U.S. patent number 3,612,996 [Application Number 04/848,874] was granted by the patent office on 1971-10-12 for indicating by microwave energy the constituent proportions of a flowing substance.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Canadian Patents and Development Limited. Invention is credited to William J. Bleackley.
United States Patent |
3,612,996 |
Bleackley |
October 12, 1971 |
INDICATING BY MICROWAVE ENERGY THE CONSTITUENT PROPORTIONS OF A
FLOWING SUBSTANCE
Abstract
A method and apparatus for indicating the proportions of the
constituents of a flowing substance of the type wherein the
effective dielectric constant depends upon the constituents, for
example, butter, containing water wherein the butter flows along a
main section waveguide, whilst microwave energy is propagated along
a branch section waveguide through a window and into the main
section waveguide. The whole waveguide configuration with the
butter in the main section is a resonant microwave structure, and
the ratio of the water in the butter is determined from the
resonant frequency of the structure.
Inventors: |
Bleackley; William J. (Ottawa,
Ontario, CA) |
Assignee: |
Canadian Patents and Development
Limited (Ottawa, Ontario, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25304515 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/848,874 |
Filed: |
August 11, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
324/634; 324/127;
324/640; 336/120 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
22/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
22/00 (20060101); G01n 027/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;324/58.5 |
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Kubasiewicz; Edward E.
Claims
I claim:
1. Apparatus for indicating the proportions of the constituents of
a flowing substance of the type wherein the effective dielectric
constant thereof depends upon said constituents, comprising a main
section waveguide, and a branch section waveguide secured to said
main section to form a waveguide junction therewith, such that when
said main section is completely filled with the substance the whole
configuration becomes a resonant microwave structure, a window
sealing the interior of said branch section from the interior of
said main section at the junction of said sections, said window
allowing a substantially unobstructed passage for microwave energy
propagated along said branch section and into said main section,
said window also defining with said main section an unobstructed
passage along said main section for the passage of said flowing
substance therealong as a filling for said main section, a
microwave source for generating microwave energy, at a frequency on
the steepest portion on the resonance curve of said microwave
structure, for propagation along said branch section and into said
main section, and means electrically connected to the main section
waveguide for indicating from the amplitude of the signal response
of the structure, which is dependent on the effective dielectric
constant of the substance, the ratio of the constituents of said
flowing substance.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said main section
waveguide is an outlet end of an extrusion chamber for said flowing
substance.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said window is a methyl
methacrylate resin.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said branch section
waveguide is secured to said main section waveguide to form a
waveguide T-junction.
5. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said means for
indicating the ratio of the constituents comprises a meter, and
said meter has a scale graduated in the desired range of ratios of
said constituents.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein an attenuator is
provided electrically connecting said branch section waveguide to
said means for indicating said resonant frequency as a means of
permanent calibration.
7. A method of indicating the proportions of the constituents of a
flowing substance of the type wherein the effective dielectric
constant thereof depends upon said constituents, comprising passing
said substance as a complete filling along a main section
waveguide, a branch section waveguide being joined to said main
section to form a junction therewith, and to provide a microwave
structure therewith when completely filled with the substance,
energizing at a frequency on the steepest portion of the resonance
curve of said microwave structure, said microwave structure with
said main section containing said substance by passing microwave
energy along said branch section and into said main section, and
determining from the amplitude of the response signal of said
structure, which is dependent on the effective dielectric constant
of the substance, the ratio of said constituents of said substance.
Description
This invention relates to an apparatus for indicating the ratio of
the constituents of a flowing substance.
When, for example, butter is being extracted as a flowing
substance, it is important for economic and legal reasons that
changes in the water content of the butter be rapidly detected.
High frequency resonant techniques have been proposed to detect the
water content of butter utilizing high frequencies in the range 1
to 100 MH.sub.3 to determine the water content of the butter by the
capacitance effect of the butter. The butter is passed between the
two plates of a capacitor forming part of a resonant circuit. With
this proposal it is difficult to achieve a high Q and so the
technique lacks sensitivity. Furthermore, at these frequencies the
dielectric constant of water is largely dependent upon the
electrical conductivity of water and consequently, any results
obtained will depend initially on the salt content of the water,
because of these factors it is difficult to determine the moisture
content of the butter to the desired accuracy.
