U.S. patent number 3,613,665 [Application Number 04/848,587] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-19 for sampling means for exhaled air.
Invention is credited to Reynolds G. Gorsuch.
United States Patent |
3,613,665 |
Gorsuch |
October 19, 1971 |
SAMPLING MEANS FOR EXHALED AIR
Abstract
A valve and control therefor for separating the end tidal air or
alveolar gas from air exhaled from a human or animal, wherein a
valve, having two ports, is inserted in the exhalation line forming
part of a breathing apparatus, the first port discharging to
atmosphere, the second port discharging into a collection
receptacle or analytical device; and wherein a control, including a
temperature sensor, is located ahead of the valve to sense movement
of exhaled air, is electrically connected to a variable time delay
means operable to close the first port and open the second port
after a preselected portion of the exhaled air has passed so a
desired portion of the end tidal air may be collected or
analyzed.
Inventors: |
Gorsuch; Reynolds G. (Los
Angeles, CA) |
Family
ID: |
25303716 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/848,587 |
Filed: |
August 8, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
600/543; 422/84;
73/863.41; 73/864 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B
5/097 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
5/097 (20060101); A61B 5/08 (20060101); A61b
010/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/2,2.08,2.07 ;23/254
;73/421.5,23 ;137/119,101.21,118 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Lourence, J. J. et al., Control Engineering, Sept. 1967, p. 105,
(copy in 73/421.5) .
NASA Tech. Brief, No. 68-10438, Dec. 1968, (copy in
128/2.08).
|
Primary Examiner: Gaudet; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Howell; Kyle L.
Claims
I claim:
1. A sampling means for diverting the end tidal portion of air
exhaled by a patient and conveyed through an exhalation air line,
and sampling means comprising:
a diverter valve having an inlet arranged for connection to such
line, an exhaust port, an outlet diverter port and means including
a valve member normally in position closing said diverter port and
movable to a position opening said diverter port and closing said
exhaust port;
valve-operating means including an electromagnet means connected to
said valve member and effective when energized to move said member
to said position opening said diverted port;
means including temperature-sensitive electrical resistor means
disposed in said inlet and means for electrically heating said
resistor means to a temperature above that of such exhaled air and
said resistor means disposed to be cooled to a lower temperature by
exhaled air incident to passage of exhaled air into said inlet
whereby to produce an electric signal incident to being so
cooled;
and signal translating means connected to said resistor means for
reception of signals therefrom and including an adjustable time
delay means for adjustably delaying translation of received
signals, said signal translating means connected to said
electromagnet means for energizing the latter for operating said
valve to cause said valve member to open said diverter port and
close the exhaust port at a selected time during passage of exhaled
air into said inlet, whereby to divert through said diverter port
only the end tidal portion of the exhaled air.
2. A sampling means as defined in claim 1, including:
means in said signal translating means to cause said time delay to
reset after completion of the exhalation, to permit sequential
diversion of like portions of exhaled air.
3. A sampling means as defined in claim 1 wherein:
said temperature-sensitive resistor is a thermistor device and is
heated by electric current and is cooled by exhaled air to produce
an initiating signal for said time delay.
4. A sampling means as defined in claim 3 wherein:
said time delay is a variable period monostable multivibrator;
and said signal translating means comprises an amplifier interposed
between said thermistor and the time delay.
5. A sampling means as defined in claim 4 wherein:
said signal translating means includes a two input NAND gate
connected to receive signals from said amplifier and from said time
delay to produce a signal for operating said electromagnet means
only upon coincidence of a signal from said amplifier and a signal
from said time delay indicating completion of a determined time
delay period.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is desirable for diagnostic purposes to analyze the air-gas
mixture exhaled by humans and animals. In a single exhalation
cycle, the first portion of such mixture exhaled by a mammal
consists principally of ambient air in passageways between the
point of exhalation and the main airways of the lung. The first
portion merges into the second portion of the exhaled mixture which
consists of the residual ambient air and alveolar gas; that is, the
gas contained in the cells of the lung. The last portion of the
exhaled mixture consists principally of the alveolar gas, and is
also known as end tidal air. This last portion of the exhaled
mixture which is of primary interest in human and animal physiology
for diagnostic and analytical purposes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to means for sampling air exhaled
from a mammal and is summarized in the following objects:
First, to provide a sampling means for exhaled air wherein a valve
permits discharge of a preselected portion of exhaled air and is
then operated to divert a selected terminal portion for
analysis.
Second, to provide a sampling means for exhaled air, as indicated
in the preceding object, wherein a sensor exposed to the exhaled
air initiates a variable time delay which operates the diverted
valve after a selected interval calculated to divert a
predetermined terminal portion of the exhaled air.
