in a very effective and efficient manner.
FIG. 2 illustrates a tank 30 which assures maximum cavitation with
the use of multifrequency in an open tank. The tank 30 has walls
31, 32, 33 and 34 and a plurality of ultrasonic transducers 36a,
36b and 36c are mounted on wall 31 and are energized by low
frequency-modulated generator 37 that has a control knob 38 for
establishing its frequency range and a knob 39 for establishing its
FM excursion. The output of generator 37 is also connected to a
plurality of ultrasonic transducers 41a through 41f which are
mounted on wall 32 of the tank 30. A high frequency-modulated
generator 42 has a pair of control knobs 43 and 44 for respectively
setting the frequency range and the FM excursion and as its output
connected to first high frequency ultrasonic transducers 46a and
46b mounted on wall 31 and ultrasonic transducers 47a, 47b and 47c
mounted on wall 32. It is to be realized, of course, that
additional ultrasonic transducers may be mounted on the walls 33
and 34 if desired. The utilization of the plurality of transducers
causes maximum cavitation in the tank 30 and the liquids 48 within
the tank will be rapidly and efficiently cavitated (or
emulsified).
FIG. 3 illustrates a further modification of the invention
comprising a spherical-shaped tank 50 in which fluids to be
cavitated and emulsified are placed through a loading plug 51.
Frequency-modulated generators 52, 53 and 54 produce FM modulated
outputs. Generator 52 is connected to transducer 56a through 56k.
The generator 53 is connected to transducers 57a through 57d and
generator 54 is connected to transducers 58a through 58e. It is to
be realized that the transducers 56, 57 and 58 are symmetrically
arranged about the surface of the tank 50 so that maximum
cavitation and emulsification occurs within the chamber. The
generators 52, 53 and 54 may respectively cover low frequency,
midfrequency and high frequency ranges and are frequency-modulated
in accordance with the invention so as to obtain the maximum
efficiency of the process.
FIG. 4 illustrates apparatus modified according to this invention
for mixing and emulsifying by the use of liquid jets. An input
conduit 61 receives high pressure fluids to be mixed and connects
to an enlarged preliminary mixing chamber 62. A partition 63 is
formed with an orifice 64 through which the liquids 66 flow. A
fixed magnet 67 is mounted about the member 62 and an electromagnet
68 is connected to an energizing source 69 which applies a varying
electrical current to the electromagnet 68 to modulate the magnet
field within it. The orifice 64 has a resonant frequency designated
as F.sub.o. A final mixing emulsification chamber 71 is formed
behind the partition 63 and a blade 72 is supported so that it
intercepts the fluid flowing through the orifice 64. The blade 72
is supported from the walls of the tank 62 by mechanical supports
73 and the blade has a resonant frequency F.sub.b and the edge of
the blade has a resonant frequency of F.sub.e (edge tones). An
outlet conduit 74 is connected to the final mixing chamber 71 and
the materials after emulsification pass therethrough. The magnet 68
causes the portions of the chamber to move relative to each other
to vary the resonant frequency.
The liquids are subjected to the following frequencies as they pass
through the final mixing chamber 71; the frequency of the
energizing pump supplying the fluids to the chamber 62; the natural
frequency of the orifice F.sub.o ; the frequency of the edge tone
F.sub.e ; the resonant frequency of the blade F.sub.b ; and the
frequency of the final chamber (71) F.sub.c. In addition, harmonics
of these frequencies are present.
FIG. 5 illustrates a modification of apparatus according to this
invention which comprises a pair of jet-edged blades. A chamber 85
receives pressurized fluid from the left relative to FIG. 5 and is
formed with a pair of orifices 86 and 87 which are of different
sizes so that they have different resonant frequencies designated
as F.sub.o1 and F.sub.02, respectively. A pair of blades 88 and 89
are supported by supporting means 91 so that they intercept the
jets from the orifices 86 and 87, respectively. An electromagnet
68a is connected to a driving generator 69a and a permanent magnet
67a is mounted about the chamber 85. It is to be noted that in FIG.