It has also been proposed to use microwave techniques to measure
the water content of butter by measurements of change in
attenuation when microwaves are transmitted between two waveguide
antennas of the horn type, whilst a flowing sample of the butter is
passed between the antennas. This proposal has the disadvantage
that both the water and butter are lossy materials and so the
changes in attenuation do not indicate the changes in the water
content of the butter to the desired accuracy.
It is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus for
indicating changes in the constituents of a flowing substance,
which apparatus utilizes microwave energy, is relatively
inexpensive to manufacture, and is capable of measuring the water
content with greater accuracy than would be achieved by known
methods.
According to the invention there is provided apparatus for
indicating the proportions of the constituents of a flowing
substance of the type wherein the effective dielectric constant
thereof depends upon said constituents, comprising a main section
of waveguide, and a branch section of waveguide attached to said
main section to form a waveguide junction therewith, such that when
said main section of the junction is filled with the substance the
whole configuration becomes a resonant microwave structure, a
window sealing the interior of said branch section from the
interior of said main section at the junction of said sections,
said window allowing a substantially unobstructed passage for
microwave energy propagated along said branch section and into said
main section, said window also defining with said main section an
unobstructed passage along said main section for the passage of
said flowing substance therealong as a filling for said main
section, a microwave source for generating microwave energy for
propagation along said branch section and into said main section,
and means for indicating from the resonant frequency of the
structure, which is dependent on the effective dielectric constant
of the substance, the ratio of the constituents of said flowing
substance.
Further, according to the invention there is provided a method of
indicating proportions of the constituents of a flowing substance
of the type wherein the effective dielectric constant thereof
depends upon said constituents, comprising passing said substance
as a filling along a main section waveguide, a branch section
waveguide being joined to said main section to form a junction
therewith, and to provide a microwave structure therewith, exciting
at a frequency on the resonant response pattern thereof said
microwave structure, with said main section containing butter, to
pass microwave energy along said branch section and into said main
section, and determining from changes in the resonant frequency of
said structure, which is dependent on the dielectric constant of
the substance, the ratio of said constituents of said
substance.
In the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example,
an embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus for determining, in
terms of resonant frequency changes, the water content of butter as
a flowing substance from an extruder.
FIG. 2 is a section along II--II, FIG. 1 of the waveguide
assembly.
FIG. 3 is a section along III--III, FIG. 2 of a portion of the
branch section waveguide and window, and
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a fixed frequency microwave energy
source and a means for indicating the water content of butter which
are for use with the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, in place of the
swept frequency source and oscilloscope.
In FIGS. 1 to 3 there is shown a main section of waveguide 1, a
branch section of waveguide 2, a coaxial switch 16, a directional
coupler 3, an adjustable attenuator 4, a swept frequency source 5,
and an oscilloscope 6. A window 7 of methyl methacrylate resin
seals the branch section 2 from the main section 1.
The main section 1 comprises a portion of an outlet end 8 of an
extrusion chamber which is secured by the screws 9 to the main
portion (not shown) of an extrusion chamber of a butter extruder.
The main section 1 has an opening 10 which is sealed from the
interior of the branch section 2 by a retaining flange 11 and the
window 7. The retaining flange 11 is clamped to the main section 1
by screws 12. The window 7 protrudes below the retaining flange 10
to lie flush with the inner surface of the main section 1 to define
therewith an unobstructed passage along the main section 1 for the
passage of butter therealong as a complete filling for the main
section 1. That is, the window 7 provides a continuation of the
inner surface of the main section 1 and so does not create any
voids in the flow of butter through the main section 1. The butter
leaves the main section 1 over a lip 13.
The branch section 2 has a coupling connector 14 mounted in it, and
the coupling connector 14 is connected to the coaxial switch 16.
The coaxial switch 16, which is mounted on a bracket 17, is
connected to the primary line 19 of the directional coupler 3. The
coaxial switch 16 is connected to the input 21 of the adjustable
attenuator 4. The adjustable attenuator 4 is terminated at 22 by a
short circuit. The reverse output 26 is connected to a crystal
detector mount 27, which in turn is connected to the `Y` input 28
of the oscilloscope 6. The primary line 19 of the directional
coupler 3 is connected to the signal output 20 of the swept
frequency source 5. The directional coupler 3 has a forward
secondary line 23 connected to a crystal detector mount 24, and the
crystal detector mount 24 is connected to the levelling terminal 25
of the swept frequency source 5. The external sweep 29 of the swept
frequency source 5 is connected to the `X` input 30 of the
oscilloscope 6.