Third, to provide a sampling means for exhaled air wherein the
sensor is a self-heating resistance device, adapted, when cooled by
the exhaled air, to initiate the time delay, and when heated,
during the inhalation cycle, to disarm the time delay in
preparation for the next inhalation cycle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of the diverted valve used in the
sampling means for exhaled air, the view being taken through 1--1
of FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the diverter valve, taken through
2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagrammatical view indicating the electrical
components of the sampling means as well as apparatus with which
the sampling means is used.
The sampling means for exhaled air includes a diverter valve 1,
having a valve body 2 which may comprise a pair of complementary
components, and forming an inlet 3. The inlet communicates with a
valve chamber 4, having converging walls 5 and an apex end 6.
One of the walls 5 is provided with an opening which receives a
seal ring having inturned flanges forming a diverter port 7, and
the other wall is provided with a similar opening which receives a
similar seal ring forming an exhaust port 8. The seal rings project
into the valve chamber and are held in place by suitable retainer
fittings 9, attached by screws 10.
The apex end 6 of the valve chamber receives a pivot shaft 11, the
ends of which are journaled in bearings 12. The pivot shaft 11
supports a gate valve 13, in the form of a flat disk. Oscillation
of the pivot shaft moves the gate valve 13 between the diverted
port 7 and exhaust port 8.
Mounted on top of the valve body 2 is a control housing 14 which
may be formed of complementary components, and contains a rotary
solenoid 15, having a drive shaft 16, suitably engageable with the
upper end of the pivot shaft 11.
Mounted in the control housing 14 is a temperature sensor 17; for
example, a Thermistor. The temperature sensor includes a pair of
supports 18, which extend into the valve chamber 4 adjacent the
inlet 3 and are joined by a sensing element 18a in the form of a
resistor. A screen cage 19 may be provided around the supports and
sensing elements.
The output of the sensor is capacitor coupled to a signal amplifier
20. The signal amplifier is a DC coupled amplifier which operates
at very high gain. This causes the output of the amplifier to swing
between positive and negative saturation, producing a low quality
square wave whose period is equal to the swings of the input
signal. This square wave is fed into a squaring amplifier 21, which
increases the rise time of the square wave to a point that it can
be used to trigger a time delay 22 which may be a monostable
multivibrator. The multivibrator is arranged so that it may be
varied over a range of 0.1 second to approximately 10 seconds. The
output of the monostable multivibrator or time delay, in
conjunction with the output of the squaring amplifier 21, is fed to
the input of a two input NAND-gate 23. The NAND gate produces a
signal at its output only if the following two conditions are
satisfied:
1. The output of the squaring amplifier 21 is still at negative
saturation.
2. The time delay has finished its time period and returned to its
original state.
When the preceding two conditions have been met, a silicon
controlled rectifier power switch 24 is caused to turn on. The
output of the switch is filtered DC which is applied to the rotary
solenoid 15.
The inlet 3 of the diverter valve is connected to an exhalation
line 25, which is connected to the patient through a breathing
apparatus which includes an exhalation valve 26 connected to the
exhalation line 25, and an inhalation valve 27. The two valves, 26
and 27, operate alternately as the patient inhales and exhales so
that there is intermittent flow of air in the exhalation line.
The diverter port communicates with a conventional analyzing means
28, capable of identifying the composition of gases received from
the diverter valve.
Operation of the sampling means for exhaled air is as follows:
Air exhaled from the patient enters the inlet port 3 and impinges
on the temperature sensor element 18a. The temperature sensor
element is supplied with sufficient current to maintain a normal
temperature above 100.degree. F. so that the incoming air cools the
sensor element by convection, thus changing its resistance. This
resistance change is utilized to arm the control circuit comprising
the signal amplifier, squaring amplifier, time delay, NAND gate and
power switch, and also to start the time delay circuit within the
time delay mechanism. After a predetermined interval has elapsed,
determined by the setting of the time delay, the solenoid 15 is
operated to close the exhaust port 8 and open the diverted port 7.
By proper adjustment of the time delay, only the last portion of
the exhaled gas is diverted. It is this last portion of the exhaled
gas that is the end tidal or alveolar gas which is of primary
interest.
When the exhalation cycle is completed, the temperature sensor 17
returns to its normal temperature terminating operation of the
control circuit so that the time delay may return to its initial
condition. This operation takes place during the interval that the
patient is inhaling; that is during the inhalation cycle, the
diverter port is closed and the exhaust port opened so that the
apparatus is ready for the next exhalation cycle.
The present embodiment of this invention is to be considered in all
respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
* * * * *