4 that higher frequencies can be obtained by simply notching the
edge of the vibrating blade 72 or the blades 88 and 89 in FIG. 5 to
obtain edge tones in a manner similar to those obtained in pipe
organs. Also, by making the mixing chambers twice the natural
resonant frequency of the blade, additional higher frequencies may
be readily obtained. The magnetic activation by the coils 68 and
68a, shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, effectively change the spacing between
the orifice and the blade edges so that complete groups of warbled
frequencies at the lower end without a great loss of stability may
be obtained. This may be done at the 60 hertz power line frequency
if desired.
The twin orifice jet-edge design of FIG. 5 which uses two vibrating
blades, each of different frequencies, will result in superior
emulsification and by varying the distance between the jet edges
and the orifices the main and the chamber frequencies may be
varied. This is accomplished with the electromagnetic means 67a and
68a but could be done by any other means including mechanical cams.
This causes variations in the main frequency and gives the warbled
effect which is required to optimize cavitation and
emulsification.
FIG. 6 illustrates a multifrequency, nonshifted design which has so
many natural frequencies excited in it that it can cover almost 6,
of inherent bubble sizes available in most fluids due simply to the
6, of the harmonics present. The chamber 101 has an inlet conduit
102 and an outlet conduit 103 at the opposite end of the apparatus.
Four jet-edge blades 106, 107, 108 and 109 are mounted in the
chamber 101 with suitable supporting structure and have notched
edges to produce the high frequency edge tones. Materials to be
emulsified such as water-in-oil are supplied to the inlet conduit
102 under suitable pressure and water-in-oil is readily emulsified
due to the many natural frequencies in the chamber 101 caused by
the four jet-edge blades which have, respectively, resonant
frequencies of F.sub.5, F.sub.6, F.sub.7 and F.sub.8 the high
frequencies caused by the notches in the edges of the blades which
might be designated F.sub.x1, F.sub.y2 and F.sub.z3. In addition,
the chamber has a resonant frequency of F.sub. c. In addition, a
baffle 110 may be connected to the input conduit 102 and be formed
with a plurality of elliptical orifices such as four elliptical
orifices of different sizes and which have resonant frequencies of
F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3 and F.sub.4, respectively. The fluids
passing through the chamber are subjected to the frequency of the
chamber F.sub. c, the frequency of the orifices F.sub.1 through
F.sub. 4, the frequencies of the jet-edge blades F.sub.5 through
F.sub.8, the high frequency edge frequencies F.sub.x1, F.sub.y2 and
F.sub.z3, as well as the pump frequency F.sub.p. This causes the
liquids to be emulsified in an efficient manner. It is interesting
to note that in the emulsifiers of FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 the energy is
supplied entirely by the pump supplying the water-in-oil to the
chamber 101 and that power is not supplied to the mixing chamber by
other sources. If desired, the spacing between the blades and the
orifices may also be varied in design No. 6, by magnetic means. It
has been discovered that the emulsifier, according to FIG. 6, is
very efficient and emulsifies large percentages of oils up to 75
percent without this last variation parameter.
FIG. 7 is a further modification of the invention which may utilize
various types of variable air whistles for sonic mixing. A chamber
111 has input orifice 112 and an output orifice 113 and has air
whistles 114, 115 and 116 mounted thereon. The air whistles are
connected to a suitable air supply 117 which drives them at their
resonant frequency determined by their respective physical sizes
and actuates transfer diaphragms 118, 119 and 120 in each of the
air whistles 114, 115 and 116 to induce sound waves into the
various material within the chamber 111. The materials within the
chamber may be gas, for example, and by the choice of correct sound
frequencies the gas molecules will oscillate thus causing certain
gases to be processed into liquids, semisolid or solids with high
efficiency.
It is to be noted that all of the apparatuses illustrated in FIGS.