In some instances the secondary line 23, crystal detector mount 24,
and levelling terminal 25 may be omitted from the apparatus.
In operation the apparatus is arranged as shown and butter 18
(shown chain dotted in FIG. 2) having approximately the desired
water content, is extruded along the main section 1. The main
section 1, and the branch section 2, are such that when the main
section 1 is completely filled with butter the whole configuration
becomes a resonant microwave structure. The effective dielectric
constant of the butter, which effects the resonant frequency of the
microwave structure, depends upon the dielectric constants of the
different constituents of the butter. Assuming that the only
variable is variations in the water content of the butter 18, then
the effective dielectric constant of the butter 18 will vary
according to the water content thereof.
Whilst the butter 18, having approximately the desired water
content, is being extruded in this manner, the swept frequency
source 5 is used to observe the frequency response of the main
section waveguide 1 filled with butter 18, and the window 7. As the
swept frequency source 5 sweeps over an appropriate range for the
particular apparatus, in this instance 2 to 3 GHz. a series of
absorption resonances is observed. The highest Q resonance is
selected from the series, and from this a fixed frequency is
selected on the steepest portion of the resonance curve, that is,
the portion of the resonance curve which forms the smallest angle
with the Y-axis. With the swept frequency source 5 set at this
fixed frequency butter 18 having the desired water content is
extruded along the main waveguide section 1 and the switch 14 is
activated to bring the attenuator 4 into the circuit. The
attenuator 4 is then adjusted so that the signal indicated on the
oscilloscope is in the central position. The attenuator 4 is then
switched out of the circuit using the switch 14.
The water content of the butter 18 being extruded is changed to the
maximum and minimum tolerable amounts, and the amplitudes on the
oscilloscope are noted in both instances. The amplitude signal of
response on the oscilloscope 6, is related in an approximately
linear manner to the water content of the butter 18.
Once the amplitudes are known for the maximum and minimum tolerable
water contents in the butter 18, the apparatus will then
continuously indicate the water content of the butter being
extruded.
When the apparatus is used to indicate the water content of one
substance, such as butter, that is, the apparatus is not required
to be adjusted to suit different substances during different
production runs, the swept frequency source 5 and the oscilloscope
6 need only be used to determine the fixed frequency. Once the
fixed frequency is known the swept frequency source 5 and the
oscilloscope 6 may be replaced by the relatively inexpensive
apparatus shown in FIG. 4.
Referring to FIG. 4, a fixed frequency source 19 which is modulated
at a suitable audio frequency, is shown in the place of the swept
frequency source 5 (FIG. 1), and a read out indicator 20,
comprising a tuned audio amplifier and readout meter, is shown in
the place of the oscilloscope 6 (FIG. 1). The frequency of the
fixed frequency source 19 is that which was determined using the
swept frequency source 5 and oscilloscope 6 shown in FIG. 1. The
tuned audio amplifier of the readout indicator 20 is tuned to the
modulation frequency of the fixed frequency source 19.
In operation the readout indicator 20 is graduated in the same
manner as the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, for the center position
for the desired water content in the butter 18. The read out
indicator 20 is then graduated in the same manner as the apparatus
shown in FIG. 1 for the maximum and minimum tolerable water
contents in the butter 18. The apparatus is then ready for use to
indicate the water content in continuously extruding butter 18.
In this patent specification effective dielectric constant is the
resultant dielectric constant of the combined or mixed constituents
of the substance.
Further, in this patent specification the resonant frequency of the
microwave structure is determined by the physical dimensions of the
configuration and by the effective dielectric constant of the
substance. The resonant frequency will depend largely on the real
part of the dielectric constant and the Q will depend largely on
the loss factor of the substance and the physical configuration of
the microwave structure.
In other embodiments of the invention other configurations of
microwave structure may be used, for example, the T-shaped
waveguide structure described with reference to FIG. 1 may have a
second branch section waveguide disposed on the opposite thereto of
the main section waveguide, and the required information for water
content could be derived and fed to the indicator from the second
branch section. Obviously other configurations of microwave
structure may be used.
The apparatus may be used for detecting the ratio of the
constituents of many other materials, for example, margarine,
cheese, oil, gasoline, natural and synthetic plastic materials, and
may also be used with particulate materials such as sugar, grain or
powdered substances, provided these materials are dimensionally
stable within the main section of the waveguide structure.
* * * * *