1 through 7 utilize the principle of multifrequency energization
and of variable frequency shifts. It is to be realized that the
techniques disclosed herein may be used to modify present
cavitation, mixing and emulsifying devices to greatly increase
their efficiency and, in fact, the present method is the only
method which will work with many materials formerly considered much
too difficult to emulsify economically die to the exceedingly high
power levels required to effect the emulsification. By way of
example, sea water contaminated with crude oil may be emulsified by
utilizing boats which collect oil from the sea and thence pass it
through the highly efficient jet-edge liquid emulsifier according
to my invention as, for example, illustrated in FIGS. 4 through 6.
A suitable surfactant stabilizer may be added to the emulsified
mixture at the proper time and the mixture may then be returned to
the seas where it will no longer constitute a pollutant. Thus,
material which was once a pollutant and very difficult and costly
to remove, may be processed to an assimile biodegradable condition
very cheaply and on a large commercial basis.
FIG. 8, as but one method, illustrates a floating cylinder 130
which contains entrapped oil and sea water coming from a source
beneath it, for example. An emulsifying apparatus buoy 131, made
according to my invention, and supplied with suitable power source
as, for example, a cable 132, draws in the oil in sea water and
processes it in the emulsifier contained in the buoy 131 and ejects
it through floating conduits 133, 134 and 135 to suitable distant
floating discharge points 136, 137 and 138, respectively. FIG. 9
illustrates an offshore drill rig 140 which may be mounted at sea
and which is leaking oil contaminating the sea water. A heavy-duty
emulsifier 141 has a front scoop as shown in greater detail in FIG.
10 which may be of the form illustrated in FIG. 10A comprising an
input orifice 142 with a substantially horizontal plate 143 which
skims the oil from the sea water and passes it into a tank 144.
Alternatively, the scoop may comprise a plate 146 which skims the
oil as the boat 141 moves forward and transfers it by the use of
porous rotating transfer rollers 147 and 148 whereas it is squeezed
off by roller 149 into a concentrating oil tank 150. The boat 141
may be turbine driven and the collected oil/water may be passed
through the pump/turbine which provides the motive power for the
boat and which can supply sufficient power to drive a
multifrequency emulsifier such as illustrated in FIGS. 4 through 7,
for example. After the emulsified oil/water has passed through the
emulsifier, culture-type surfactant (such as sodium alginate, agar,
etc.) must be added and then the material passed overboard to the
rear back into the sea. Due to the method used, a large amount of
inherent aeration occurs which is excellent for sea life. In
extremely fine emulsified form as made by my invention (1 to 5
microns in diameter), the material is infinitely dispersible and
will instantly disperse throughout the entire volume of sea and due
to the currents, wind nd waves will rapidly disappear. The same
method may also be used on materials other than crude oil as, fir
example, for seeding the sea with desired chemicals such as vitamin
B.sub.1 enriched oil for growing stable proteins in the sea.
The method may also be used to form tight emulsions with polluting
liquid or solid material and thereby give them a highly charged
coated surface all of the same polarity. The material can then
readily be cleaned up at a slightly later time using static
electrical forces. Thus, with the present method and apparatus, a
very efficient and highly effective method of putting any materials
into seas, lakes or rivers is disclosed which may be utilized to
form protective layers around impurities and then remove the
pollutant somewhat later and elsewhere with considerable ease such
as downstream.
For example, organic wastes such as obtained in sewage, may be
treated with the apparatus and method of this invention so as to
reduce it to small micron sizes and with the addition of sanitizing
coating additives may be converted into a collectively and readily
disposable form.
It is to be realized that in the utilization of a high ultrasonic
frequency, which is swept downwardly, in combination with a low
frequency ultrasonic generator, which is swept upwardly, these
results are produced which, in turn, result in efficient and
economical cavitation. The utilization of four frequencies operated
in this manner results in very efficient emulsification as
described in detail above and makes the operations described
possible.
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